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Xu H, Yang F. The interplay of dopamine metabolism abnormalities and mitochondrial defects in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:464. [PMID: 36344514 PMCID: PMC9640700 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02233-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is a major monoamine neurotransmitter in the brain and has essential roles in higher functions of the brain. Malfunctions of dopaminergic signaling have been implicated in various mental disorders such as addiction, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease (PD), and schizophrenia. The pathogenesis of PD and schizophrenia involves the interplay of mitochondrial defect and DA metabolism abnormalities. This article focuses on this issue in schizophrenia. It started with the introduction of metabolism, behavioral action, and physiology of DA, followed by reviewing evidence for malfunctions of dopaminergic signaling in patients with schizophrenia. Then it provided an overview of multiple facets of mitochondrial physiology before summarizing mitochondrial defects reported in clinical studies with schizophrenia patients. Finally, it discussed the interplay between DA metabolism abnormalities and mitochondrial defects and outlined some clinical studies showing effects of combination therapy of antipsychotics and antioxidants in treating patients with schizophrenia. The update and integration of these lines of information may advance our understanding of the etiology, pathogenesis, phenomenology, and treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyun Xu
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Illness, The Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
- Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
| | - Fan Yang
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Hosseini M, Karami Z, Yousefifard M, Janzadeh A, Zamani E, Nasirinezhad F. Simultaneous intrathecal injection of muscimol and endomorphin-1 alleviates neuropathic pain in rat model of spinal cord injury. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01576. [PMID: 32189472 PMCID: PMC7218251 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Due to side effects of medications used for chronic pain, combination therapy seems to be an appropriate solution for alleviation of chronic pain and reducing the side effects. The role of inhibitory GABA system is well proven in reducing neuropathic pain. Also, special attention has been focused on endogenous morphine (endomorphins) in reducing chronic pain originates from damage to the nervous system. The purpose of this study is to investigate the analgesic effect of simultaneous administration of GABA agonist and endomorphin-1 on neuropathic pain in rat model of spinal cord injury (SCI). The role of oxidative stress, NR1 subunits of NMDA receptors, and α2 subunits of GABA receptors in the spinal cord has also been investigated. METHODS Spinal cord at level of T6-T8 was compressed. Three weeks after spinal cord injury, muscimol and endomorphin-1 were injected (intrathecally once a day for 7 days) individually or in combination. Mechanical and cold allodynia, thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia were evaluated before injection and 15 and 60 min after injection. At the end of behavioral experiments, histological and biochemical evaluations were done on prepared spinal cord samples. RESULTS Isobologram results showed that combination therapy significantly increased the pain threshold comparing to injection of endomorphin-1 (EM) or muscimol alone. Histological studies indicated the increased expression of α2 subunits of GABA receptors, and NR1 subunits of NMDA receptors in the spinal cord. The combination therapy also increased the glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) level and decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the spinal cord. CONCLUSION Simultaneous administration of muscimol and endomorphine-1 could be a new candidate for alleviation of pain resulting from spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Hosseini
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Karami
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Yousefifard
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atousa Janzadeh
- Radiation Biology Research Center (RBRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Zamani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farinaz Nasirinezhad
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Quetiapine has an additive effect to triiodothyronine in inducing differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells through induction of cholesterol biosynthesis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221747. [PMID: 31490950 PMCID: PMC6730995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by demyelinated lesions in the central nervous system. Destruction of myelin and secondary damage to axons and neurons leads to significant disability, particularly in people with progressive MS. Accumulating evidence suggests that the potential for myelin repair exists in MS, although for unclear reasons this process fails. The cells responsible for producing myelin, the oligodendrocytes, and their progenitors, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), have been identified at the site of lesions, even in adults. Their presence suggests the possibility that endogenous remyelination without transplantation of donor stem cells may be a mechanism for myelin repair in MS. Strategies to develop novel therapies have focused on induction of signaling pathways that stimulate OPCs to mature into myelin-producing oligodendrocytes that could then possibly remyelinate lesions. We have been investigating pharmacological approaches to enhance OPC differentiation, and have identified that the combination of two agents, triiodothyronine (T3) and quetiapine, leads to an additive effect on OPC differentiation and consequent myelin production via both overlapping and distinct signaling pathways. While the ultimate production of myelin requires cholesterol biosynthesis, we identified that quetiapine enhances gene expression in this pathway more potently than T3. Two blockers of cholesterol production, betulin and simvastatin, reduced OPC differentiation into myelin producing oligodendrocytes. Elucidating the nature of agents that lead to complementary and additive effects on oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelin production may pave the way for more efficient induction of remyelination in people with MS.
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Zhang L, Xu S, Huang Q, Xu H. N-acetylcysteine attenuates the cuprizone-induced behavioral changes and oligodendrocyte loss in male C57BL/7 mice via its anti-inflammation actions. J Neurosci Res 2018; 96:803-816. [PMID: 29114910 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous animal studies have linked white matter damage to certain schizophrenia-like behaviors in cuprizone (CPZ)-exposed mouse. Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and oligodendrocyte loss coexist in the brain of such mice. The aim of this study was to examine effects of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on CPZ-induced behavioral changes and concurrent oligodendrocyte loss, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation in these animals. Male C57BL/6 mice were given intraperitoneal saline or NAC at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/day for 2 weeks; animals were fed a CPZ-containing diet (0.2%, w/w) during days 5-14. During days 15-17, the mice were examined in open-field, social recognition, and Y-maze tests (1 test per day). Six mice in each group were then used for biochemical and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analyses, while the remaining animals were used for immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining. The mice exposed to CPZ for 10 days showed significantly lower spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze, lower activity of total superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase, but higher levels of malondialdehyde in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, elevated concentrations of interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α in the brain regions mentioned above and caudate putamen, and a decreased number of mature oligodendrocytes, but increased number of microglia in all the brain regions examined. These changes, however, were not seen or effectively alleviated in NAC-treated mice at all three doses. These results demonstrate that NAC protected mature oligodendrocytes against the toxic effects of CPZ, likely via its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Shuqin Xu
- Department of Anatomy, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Qingjun Huang
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Haiyun Xu
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Anatomy, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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Dietrich-Muszalska A, Kolińska-Łukaszuk J. Comparative effects of aripiprazole and selected antipsychotic drugs on lipid peroxidation in plasma. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018; 72:329-336. [PMID: 29280533 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the effects of a new antipsychotic, aripiprazole (unique due to its mechanism of action), with the effects of selected antipsychotic drugs, such as quetiapine, olanzapine, clozapine, risperidone, and ziprasidone (at the final concentrations corresponding to clinically effective doses used for the treatment of acute episodes of schizophrenia) on lipid peroxidation in human plasma measured by the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), which is a marker of oxidative stress. METHODS The levels of TBARS were measured spectrophotometrically, according to the modification of the Rice-Evans method. RESULTS Our results indicate that antipsychotics at doses recommended for the treatment of acute episodes of schizophrenia may induce distinct changes in the levels of lipid peroxidation products (TBARS) in plasma. Aripiprazole had no effect on the level of a lipid peroxidation marker in plasma, although used at lower doses it showed insignificant prooxidative properties similar to clozapine. Quetiapine had the strongest antioxidant properties, contrary to prooxidative action of risperidone, ziprasidone or haloperidol, and clozapine at lower doses. Olanzapine reduced the level of TBARS in plasma only at a lower dose. CONCLUSION Antipsychotics at doses recommended for the treatment of acute episode in schizophrenia may induce the distinct changes in plasma lipid peroxidation. Aripiprazole did not induce significant changes in plasma lipid peroxidation. In further studies, the role of oxidative stress in schizophrenic patients together with their clinical symptomatology and use of antipsychotics should be taken into account.
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Li L, Yang Y, Zheng J, Cai G, Lee Y, Du J. Decursin attenuates the amyloid-β-induced inflammatory response in PC12 cells via MAPK and nuclear factor-κB pathway. Phytother Res 2017; 32:251-258. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Dongguan Scientific Research Center; Guangdong Medical University; Dongguan China
| | - Yiqiu Yang
- Dongguan Scientific Research Center; Guangdong Medical University; Dongguan China
| | - Jingbin Zheng
- Dongguan Scientific Research Center; Guangdong Medical University; Dongguan China
| | - Guodi Cai
- Dongguan Scientific Research Center; Guangdong Medical University; Dongguan China
| | - Yongwoo Lee
- Department of Smart Food and Drugs, Graduate School; Inje University; Gimhae Republic of Korea
| | - Jikun Du
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology; Daejeon Republic of Korea
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Mani V, Jaafar SM, Azahan NSM, Ramasamy K, Lim SM, Ming LC, Majeed ABA. Ciproxifan improves cholinergic transmission, attenuates neuroinflammation and oxidative stress but does not reduce amyloid level in transgenic mice. Life Sci 2017; 180:23-35. [PMID: 28501482 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AIM The present study is aimed to investigate the ability of ciproxifan, a histamine H3 receptor antagonist to inhibit β-amyloid (Aβ)-induced neurotoxicity in SK-N-SH cells and APP transgenic mouse model. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro studies was designed to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of ciproxifan in Aβ25-35 - induced SK-N-SH cells. For the in vivo study, ciproxifan (1 and 3mg/kg, i.p.) was administrated to transgenic mice for 15days and behaviour was assessed using the radial arm maze (RAM). Brain tissues were collected to measure Aβ levels (Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42), acetylcholine (ACh), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), nitric oxide (NO), lipid peroxidation (LPO), antioxidant activities, cyclooxygenases (COX) and cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β and IL-6), while plasma was collected to measure TGF-1β. RESULTS The in vitro studies demonstrated neuroprotective effect of ciproxifan by increasing cell viability and inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Aβ25-35-induced SK-N-SH cells. Ciproxifan significantly improved the behavioural parameters in RAM. Ciproxifan however, did not alter the Aβ levels in APP transgenic mice. Ciproxifan increased ACh and showed anti-oxidant properties by reducing NO and LPO levels as well as enhancing antioxidant levels. The neuroinflammatory analysis showed that ciproxifan reduced both COX-1 and COX-2 activities, decreased the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β and IL-6 and increased the level of anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-1β. CONCLUSION This present study provides scientific evidence of the use of ciproxifan via antioxidant and cholinergic pathways in the management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasudevan Mani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia; Brain Degeneration and Therapeutics Group, Pharmaceutical & Life Sciences CoRe, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Siti Murnirah Jaafar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Syamimi Mohd Azahan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kalavathy Ramasamy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia; Collaborative Drug Discovery Research (CDDR) Group, Pharmaceutical & Life Sciences CoRe, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Siong Meng Lim
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia; Collaborative Drug Discovery Research (CDDR) Group, Pharmaceutical & Life Sciences CoRe, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia; Brain Degeneration and Therapeutics Group, Pharmaceutical & Life Sciences CoRe, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Unit for Medication Outcomes Research and Education (UMORE), Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Abu Bakar Abdul Majeed
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia; Brain Degeneration and Therapeutics Group, Pharmaceutical & Life Sciences CoRe, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Coenzyme Q10 attenuated β-amyloid 25–35 –induced inflammatory responses in PC12 cells through regulation of the NF–κB signaling pathway. Brain Res Bull 2017; 131:192-198. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chung JK, Nakajima S, Plitman E, Iwata Y, Uy D, Gerretsen P, Caravaggio F, Chakravarty MM, Graff-Guerrero A. Β-Amyloid Burden is Not Associated with Cognitive Impairment in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2016; 24:923-39. [PMID: 27526990 PMCID: PMC5026886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Current literature suggests that the pathology of schizophrenia (SCZ) has developmental origins. However, the neurodevelopmental theory of SCZ cannot solely explain progressive neurodegenerative processes in the illness. There is evidence of accelerated cognitive decline and increased risk of dementia in elderly patients with SCZ. Investigating β-amyloid (Aβ), we conducted a systematic review focusing on Aβ in patients with SCZ. An OVID literature search using PsychINFO, Medline, and Embase databases was conducted, looking for studies that compared Aβ levels between patients with SCZ and either elderly control subjects, patients with Alzheimer disease (AD), or patients with other psychiatric illnesses. Among 14 identified studies, 11 compared Aβ between SCZ and elderly control subjects, 7 between SCZ and AD, and 3 between SCZ and other psychiatric illnesses. As a result, no evidence was found suggesting that Aβ levels differ in patients with SCZ from elderly control subjects or patients with other psychiatric illnesses. All seven studies reported lower cortical Aβ in patients with SCZ than patients with AD. Furthermore, three of the four studies, which investigated the relationship between Aβ and cognitive impairment in SCZ, observed no association between two factors. The limitations of the included studies are small sample sizes, the inclusion of cerebrospinal fluid Aβ or postmortem plaques rather than cortical Aβ assessment in vivo, and the investigation of different brain regions. In conclusion, Aβ deposition is not associated with cognitive decline in late-life SCZ. Future studies should investigate other neurodegenerative indicators in SCZ to better understand the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying this illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ku Chung
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto,Multimodal Imaging Group - Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Shinichiro Nakajima
- Multimodal Imaging Group - Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan,Geriatric Mental Health Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Eric Plitman
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto,Multimodal Imaging Group - Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yusuke Iwata
- Multimodal Imaging Group - Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada,Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Danielle Uy
- Multimodal Imaging Group - Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Philip Gerretsen
- Multimodal Imaging Group - Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,Geriatric Mental Health Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Fernando Caravaggio
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto,Multimodal Imaging Group - Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - M. Mallar Chakravarty
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Department of Psychiatry and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ariel Graff-Guerrero
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Multimodal Imaging Group-Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Geriatric Mental Health Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Oxidative Stress Implications in the Affective Disorders: Main Biomarkers, Animal Models Relevance, Genetic Perspectives, and Antioxidant Approaches. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:3975101. [PMID: 27563374 PMCID: PMC4983669 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3975101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The correlation between the affective disorders and the almost ubiquitous pathological oxidative stress can be described in a multifactorial way, as an important mechanism of central nervous system impairment. Whether the obvious changes which occur in oxidative balance of the affective disorders are a part of the constitutive mechanism or a collateral effect yet remains as an interesting question. However it is now clear that oxidative stress is a component of these disorders, being characterized by different aspects in a disease-dependent manner. Still, there are a lot of controversies regarding the relevance of the oxidative stress status in most of the affective disorders and despite the fact that most of the studies are showing that the affective disorders development can be correlated to increased oxidative levels, there are various studies stating that oxidative stress is not linked with the mood changing tendencies. Thus, in this minireview we decided to describe the way in which oxidative stress is involved in the affective disorders development, by focusing on the main oxidative stress markers that could be used mechanistically and therapeutically in these deficiencies, the genetic perspectives, some antioxidant approaches, and the relevance of some animal models studies in this context.
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Xuan Y, Yan G, Wu R, Huang Q, Li X, Xu H. The cuprizone-induced changes in (1)H-MRS metabolites and oxidative parameters in C57BL/6 mouse brain: Effects of quetiapine. Neurochem Int 2015; 90:185-92. [PMID: 26340869 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cuprizone is a copper-chelating agent and able to induce oligodendrocyte loss and demyelination in C57BL/6 mouse brain. Recent studies have used the cuprizone-fed mouse as an animal model of schizophrenia to examine putative roles of altered oligodendrocytes in this mental disorder. The present study reported the effects of cuprizone on the brain metabolites and oxidative parameters with the aim of providing neurochemical evidence for the application of the cuprizone mouse as an animal model of schizophrenia. In addition, we examined effects of quetiapine on the cuprizone-induced changes in brain metabolites and oxidative parameters; this atypical antipsychotic was shown to ameliorate the cuprizone-induced demyelination and behavioral changes in previous studies. C57BL/6 mice were fed a standard rodent chow without or with cuprizone (0.2% w/w) for four weeks during which period they were given sterilized saline or quetiapine in saline. The results of the proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) showed that cuprizone-feeding decreased (1)H-MRS signals of N-acetyl-l-aspartate (NAA), total NAA (NAA + NAAG), and choline-containing compounds (phosphorylcholine and glycerophosphorylcholine), suggestive of mitochondrial dysfunction in brain neurons. Biochemical analyses showed lower activities of catalase and glutathione peroxidase, but higher levels of malondialdehyde and H2O2 in the brain tissue of cuprizone-fed mice, indicative of an oxidative stress. These cuprizone-induced changes were effectively relieved in the mice co-administered with cuprizone and quetiapine, although the antipsychotic alone showed no effect. These findings suggest the toxic effects of cuprizone on mitochondria and an antioxidant capacity of quetiapine, by which this antipsychotic relieves the cuprizone-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in brain cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Xuan
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China; Department of Anatomy, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Gen Yan
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Renhua Wu
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingjun Huang
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinmin Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Haiyun Xu
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China; Department of Anatomy, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China.
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Shao Y, Peng H, Huang Q, Kong J, Xu H. Quetiapine mitigates the neuroinflammation and oligodendrocyte loss in the brain of C57BL/6 mouse following cuprizone exposure for one week. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 765:249-57. [PMID: 26321148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed at examining effects of quetiapine (QTP), an atypical antipsychotic, on the behaviors of mice which had consumed cuprizone (CPZ)-containing diet for one week and on inflammatory reactions and oligodendrocyte (OL) loss in brains of them. Young adult C57BL/6 mice, after fed CPZ-containing diet (0.2%, w/w) for one week, showed an increase in the locomotor activity in the open-field, and a decreased exploration time in the novel object recognition (NOR) test compared to controls. But, these changes were not seen in mice co-administered with QTP and CPZ. All mice in the four groups showed comparable performances in Y-maze test. After the behavioral tests, mice were killed and their brains were processed for immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining to examine OLs, astrocytes and microglia. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 in certain brain regions were also evaluated by ELISA method. Mice in the NS+CPZ group showed fewer OLs, more activated astrocytes and microglia with higher immunofluorescence intensity in the examined brain regions of the corpus callosum, caudate putamen, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus. The levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in some of these brain regions were also increased. But these changes were completely blocked or effectively ameliorated in the QTP+CPZ group. These results demonstrated an anti-inflammatory effect of QTP in CPZ-exposed mice and this action may contribute to its protection on OLs and beneficial effects on the CPZ-induced behavioral changes in these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Shao
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Anatomy, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Qingjun Huang
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jiming Kong
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Haiyun Xu
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China; Department of Anatomy, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
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Xu H. Neuroinflammation in Schizophrenia Focused on the Pharmacological and Therapeutic Evidence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5567/pharmacologia.2015.438.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Li L, Du J, Zou L, Xia H, Wu T, Kim Y, Lee Y. The Neuroprotective Effects of Decursin Isolated from Angelica gigas Nakai Against Amyloid β-Protein-Induced Apoptosis in PC 12 Cells via a Mitochondria-Related Caspase Pathway. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:1555-62. [PMID: 26077922 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1623-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Decursin, purified from Angelica gigas Nakai, has been proven to exert neuroprotective property. Previous study revealed decursin protected the PC12 cells from Aβ25-35-induced oxidative cytotoxicity. The present study aimed to investigate whether decursin could protect PC12 cells from apoptosis caused by Aβ. Our results indicated that pretreatment of PC12 cells with decursin significantly inhibited Aβ25-35-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis. The mechanism of action is likely to reverse Aβ25-35-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, including the reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential, the inhibition of reactive oxygen species production, and the decrease of mitochondrial release of cytochrome c in PC12 cells. In addition, decursin significantly suppressed the activity of caspase-3 and moderated the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax induced by Aβ25-35. These findings indicate that decursin exerts a neuroprotective effect against Aβ25-35-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells, at least in part, via suppressing the mitochondrial pathway of cellular apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Dongguan Scientific Research Center, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523-808, China,
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15
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Wang H, Shen W, Hu X, Zhang Y, Zhuo Y, Li T, Mei F, Li X, Xiao L, Chu T. Quetiapine inhibits osteoclastogenesis and prevents human breast cancer-induced bone loss through suppression of the RANKL-mediated MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015; 149:705-14. [PMID: 25667102 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-015-3290-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bone loss is one of the major complications of advanced cancers such as breast cancer, prostate cancer, and lung cancer. Extensive research has revealed that the receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL), which is considered to be a key factor in osteoclast differentiation, plays an important role in cancer-associated bone resorption. Therefore, agents that can suppress this bone loss have therapeutic potential. In this study, we detected whether quetiapine (QUE), a commonly used atypical antipsychotic drug, can inhibit RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation in vitro and prevent human breast cancer-induced bone loss in vivo. RAW 264.7 cells and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) were used to detect inhibitory effect of QUE on osteoclastogenesis in vitro. Mouse model of breast cancer metastasis to bone was used to test suppressive effect of QUE on breast cancer-induced bone loss in vivo. Our results show that QUE can inhibit RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation from RAW 264.7 cells and BMMs without signs of cytotoxicity. Moreover, QUE reduced the occurrence of MDA-MB-231 cell-induced osteolytic bone loss by suppressing the differentiation of osteoclasts. Finally, molecular analysis revealed that it is by inhibiting RANKL-mediated MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways that QUE suppressed the osteoclast differentiation. We demonstrate, for the first time, the novel suppressive effects of QUE on RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation in vitro and human breast cancer-induced bone loss in vivo, suggesting that QUE may be a potential therapeutic drug for osteolysis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkai Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
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Soeiro-DE-Souza MG, Dias VV, Missio G, Balanzá-Martinez V, Valiengo L, Carvalho AF, Moreno RA. Role of quetiapine beyond its clinical efficacy in bipolar disorder: From neuroprotection to the treatment of psychiatric disorders (Review). Exp Ther Med 2015; 9:643-652. [PMID: 25667608 PMCID: PMC4316978 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present review was to discuss the following aspects of treatment with quetiapine in psychiatric disorders: i) Neurocognition and functional recovery in bipolar disorder (BD); ii) neuroprotective profile in different models; and iii) potential off-label indications. A PubMed search was conducted of articles published in English between 2000 and 2012 on quetiapine, cross-referenced with the terms ‘anxiety’, ‘attention deficit disorder’, ‘borderline personality disorder’, ‘dementia’, ‘insomnia’, ‘major depressive disorder’ (MDD), ‘obsessive-compulsive disorder’, ‘post-traumatic stress disorder’, ‘remission’, ‘cognition’, ‘neurobiology’, ‘neuroprotection’, ‘efficacy’ and ‘effectiveness’. Articles were selected from meta-analyses, randomized clinical trials and open trials, and the results were summarized. Quetiapine, when studied in off-label conditions, has shown efficacy as a monotherapy in MDD and general anxiety disorder. Quetiapine also appears to exhibit a small beneficial effect in dementia. The review of other conditions was affected by methodological limitations that precluded any definitive conclusions on the efficacy or safety of quetiapine. Overall, the present review shows evidence supporting a potential role for quetiapine in improving cognition, functional recovery and negative symptoms in a cost-effective manner in BD. These benefits of quetiapine are potentially associated with its well-described neuroprotective effects; however, further studies are clearly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcio G Soeiro-DE-Souza
- Mood Disorders Unit (GRUDA), Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vasco Videira Dias
- Mood Disorders Unit (GRUDA), Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovanni Missio
- Mood Disorders Unit (GRUDA), Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vicent Balanzá-Martinez
- University Hospital Doctor Peset and Section of Psychiatry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain ; CIBER Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leandro Valiengo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM27), Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André F Carvalho
- Psychiatry Research Group and Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Alberto Moreno
- Mood Disorders Unit (GRUDA), Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Han JH, Tian HZ, Lian YY, Yu Y, Lu CB, Li XM, Zhang RL, Xu H. Quetiapine mitigates the ethanol-induced oxidative stress in brain tissue, but not in the liver, of the rat. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2015; 11:1473-82. [PMID: 26109862 PMCID: PMC4474454 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s80505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Quetiapine, an atypical antipsychotic, has been employed to treat alcoholic patients with comorbid psychopathology. It was shown to scavenge hydroxyl radicals and to protect cultured cells from noxious effects of oxidative stress, a pathophysiological mechanism involved in the toxicity of alcohol. This study compared the redox status of the liver and the brain regions of prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum of rats treated with or without ethanol and quetiapine. Ethanol administration for 1 week induced oxidative stress in the liver and decreased the activity of glutathione peroxidase and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) there. Coadministration of quetiapine did not protect glutathione peroxidase and TAC in the liver against the noxious effect of ethanol, thus was unable to mitigate the ethanol-induced oxidative stress there. The ethanol-induced alteration in the redox status in the prefrontal cortex is mild, whereas the hippocampus and cerebellum are more susceptible to ethanol intoxication. For all the examined brain regions, coadministration of quetiapine exerted effective protection on the antioxidants catalase and total superoxide dismutase and on the TAC, thus completely blocking the ethanol-induced oxidative stress in these brain regions. These protective effects may explain the clinical observations that quetiapine reduced psychiatric symptoms intensity and maintained a good level of tolerability in chronic alcoholism with comorbid psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-hong Han
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, People’s Republic of China
- School of Basic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-zhao Tian
- School of Basic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang-yang Lian
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Yu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng-biao Lu
- School of Basic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin-min Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Rui-ling Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Rui-ling Zhang, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, 388 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453002, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 373 337 3798, Email
| | - Haiyun Xu
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Haiyun Xu, The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 754 8890 0728, Email
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18
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Lemmo W. Potential interactions of prescription and over‐the‐counter medications having antioxidant capabilities with radiation and chemotherapy. Int J Cancer 2014; 137:2525-33. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Walter Lemmo
- LEMMO Integrated Cancer Care Inc.Vancouver Canada
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Choi YY, Maeda T, Fujii H, Yokozawa T, Kim HY, Cho EJ, Shibamoto T. Oligonol improves memory and cognition under an amyloid β(25-35)-induced Alzheimer's mouse model. Nutr Res 2014; 34:595-603. [PMID: 25150118 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is an age-dependent progressive neurodegenerative disorder that results in impairments of memory and cognitive function. It is hypothesized that oligonol has ameliorative effects on memory impairment and reduced cognitive functions in mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by amyloid β(25-35) (Aβ(25-35)) injection. The protective effect of an oligonol against Aβ(25-35)-induced memory impairment was investigated in an in vivo Alzheimer's mouse model. The aggregation of Aβ25-35 was induced by incubation at 37°C for 3 days before injection into mice brains (5 nmol/mouse), and then oligonol was orally administered at 100 and 200 mg/kg of body weight for 2 weeks. Memory and cognition were observed in T-maze, object recognition, and Morris water maze tests. The group injected with Aβ(25-35) showed impairments in both recognition and memory. However, novel object recognition and new route awareness abilities were dose dependently improved by the oral administration of oligonol. In addition, the results of the Morris water maze test indicated that oligonol exerted protective activity against cognitive impairment induced by Aβ(25-35). Furthermore, nitric oxide formation and lipid peroxidation were significantly elevated by Aβ(25-35), whereas oligonol treatment significantly decreased nitric oxide formation and lipid peroxidation in the brain, liver, and kidneys. The present results suggest that oligonol improves Aβ(25-35)-induced memory deficit and cognition impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Young Choi
- Department of Food Science Nutrition, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Hajime Fujii
- Amino Up Chemical, Co, Ltd, Sapporo 004-0839, Japan
| | - Takako Yokozawa
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hyun Young Kim
- Department of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 660-758, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ju Cho
- Department of Food Science Nutrition, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea.
| | - Takayuki Shibamoto
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Xu H, Yang HJ, Li XM. Differential effects of antipsychotics on the development of rat oligodendrocyte precursor cells exposed to cuprizone. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2014; 264:121-9. [PMID: 23728937 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-013-0414-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cuprizone (CPZ) is a copper-chelating agent and has been shown to induce white matter damage in mice and rats. The compromised white matter and oligodendrocytes (OLs) respond to some antipsychotics in vivo. However, little is known about the effects of antipsychotics on cultured OLs in the presence of CPZ. The aim of this study was to examine effects of some antipsychotics on developing OLs in the presence of CPZ. Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) were prepared from rat embryos; OLs at different developing stages were labeled with specific antibodies; levels of CNP and MBP proteins in mature OLs were assessed by Western-blot analysis; malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and activity of catalase were evaluated as well for an assessment of oxidative stress and antioxidative status. In immunofluorescent staining, CPZ was shown to inhibit the differentiation of cultured OPCs into O4-positive cells, reduce the maturation of O4-positive cells into CNP- and MBP-positive cells, and decrease levels of CNP and MBP in mature OLs. These inhibitory effects of CPZ were ameliorated by clozapine and quetiapine (QUE), but not by haloperidol and olanzapine. Further experiments were performed to explore the mechanism of the protective effects of QUE. QUE attenuated the decreases in CNP and MBP in CPZ-treated OLs, and blocked the CPZ-induced increase in MDA and decrease in catalase activity in cultured OLs. These results are relevant to the pathophysiology and treatment of schizophrenia considering the aberrant white matter development and evidence suggesting the derangement of the oxidant and antioxidant defense system in some of the patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyun Xu
- Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, People's Republic of China,
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Zhornitsky S, Wee Yong V, Koch MW, Mackie A, Potvin S, Patten SB, Metz LM. Quetiapine fumarate for the treatment of multiple sclerosis: focus on myelin repair. CNS Neurosci Ther 2013; 19:737-44. [PMID: 23870612 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system disorder that is associated with progressive oligodendrocyte and neuronal loss, axonal degeneration, and demyelination. Several medications that mitigate immune abnormalities reduce both the frequency of relapses and inflammation on magnetic resonance imaging, leading to improved outcomes for people with the relapsing-remitting form of MS. However, there are no treatments for the progressive forms of MS where neurons and axons continue to degenerate; here, neuroprotective therapies, or medications that rebuild myelin to confer axonal well-being, may be useful. Quetiapine fumarate is an atypical antipsychotic with reported remyelinating and neuroprotective properties in inflammatory and noninflammatory models of demyelination, including experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and both cuprizone- and global cerebral ischemia-induced demyelination. Preclinical studies suggest that quetiapine may exert these effects by stimulating proliferation and maturation of oligodendrocytes, releasing neurotrophic factors, increasing antioxidant defences, scavenging for free radicals, and inhibiting activated microglia, astrocytes, and T lymphocytes. Additionally, quetiapine may be beneficial for psychiatric and nonpsychiatric symptoms of MS including depression, anxiety, insomnia, and possibly even pain. These data indicate that clinical trials are justified to determine the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of quetiapine fumarate in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Zhornitsky
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary MS Clinic, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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22
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Decursin Isolated from Angelica gigas Nakai Rescues PC12 Cells from Amyloid β-Protein-Induced Neurotoxicity through Nrf2-Mediated Upregulation of Heme Oxygenase-1: Potential Roles of MAPK. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:467245. [PMID: 23762139 PMCID: PMC3665219 DOI: 10.1155/2013/467245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Decursin (D), purified from Angelica gigas Nakai, has been proven to exert neuroprotective property. Previous study revealed that D reduced A β 25 ‒ 35-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells. Our study explored the underlying mechanisms by which D mediates its therapeutic effects in vitro. Pretreatment of cells with D diminished intracellular generation of ROS in response to A β 25 ‒ 35. Western blot revealed that D significantly increased the expression and activity of HO-1, which was correlated with its protection against A β 25 ‒ 35-induced injury. Addition of ZnPP, an HO-1 competitive inhibitor, significantly attenuated its protective effect in A β 25 ‒ 35-treated cells, indicating the vital role of HO-1 resistance to oxidative injury. Moreover, D induced Nrf2 nuclear translocation, the upstream of HO-1 expression. While investigating the signaling pathways responsible for HO-1 induction, D activated ERK and dephosphorylated p38 in PC12 cells. Addition of U0126, a selective inhibitor of ERK, blocked D-induced Nrf2 activation and HO-1 induction and meanwhile reversed the protection of D against A β 25 ‒ 35-induced cell death. These findings suggest D augments cellular antioxidant defense capacity through both intrinsic free radical scavenging activity and activation of MAPK signal pathways that leads to Nrf2 activation, and subsequently HO-1 induction, thereby protecting the PC12 cells from A β 25 ‒ 35-induced oxidative cytotoxicity.
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Bi X, Zhang Y, Yan B, Fang S, He J, Zhang D, Zhang Z, Kong J, Tan Q, Li XM. Quetiapine prevents oligodendrocyte and myelin loss and promotes maturation of oligodendrocyte progenitors in the hippocampus of global cerebral ischemia mice. J Neurochem 2012; 123:14-20. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07883.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Quetiapine, an atypical antipsychotic, is protective against autoimmune-mediated demyelination by inhibiting effector T cell proliferation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42746. [PMID: 22912731 PMCID: PMC3418290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Quetiapine (Que), a commonly used atypical antipsychotic drug (APD), can prevent myelin from breakdown without immune attack. Multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune reactive inflammation demyelinating disease, is triggered by activated myelin-specific T lymphocytes (T cells). In this study, we investigated the potential efficacy of Que as an immune-modulating therapeutic agent for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model for MS. Que treatment was initiated on the onset of MOG(35-55) peptide induced EAE mice and the efficacy of Que on modulating the immune response was determined by Flow Cytometry through analyzing CD4(+)/CD8(+) populations and the proliferation of effector T cells (CD4(+)CD25(-)) in peripheral immune organs. Our results show that Que dramatically attenuates the severity of EAE symptoms. Que treatment decreases the extent of CD4(+)/CD8(+) T cell infiltration into the spinal cord and suppresses local glial activation, thereby diminishing the loss of mature oligodendrocytes and myelin breakdown in the spinal cord of EAE mice. Our results further demonstrate that Que treatment decreases the CD4(+)/CD8(+) T cell populations in lymph nodes and spleens of EAE mice and inhibits either MOG(35-55) or anti-CD3 induced proliferation as well as IL-2 production of effector T cells (CD4(+)CD25(-)) isolated from EAE mice spleen. Together, these findings suggest that Que displays an immune-modulating role during the course of EAE, and thus may be a promising candidate for treatment of MS.
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Synaptic degeneration, an early pathological feature in Alzheimer's disease (AD), is closely correlated to impaired cognitive function and memory loss. Recent studies suggest that involvement of amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ) in synaptic mitochondrial alteration underlies these synaptic lesions. Thus, to understand the Aβ-associated synaptic mitochondrial perturbations would fortify our understanding of synaptic stress in the pathogenesis of AD. RECENT ADVANCES Increasing evidence suggests that synaptic mitochondrial dysfunction is strongly associated with synaptic failure in many neurodegenerative diseases including AD. Based on recent findings in human AD subjects, AD animal models, and AD cellular models, synaptic mitochondria undergo multiple malfunctions including Aβ accumulation, increased oxidative stress, decreased respiration, and compromised calcium handling capacity, all of which occur earlier than changes seen in nonsynaptic mitochondria before predominant AD pathology. Of note, the impact of Aβ on mitochondrial motility and dynamics exacerbates synaptic mitochondrial alterations. CRITICAL ISSUES Synaptic mitochondria demonstrate early deficits in AD; in combination with the role that synaptic mitochondria play in sustaining synaptic functions, deficits in synaptic mitochondria may be a key factor involved in an early synaptic pathology in AD. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The importance of synaptic mitochondria in supporting synapses and the high vulnerability of synaptic mitochondria to Aβ make them a promising target of new therapeutic strategy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Du
- Higuchi Bioscience Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
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Mas S, Gassó P, Trias G, Bernardo M, Lafuente A. Sulforaphane protects SK-N-SH cells against antipsychotic-induced oxidative stress. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2011; 26:712-21. [PMID: 21923690 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2011.00988.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adverse reactions to antipsychotic drugs (APs) have been attributed to oxidative stress. Sulforaphane (SF) is a potent antioxidant that protects against dopaminergic cell death. We examined the protective properties of SF against AP-induced oxidative stress in dopaminergic neuroblastoma cells. Human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells were treated with SF (0.5-5 μM), and 24 h later, haloperidol, risperidone or paliperidone (100 μM) was administered, either alone or in combination with dopamine (100 μM). To determine the antioxidant properties of SF, quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) activity, glutathione S-transferase activity, and glutathione (GSH) levels were determined. Oxidative stress was measured by the increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and in protein-bound quinones. Cell viability was also assessed. SF treatment increased GSH levels and induced NQO1 activity in SK-N-SH cells. Haloperidol was the only AP that increased TBARS when administered alone. When cells were cocultured with a drug in combination with dopamine, all three APs increased TBARS and protein-bound quinones and also induced neurotoxicity. In all the experimental conditions, 5 μM SF attenuated the accumulation of TBARS and protein-bound quinones and increased cell survival rates. Our results indicate that SF increases GSH levels and induces NQO1 activity and the removal of electrophilic quinones and radical oxygen species. Furthermore, SF could provide protective effects against AP-induced toxicity in dopaminergic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Mas
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pharmacology and Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Casanova 143, E-08036 Barcelona, Spain
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27
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Dietrich-Muszalska A, Kontek B, Rabe-Jabłońska J. Quetiapine, olanzapine and haloperidol affect human plasma lipid peroxidation in vitro. Neuropsychobiology 2011; 63:197-201. [PMID: 21422766 DOI: 10.1159/000321623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oxidative injury in schizophrenia may be caused not only by pathophysiological processes but partly also by treatment with antipsychotics. The purpose of the present study was to examine and to compare the effects of quetiapine (QUE), olanzapine (OLA) and haloperidol (HAL), at final concentrations corresponding to doses used for treatment of acute episodes of schizophrenia, on plasma lipid peroxidation in vitro, measured by the level of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS). METHODS Blood from 30 healthy volunteers was collected into ACD (citric acid/citrate/dextrose) solution. The drugs in form of active substances were dissolved in 0.01% dimethyl sulfoxide, added to plasma at the final concentrations [QUE (175 and 275 ng/ml), OLA (20 and 40 ng/ml), HAL (4 and 20 ng/ml)] and incubated for 1 and 24 h at 37 °C. The level of TBARS was measured spectrophotometrically (according to the Rice-Evans method, 1991). RESULTS The comparative study in vitro showed that QUE causes a decrease in the TBARS level in plasma, whereas HAL increases the plasma TBARS level. After 24 h of incubation of plasma with QUE or HAL (at lower and higher concentrations),thedifferences in TBARS levels between the drugs were significant (p = 5.9 × 10⁻⁴, p = 2.2 × 10⁻⁵, respectively). CONCLUSION QUE and OLA, contrary to the prooxidative action of HAL, did not induce oxidative stress; moreover, QUE has antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dietrich-Muszalska
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland. tzn_lodz @ post.pl
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Quetiapine XR: current status for the treatment of major depressive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010; 34:1165-73. [PMID: 20307622 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Quetiapine fumarate extended release (XR) has been approved for treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Quetiapine may have antidepressant effects through effects on 5-HT(2A) receptor, 5-HT(1A) receptor, dopamine receptor, glutamate receptor and norepinephrine transporter. Recently, 7 large-scale randomized, double-blind, placebo (2-studies with active comparator)-controlled clinical trials have demonstrated that quetiapine XR has clinically meaningful efficacy as monotherapy and adjunct therapy to antidepressants for the treatment of adult patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). In such clinical trials, quetiapine XR was generally well tolerated, although weight gain and changes in metabolic parameters, consistent with the known profile of quetiapine, were observed in some patients. As of December 2009, the United States Food and Drug Administration has approved quetiapine XR for the adjunct treatment of MDD. From the data of currently available clinical trials, this review provides an overview of the data and clinical implications for quetiapine XR in the treatment of MDD to enhance clinicians understanding of the use of quetiapine XR in the treatment of MDD.
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Abstract
AIMS There is evidence that dysregulation of free radicals metabolism associated with abnormal activities of antioxidative enzymes in schizophrenia can lead to lipid peroxidation in plasma, erythrocytes, blood platelets and cerebrospinal fluid. Injury to neurons in schizophrenia may affect their function, i.e. membrane transport, impairment of energy production in mitochondria, changes in membrane phospholipid composition, alteration of receptors and transporters as well as neurotransmission. The purpose of the present study was to assess the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and lipid peroxidation (expressed as the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [TBARS]) in plasma from schizophrenic patients taking olanzapine or risperidone. The level of TBARS estimated according to the Rice-Evans method and TAC ([ABTS; 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation decolorization assay]) in plasma from schizophrenic patients (DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia, n = 30, age 18-36) taking olanzapine or risperidone and from healthy volunteers (n = 30) were measured. METHODS The level of TBARS in plasma from healthy volunteers after incubation with olanzapine or risperidone was also estimated. RESULTS Significantly lower plasma TAC (P < 0.05) and significantly increased level of TBARS (P < 0.001) in schizophrenic patients were observed. The in vitro study showed that after olanzapine or risperidone (at final concentrations corresponding to doses used in acute episodes of schizophrenia treatment) no changes of plasma lipid peroxidation were found (P > 0.05). The obtained results indicate that the pro-oxidant disturbances occur in schizophrenic patients (acute episode) taking stable doses of olanzapine or risperidone. CONCLUSION It seems that second-generation antipsychotics (olanzapine and risperidone) are not responsible for increase of plasma lipid peroxidation.
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Evaluation of antioxidant enzymes activities and lipid peroxidation in schizophrenic patients treated with typical and atypical antipsychotics. Neurosci Lett 2010; 479:317-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.05.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Xu H, Yang HJ, McConomy B, Browning R, Li XM. Behavioral and neurobiological changes in C57BL/6 mouse exposed to cuprizone: effects of antipsychotics. Front Behav Neurosci 2010; 4:8. [PMID: 20305752 PMCID: PMC2842101 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2010.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent human studies suggest a role for altered oligodendrocytes in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Our recent animal study has reported some schizophrenia-like behaviors in mice exposed to cuprizone (Xu et al., 2009), a copper chelator that has been shown to selectively damage the white matter. This study was to explore mechanisms underlying the behavioral changes in cuprizone-exposed mice and to examine effects of the antipsychotics haloperidol, clozapine and quetiapine on the changes in the mice. Mice given cuprizone for 14 days showed a deficit in the prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle response and higher dopamine in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), which changes were not seen in mice given cuprizone plus antipsychotics. Mice given cuprizone for 21 days showed lower spontaneous alternations in Y-maze, which was not seen in mice treated with cuprizone plus the antipsychotics. Mice given cuprizone for 28 days displayed less social interactions, which was not seen in mice given cuprizone plus clozapine/quetiapine, but was seen in mice given cuprizone plus haloperidol. Mice given cuprizone for 42 days showed myelin sheath loss and lower myelin basic protein in PFC, caudate putamen, and hippocampus. The white matter damage in PFC was attenuated in mice given cuprizone plus clozapine/haloperidol. But the white matter damage in caudate putamen and hippocampus was only attenuated by clozapine and quetiapine, not by haloperidol. These results help us to understand the behavioral changes and provide experimental evidence for the protective effects of antipsychotics on white matter damage in cuprizone-exposed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyun Xu
- Department of Anatomy, Southern Illinois University Carbondale Carbondale, IL, USA
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