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Zhao T, Gussak A, van der Hee B, Brugman S, van Baarlen P, Wells JM. Identification of plasminogen-binding sites in Streptococcus suis enolase that contribute to bacterial translocation across the blood-brain barrier. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1356628. [PMID: 38456079 PMCID: PMC10919400 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1356628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an emerging zoonotic pathogen that can cause invasive disease commonly associated with meningitis in pigs and humans. To cause meningitis, S. suis must cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) comprising blood vessels that vascularize the central nervous system (CNS). The BBB is highly selective due to interactions with other cell types in the brain and the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Purified streptococcal surface enolase, an essential enzyme participating in glycolysis, can bind human plasminogen (Plg) and plasmin (Pln). Plg has been proposed to increase bacterial traversal across the BBB via conversion to Pln, a protease which cleaves host proteins in the ECM and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1) to disrupt tight junctions. The essentiality of enolase has made it challenging to unequivocally demonstrate its role in binding Plg/Pln on the bacterial surface and confirm its predicted role in facilitating translocation of the BBB. Here, we report on the CRISPR/Cas9 engineering of S. suis enolase mutants eno261, eno252/253/255, eno252/261, and eno434/435 possessing amino acid substitutions at in silico predicted binding sites for Plg. As expected, amino acid substitutions in the predicted Plg binding sites reduced Plg and Pln binding to S. suis but did not affect bacterial growth in vitro compared to the wild-type strain. The binding of Plg to wild-type S. suis enhanced translocation across the human cerebral microvascular endothelial cell line hCMEC/D3 but not for the eno mutant strains tested. To our knowledge, this is the first study where predicted Plg-binding sites of enolase have been mutated to show altered Plg and Pln binding to the surface of S. suis and attenuation of translocation across an endothelial cell monolayer in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jerry M. Wells
- Host-Microbe Interactomics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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2
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Barroeta-Echegaray E, Fonseca-Liñán R, Argüello-García R, Rodríguez-Muñoz R, Bermúdez-Cruz RM, Nava P, Ortega-Pierres MG. Giardia duodenalis enolase is secreted as monomer during trophozoite-epithelial cell interactions, activates plasminogen and induces necroptotic damage. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:928687. [PMID: 36093180 PMCID: PMC9452966 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.928687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Enolase, a multifunctional protein expressed by multiple pathogens activates plasminogen to promote proteolysis on components of the extracellular matrix, an important event in early host-pathogen interactions. A secreted form of enolase that is released upon the interaction of trophozoites with epithelial cells has been detected in the secretome of G. duodenalis. However, the role of enolase in the host-pathogen interactions remains largely unknown. In this work, the effects of G. duodenalis enolase (Gd-eno) on the epithelial cell model (IEC-6) were analyzed. Firstly, the coding sequence of Giardia enolase was cloned and the recombinant protein used to raise antibodies that were then used to define the localization and role of enolase in epithelial cell-trophozoite interactions. Gd-eno was detected in small cytoplasmic vesicles as well as at the surface and is enriched in the region of the ventral disk of Giardia trophozoites. Moreover, the blocking of the soluble monomeric form of the enzyme, which is secreted upon interaction with IEC-6 cells by the anti-rGd-eno antibodies, significantly inhibited trophozoite attachment to intestinal IEC-6 cell monolayers. Further, rGd-eno was able to bind human plasminogen (HsPlg) and enhanced plasmin activity in vitro when the trophozoites were incubated with the intrinsic plasminogen activators of epithelial cells. In IEC-6 cells, rGd-eno treatment induced a profuse cell damage characterized by copious vacuolization, intercellular separation and detachment from the substrate; this effect was inhibited by either anti-Gd-eno Abs or the plasmin inhibitor ϵ- aminocaproic acid. Lastly, we established that in epithelial cells rGd-eno treatment induced a necroptotic-like process mediated by tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and the apoptosis inducing factor (AIF), but independent of caspase-3. All together, these results suggest that Giardia enolase is a secreted moonlighting protein that stimulates a necroptotic-like process in IEC-6 epithelial cells via plasminogen activation along to TNFα and AIF activities and must be considered as a virulence factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Barroeta-Echegaray
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rocío Fonseca-Liñán
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Raúl Argüello-García
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rafael Rodríguez-Muñoz
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosa María Bermúdez-Cruz
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Porfirio Nava
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M. Guadalupe Ortega-Pierres
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: M. Guadalupe Ortega-Pierres,
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Diaz-Hernandez A, Gonzalez-Vazquez MC, Arce-Fonseca M, Rodríguez-Morales O, Cedillo-Ramirez ML, Carabarin-Lima A. Consensus Enolase of Trypanosoma Cruzi: Evaluation of Their Immunogenic Properties Using a Bioinformatics Approach. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12050746. [PMID: 35629412 PMCID: PMC9148029 DOI: 10.3390/life12050746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently no vaccine against American trypanosomiasis, caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. This is due to the genomic variation observed in the six DTUs of T. cruzi. This work aims to propose a consensus sequence of the enolase protein from different strains of T. cruzi and mainly evaluate its immunogenic properties at the bioinformatic level. From specialized databases, 15 sequences of the enolase gene were aligned to obtain a consensus sequence, where this sequence was modeled and then evaluated and validated through different bioinformatic programs to learn their immunogenic potential. Finally, chimeric peptides were designed with the most representative epitopes. The results showed high immunogenic potential with six epitopes for MHC-I, and seven epitopes for MHC-II, all of which were highly representative of the enolase present in strains from the American continent as well as five epitopes for B cells. Regarding the computational modeling, molecular docking with Toll-like receptors showed a high affinity and low constant of dissociation, which could lead to an innate-type immune response that helps to eliminate the parasite. In conclusion, the consensus sequence proposed for enolase is capable of providing an ideal immune response; however, the experimental evaluation of this enolase consensus and their chimeric peptides should be a high priority to develop a vaccine against Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Diaz-Hernandez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 14 Sury Avenida San Claudio, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (A.D.-H.); (M.L.C.-R.)
| | - Maria Cristina Gonzalez-Vazquez
- Herbario y Jardín Botánico Universitario, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla 72570, Mexico;
| | - Minerva Arce-Fonseca
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, México City 14080, Mexico; (M.A.-F.); (O.R.-M.)
| | - Olivia Rodríguez-Morales
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, México City 14080, Mexico; (M.A.-F.); (O.R.-M.)
| | - Maria Lilia Cedillo-Ramirez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 14 Sury Avenida San Claudio, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (A.D.-H.); (M.L.C.-R.)
| | - Alejandro Carabarin-Lima
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 14 Sury Avenida San Claudio, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (A.D.-H.); (M.L.C.-R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-222-2295-500 (ext. 3965)
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Biochemical and Biophysical Characterization of the Enolase from Helicobacter pylori. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:9538193. [PMID: 30648111 PMCID: PMC6311853 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9538193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Enolase, which catalyses the conversion of 2-phospho-D-glycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate, is an important enzyme in the classic glycolysis pathway in cells. Enolase is highly conserved in organisms from bacteria to humans, indicating its importance in cells. Thus, enolase is a good target for developing new drugs. In the last decade, new functions of this enzyme have been found. Helicobacter pylori is a common human pathogen that causes gastric diseases and even gastric cancer. In this study, the sequence of H. pylori enolase (HpEno) was analysed; the conservation (at least partial) of binding sites for cofactor, plasminogen, and host extracellular RNA, as well as catalytic site, indicates that HpEno should be capable of performing the functions. Recombinant HpEno was overexpressed and purified from E. coli. Compared to the enolases from other species, HpEno had similar characteristics for its secondary structure. The temperature-induced profiles indicate that HpEno is quite stable to temperature, compared to other homologs. Regarding the kinetics of the unfolding reaction, we found that the activation enthalpy associated with the thermal unfolding reaction is equivalent to the reported activation enthalpy for yeast enolase, indicating a similar scaffold and kinetic stability. Although a wide range of experimental conditions were assayed, it was not possible to detect any enzymatic activity of HpEno. To prove the lack of activity, still a much wider range of experiments should be carried out.
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Dutta S, Tewari A, Balaji C, Verma R, Moitra A, Yadav M, Agrawal P, Sahal D, Jarori GK. Strain-transcending neutralization of malaria parasite by antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum enolase. Malar J 2018; 17:304. [PMID: 30126436 PMCID: PMC6102825 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2455-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium enolase is a target for the growth neutralizing antibodies. Interestingly, the three invasive stages i.e. sporozoites, merozoites, and ookinetes express this protein on their cell surface. Polyclonal anti-Plasmodium falciparum enolase (Pfeno) antibodies disrupt traversal of ookinete through mosquito mid-gut wall as well as have inhibitory effect on parasite growth at erythrocytic stage. In a recent study, it was observed that immunization with a unique epitope of parasite enolase (EWGWS) could confer partial protection against mouse malaria. Further validation is needed for the protective potential of this unique epitope in otherwise highly conserved enolase. Methods In order to investigate the efficacy of growth inhibitory potential of the epitope of P falciparum enolase, a monoclonal antibody specific to EWGWS is generated. In vitro parasite growth inhibition assays and passive immunization of Plasmodium yoelii (or Plasmodium berghei) infected mice were used to assess the parasite growth neutralizing activity of the antibody. Results Screening a panel of monoclonal antibodies raised against recombinant Pfeno that were specific to EWGWS resulted in isolation of H12E1. This antibody recognized only EWGWS epitope containing enolases. H12E1 strongly inhibited parasite growth in culture. This inhibition was strain transcending. Passive infusion of this antibody in P. yoelii or P. berghei infected mice showed significant reduction in parasitemia as compared to controls (p < 0.001). Surface Plasmon Resonance measurements indicated high affinity binding of H12E1 to P. falciparum enolase (KD ~ 7.6 × 10−9M). Conclusions A monoclonal antibody directed against EWGWS epitope of Pfeno was shown to inhibit the growth of blood stage malarial parasites. This inhibition was species/strain transcending and is likely to arise due to blockade of enolase on the surface of merozoites, functionally implicating Pfeno in invasion related events. Presence of enolase on the cell surface of merozoites and ookinetes could potentially result in inhibition of host cell invasions at erythrocytic and transmission stages in the parasite life cycle. It is suggested that antibodies against EWGWS epitope have the potential to confer dual stage, species and strain transcending protection against malaria. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-018-2455-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Dutta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, India.,Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, USA
| | - Aneesha Tewari
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, India.,Department of Biology, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Boston, USA
| | - Chinthapalli Balaji
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, India
| | - Reena Verma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, India
| | - Anasuya Moitra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, India
| | - Mamta Yadav
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asif Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Prakhar Agrawal
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asif Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Dinkar Sahal
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asif Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Gotam K Jarori
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, India.
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6
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Dutta S, Moitra A, Mukherjee D, Jarori GK. Functions of tryptophan residues in EWGWS insert of Plasmodium falciparum enolase. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 7:892-904. [PMID: 28680804 PMCID: PMC5494301 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum enolase (Pfeno) is a dimeric enzyme with multiple moonlighting functions. This enzyme is thus a potential target for anti-malarial treatments. A unique feature of Pfeno is the presence of a pentapeptide insert 104 EWGWS 108. The functional role of tryptophan residues in this insert was investigated using site-directed mutagenesis. Replacement of these two Trp residues with alanines (or lysines) resulted in a near complete loss of enolase activity and dissociation of the normal dimeric form into monomers. Molecular modeling indicated that 340R forms π-cation bonds with the aromatic rings of 105W and 46Y. Mutation induced changes in the interactions among these three residues were presumably relayed to the inter-subunit interface via a coil formed by 46Y : 59Y, resulting in the disruption of a salt bridge between 11R : 425E and a π-cation interaction between 11R : 59Y. This led to a drop of ~ 4 kcal·mole-1 in the inter-subunit docking energy in the mutant, causing a ~ 103 fold decrease in affinity. Partial restoration of the inter-subunit interactions led to reformation of dimers and also restored a significant fraction of the lost enzyme activity. These results suggested that the perturbations in the conformation of the surface loop containing the insert sequence were relayed to the interface region, causing dimer dissociation that, in turn, disrupted the enzyme's active site. Since Plasmodium enolase is a moonlighting protein with multiple parasite-specific functions, it is likely that these functions may map on to the highly conserved unique insert region of this protein. ENZYMES Enolase(EC4.2.1.11).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Dutta
- Department of Biological Sciences Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Mumbai India.,Present address: T. H. Chan School of Public Health Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Harvard University Boston MA USA
| | - Anasuya Moitra
- Department of Biological Sciences Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Mumbai India
| | - Debanjan Mukherjee
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa Portugal
| | - Gotam K Jarori
- Department of Biological Sciences Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Mumbai India
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Dutta S, Mukherjee D, Jarori GK. Replacement of Ser108 in Plasmodium falciparum enolase results in weak Mg(II) binding: role of a parasite-specific pentapeptide insert in stabilizing the active conformation of the enzyme. FEBS J 2015; 282:2296-308. [PMID: 25787157 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A distinct structural feature of Plasmodium falciparum enolase (Pfeno) is the presence of a five amino acid insert -104EWGWS108- that is not found in host enolases. Its conservation among apicomplexan enolases has raised the possibility of its involvement in some important physiological function(s). Deletion of this sequence is known to lower k(cat)/K(m), increase K(a) for Mg(II) and convert dimer into monomers (Vora HK, Shaik FR, Pal-Bhowmick I, Mout R & Jarori GK (2009) Arch Biochem Biophys 485, 128-138). These authors also raised the possibility of the formation of an H-bond between Ser108 and Leu49 that could stabilize the apo-Pfeno in an active closed conformation that has high affinity for Mg(II). Here, we examined the effect of replacement of Ser108 with Gly/Ala/Thr on enzyme activity, Mg(II) binding affinity, conformational states and oligomeric structure and compared it with native recombinant Pfeno. The results obtained support the view that Ser108 is likely to be involved in the formation of certain crucial H-bonds with Leu49. The presence of these interactions can stabilize apo-Pfeno in an active closed conformation similar to that of Mg(II) bound yeast enolase. As predicted, S108G/A-Pfeno variants (where Ser108-Leu49 H-bonds are likely to be disrupted) were found to exist in an open conformation and had low affinity for Mg(II). They also required Mg(II) induced conformational changes to acquire the active closed conformational state essential for catalysis. The possible physiological relevance of apo-Pfeno being in such an active state is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Dutta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Debanjan Mukherjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Gotam K Jarori
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
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Cork AJ, Ericsson DJ, Law RHP, Casey LW, Valkov E, Bertozzi C, Stamp A, Jovcevski B, Aquilina JA, Whisstock JC, Walker MJ, Kobe B. Stability of the octameric structure affects plasminogen-binding capacity of streptococcal enolase. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121764. [PMID: 25807546 PMCID: PMC4373793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a human pathogen that has the potential to cause invasive disease by binding and activating human plasmin(ogen). Streptococcal surface enolase (SEN) is an octameric α-enolase that is localized at the GAS cell surface. In addition to its glycolytic role inside the cell, SEN functions as a receptor for plasmin(ogen) on the bacterial surface, but the understanding of the molecular basis of plasmin(ogen) binding is limited. In this study, we determined the crystal and solution structures of GAS SEN and characterized the increased plasminogen binding by two SEN mutants. The plasminogen binding ability of SENK312A and SENK362A is ~2- and ~3.4-fold greater than for the wild-type protein. A combination of thermal stability assays, native mass spectrometry and X-ray crystallography approaches shows that increased plasminogen binding ability correlates with decreased stability of the octamer. We propose that decreased stability of the octameric structure facilitates the access of plasmin(ogen) to its binding sites, leading to more efficient plasmin(ogen) binding and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J. Cork
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Daniel J. Ericsson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Ruby H. P. Law
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Lachlan W. Casey
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Eugene Valkov
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Carlo Bertozzi
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Anna Stamp
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Blagojce Jovcevski
- School of Biological Sciences and Illawarra Health and Medical Research, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - J. Andrew Aquilina
- School of Biological Sciences and Illawarra Health and Medical Research, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - James C. Whisstock
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Mark J. Walker
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- * E-mail: (BK); (MJW)
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- * E-mail: (BK); (MJW)
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Plasmodium falciparum enolase complements yeast enolase functions and associates with the parasite food vacuole. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2011; 179:8-17. [PMID: 21600245 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum enolase (Pfeno) localizes to the cytosol, nucleus, cell membrane and cytoskeletal elements, suggesting multiple non-glycolytic functions for this protein. Our recent observation of association of enolase with the food vacuole (FV) in immuno-gold electron microscopic images of P. falciparum raised the possibility for yet another moonlighting function for this protein. Here we provide additional support for this localization by demonstrating the presence of Pfeno in purified FVs by immunoblotting. To examine the potential functional role of FV-associated Pfeno, we assessed the ability of Pfeno to complement a mutant Saccharomyces cervisiae strain deficient in enolase activity. In this strain (Tetr-Eno2), the enolase 1 gene is deleted and expression of the enolase 2 gene is under the control of a tetracycline repressible promoter. Enolase deficiency in this strain was previously shown to cause growth retardation, vacuolar fragmentation and altered expression of certain vacuolar proteins. Expression of Pfeno in the enolase-deficient yeast strain restored all three phenotypic effects. However, transformation of Tetr-eno2 with an enzymatically active, monomeric mutant form of Pfeno (Δ(5)Pfeno) fully restored cell growth, but only partially rescued the fragmented vacuolar phenotype, suggesting that the dimeric structure of Pfeno is required for the optimal vacuolar functions. Bioinformatic searches revealed the presence of Plasmodium orthologs of several yeast vacuolar proteins that are predicted to form complexes with Pfeno. Together, these observations raise the possibility that association of Pfeno with food vacuole in Plasmodium may have physiological function(s).
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Capello M, Ferri-Borgogno S, Cappello P, Novelli F. α-Enolase: a promising therapeutic and diagnostic tumor target. FEBS J 2011; 278:1064-74. [PMID: 21261815 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
α-enolase (ENOA) is a metabolic enzyme involved in the synthesis of pyruvate. It also acts as a plasminogen receptor and thus mediates activation of plasmin and extracellular matrix degradation. In tumor cells, ΕΝΟΑ is upregulated and supports anaerobic proliferation (Warburg effect), it is expressed at the cell surface, where it promotes cancer invasion, and is subjected to a specific array of post-translational modifications, namely acetylation, methylation and phosphorylation. Both ENOA overexpression and its post-translational modifications could be of diagnostic and prognostic value in cancer. This review will discuss recent information on the biochemical, proteomics and immunological characterization of ENOA, particularly its ability to trigger a specific humoral and cellular immune response. In our opinion, this information can pave the way for effective new therapeutic and diagnostic strategies to counteract the growth of the most aggressive human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Capello
- Department of Medicine and Experimental Oncology, Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CeRMS), San Giovanni Battista Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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11
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Karbassi F, Quiros V, Pancholi V, Kornblatt MJ. Dissociation of the octameric enolase from S. pyogenes--one interface stabilizes another. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8810. [PMID: 20098674 PMCID: PMC2809091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Most enolases are homodimers. There are a few that are octamers, with the eight subunits arranged as a tetramer of dimers. These dimers have the same basic fold and same subunit interactions as are found in the dimeric enolases. The dissociation of the octameric enolase from S. pyogenes was examined, using NaClO4, a weak chaotrope, to perturb the quaternary structure. Dissociation was monitored by sedimentation velocity. NaClO4 dissociated the octamer into inactive monomers. There was no indication that dissociation of the octamer into monomers proceeded via formation of significant amounts of dimer or any other intermediate species. Two mutations at the dimer-dimer interface, F137L and E363G, were introduced in order to destabilize the octameric structure. The double mutant was more easily dissociated than was the wild type. Dissociation could also be produced by other salts, including tetramethylammonium chloride (TMACl) or by increasing pH. In all cases, no significant amounts of dimers or other intermediates were formed. Weakening one interface in this protein weakened the other interface as well. Although enolases from most organisms are dimers, the dimeric form of the S. pyogenes enzyme appears to be unstable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Karbassi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Veronica Quiros
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vijay Pancholi
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mary J. Kornblatt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Jang SM, Kim JW, Kim CH, Kim D, Rhee S, Choi KH. p19(ras) Represses proliferation of non-small cell lung cancer possibly through interaction with Neuron-Specific Enolase (NSE). Cancer Lett 2009; 289:91-8. [PMID: 19713034 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2009] [Revised: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 08/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
p19(ras) is an alternative splicing product of the proto-oncogene c-H-ras pre-mRNA. In this study, we identified a novel p19(ras)-binding protein, Neuron-Specific Enolase (NSE), using the yeast two-hybrid method. NSE is one of the enolase families that convert 2-phospho-d-glycerate (PGA) to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) in the glycolysis pathway. In both endogenous and over-expressed systems, we confirmed interactions between p19(ras) and NSE via co-immunoprecipitation assay. We also identified the interaction region of p19(ras), which is required for binding with NSE. When full-length p19(ras) and C-terminal region are bound to NSE, it inhibits the enzymatic activity of NSE. Furthermore, p19(ras) interacted with Enolase alpha (Enoalpha) and repressed its enzymatic activity in vitro. p19(ras) repressed lung cancer cell proliferation mostly increased by NSE in H1299 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that p19(ras) is a novel regulator to suppress cell proliferation in lung cancer through the interaction with NSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Min Jang
- Department of Life Science (BK21 program), College of Natural Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
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Vora HK, Shaik FR, Pal-Bhowmick I, Mout R, Jarori GK. Effect of deletion of a plant like pentapeptide insert on kinetic, structural and immunological properties of enolase from Plasmodium falciparum. Arch Biochem Biophys 2009; 485:128-38. [PMID: 19268421 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2009.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2008] [Revised: 02/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum enolase (Pfen) is of photosynthetic lineage as evident from the presence of a plant like pentapeptide insert (104)EWGWS(108) in a highly conserved surface loop of the protein. Such a unique region which is absent in human enolase, constitutes an excellent target for inhibitor design, provided its essentiality for function could be demonstrated. A deletion Pfen lacking this insert was made and the effect of this deletion on activity and structure was assessed. Deletion of insert resulted in approximately 100-fold decrease in k(cat)/K(m) and caused dissociation of dimeric form into monomers. Since the parasite enolase localizes on the merozoite surface and confers partial protection against malaria [I. Pal-Bhowmick, M. Mehta, I. Coppens, S. Sharma, G.K. Jarori, Infect. Immun. 75(11) (2007) 5500-5008], the possibility of the insert being involved in protective response was examined. Serum from Pfen vaccinated mouse which showed prolonged survival to parasite challenge had negligible reactivity against deletion protein as compared to wild type enolase. These results indicate that the insert sequence is required for the full enolase activity and may constitute the protective antigenic epitope in parasite enolase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardeep K Vora
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
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Pal-Bhowmick I, Mehta M, Coppens I, Sharma S, Jarori GK. Protective properties and surface localization of Plasmodium falciparum enolase. Infect Immun 2007; 75:5500-8. [PMID: 17785475 PMCID: PMC2168313 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00551-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Revised: 06/20/2007] [Accepted: 08/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The enolase protein of the human malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum has recently been characterized. Apart from its glycolytic function, enolase has also been shown to possess antigenic properties and to be present on the cell wall of certain invasive organisms, such as Candida albicans. In order to assess whether enolase of P. falciparum is also antigenic, sera from residents of a region of Eastern India where malaria is endemic were tested against the recombinant P. falciparum enolase (r-Pfen) protein. About 96% of immune adult sera samples reacted with r-Pfen over and above the seronegative controls. Rabbit anti-r-Pfen antibodies inhibited the growth of in vitro cultures of P. falciparum. Mice immunized with r-Pfen showed protection against a challenge with the 17XL lethal strain of the mouse malarial parasite Plasmodium yoelii. The antibodies raised against r-Pfen were specific for Plasmodium and did not react to the host tissues. Immunofluorescence as well as electron microscopic examinations revealed localization of the enolase protein on the merozoite cell surface. These observations establish malaria enolase to be a potential protective antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipsita Pal-Bhowmick
- Department of Biological Sciences, TIFR, Homi Babha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400 005, India
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