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La Cognata V, D’Amico AG, Maugeri G, Morello G, Guarnaccia M, Magrì B, Aronica E, Alkon DL, D’Agata V, Cavallaro S. The ε-Isozyme of Protein Kinase C (PKCε) Is Impaired in ALS Motor Cortex and Its Pulse Activation by Bryostatin-1 Produces Long Term Survival in Degenerating SOD1-G93A Motor Neuron-like Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12825. [PMID: 37629005 PMCID: PMC10454105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rapidly progressive and ultimately fatal neurodegenerative disease, characterized by a progressive depletion of upper and lower motor neurons (MNs) in the brain and spinal cord. The aberrant regulation of several PKC-mediated signal transduction pathways in ALS has been characterized so far, describing either impaired expression or altered activity of single PKC isozymes (α, β, ζ and δ). Here, we detailed the distribution and cellular localization of the ε-isozyme of protein kinase C (PKCε) in human postmortem motor cortex specimens and reported a significant decrease in both PKCε mRNA (PRKCE) and protein immunoreactivity in a subset of sporadic ALS patients. We furthermore investigated the steady-state levels of both pan and phosphorylated PKCε in doxycycline-activated NSC-34 cell lines carrying the human wild-type (WT) or mutant G93A SOD1 and the biological long-term effect of its transient agonism by Bryostatin-1. The G93A-SOD1 cells showed a significant reduction of the phosphoPKCε/panPKCε ratio compared to the WT. Moreover, a brief pulse activation of PKCε by Bryostatin-1 produced long-term survival in activated G93A-SOD1 degenerating cells in two different cell death paradigms (serum starvation and chemokines-induced toxicity). Altogether, the data support the implication of PKCε in ALS pathophysiology and suggests its pharmacological modulation as a potential neuroprotective strategy, at least in a subgroup of sporadic ALS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina La Cognata
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Agata Grazia D’Amico
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Grazia Maugeri
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanna Morello
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Guarnaccia
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Benedetta Magrì
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro) Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Velia D’Agata
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Cavallaro
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, 95126 Catania, Italy
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Mohamed T, Colciago A, Montagnani Marelli M, Moretti RM, Magnaghi V. Protein kinase C epsilon activation regulates proliferation, migration, and epithelial to mesenchymal-like transition in rat Schwann cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1237479. [PMID: 37645595 PMCID: PMC10461112 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1237479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Protein kinase type C-ε (PKCε) plays an important role in the sensitization of primary afferent nociceptors, promoting mechanical hyperalgesia. In accordance, we showed that PKCε is present in sensory neurons of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), participating in the control of pain onset and chronification. Recently, it was found that PKCε is also implicated in the control of cell proliferation, promoting mitogenesis and metastatic invasion in some types of cancer. However, its role in the main glial cell of the PNS, the Schwann cells (SCs), was still not investigated. Methods Rat primary SCs culture were treated with different pharmacologic approaches, including the PKCε agonist dicyclopropyl-linoleic acid (DCP-LA) 500 nM, the human recombinant brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) 1 nM and the TrkB receptor antagonist cyclotraxin B 10 nM. The proliferation (by cell count), the migration (by scratch test and Boyden assay) as well as some markers of SCs differentiation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process (by qRT-PCR and western blot) were analyzed. Results Overall, we found that PKCε is constitutively expressed in SCs, where it is likely involved in the switch from the proliferative toward the differentiated state. Indeed, we demonstrated that PKCε activation regulates SCs proliferation, increases their migration, and the expression of some markers (e.g., glycoprotein P0 and the transcription factor Krox20) of SCs differentiation. Through an autocrine mechanism, BDNF activates TrkB receptor, and controls SCs proliferation via PKCε. Importantly, PKCε activation likely promoted a partial EMT process in SCs. Discussion PKCε mediates relevant actions in the neuronal and glial compartment of the PNS. In particular, we posit a novel function for PKCε in the transformation of SCs, assuming a role in the mechanisms controlling SCs' fate and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Valerio Magnaghi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Tian Z, Lu XT, Jiang X, Tian J. Bryostatin-1: a promising compound for neurological disorders. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1187411. [PMID: 37351510 PMCID: PMC10282138 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1187411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is the most complex system in human body, and there is often a lack of effective treatment strategies for the disorders related with CNS. Natural compounds with multiple pharmacological activities may offer better options because they have broad cellular targets and potentially produce synergic and integrative effects. Bryostatin-1 is one of such promising compounds, a macrolide separated from marine invertebrates. Bryostatin-1 has been shown to produce various biological activities through binding with protein kinase C (PKC). In this review, we mainly summarize the pharmacological effects of bryostatin-1 in the treatment of multiple neurological diseases in preclinical studies and clinical trials. Bryostatin-1 is shown to have great therapeutic potential for Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, fragile X syndrome, stroke, traumatic brain injury, and depression. It exhibits significant rescuing effects on the deficits of spatial learning, cognitive function, memory and other neurological functions caused by diseases, producing good neuroprotective effects. The promising neuropharmacological activities of bryostatin-1 suggest that it is a potential candidate for the treatment of related neurological disorders although there are still some issues needed to be addressed before its application in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Tian
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin-Tong Lu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xun Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tangdu Hospital of Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jiao Tian
- Department of Infection, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, The First Batch of Key Disciplines on Public Health in Chongqing, Chongqing, China
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Dugan MP, Ferguson LB, Hertz NT, Chalkley RJ, Burlingame AL, Shokat KM, Parker PJ, Messing RO. Chemical Genetic Identification of PKC Epsilon Substrates in Mouse Brain. Mol Cell Proteomics 2023; 22:100522. [PMID: 36863607 PMCID: PMC10105488 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PKC epsilon (PKCε) plays important roles in behavioral responses to alcohol and in anxiety-like behavior in rodents, making it a potential drug target for reducing alcohol consumption and anxiety. Identifying signals downstream of PKCε could reveal additional targets and strategies for interfering with PKCε signaling. We used a chemical genetic screen combined with mass spectrometry to identify direct substrates of PKCε in mouse brain and validated findings for 39 of them using peptide arrays and in vitro kinase assays. Prioritizing substrates with several public databases such as LINCS-L1000, STRING, GeneFriends, and GeneMAINA predicted interactions between these putative substrates and PKCε and identified substrates associated with alcohol-related behaviors, actions of benzodiazepines, and chronic stress. The 39 substrates could be broadly classified in three functional categories: cytoskeletal regulation, morphogenesis, and synaptic function. These results provide a list of brain PKCε substrates, many of which are novel, for future investigation to determine the role of PKCε signaling in alcohol responses, anxiety, responses to stress, and other related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Dugan
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Laura B Ferguson
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Nicholas T Hertz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute at the University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Robert J Chalkley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alma L Burlingame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kevan M Shokat
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute at the University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peter J Parker
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert O Messing
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.
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Lordén G, Newton A. Conventional protein kinase C in the brain: repurposing cancer drugs for neurodegenerative treatment? Neuronal Signal 2021; 5:NS20210036. [PMID: 34737895 PMCID: PMC8536831 DOI: 10.1042/ns20210036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein Kinase C (PKC) isozymes are tightly regulated kinases that transduce a myriad of signals from receptor-mediated hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids. They play an important role in brain physiology, and dysregulation of PKC activity is associated with neurodegeneration. Gain-of-function mutations in PKCα are associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mutations in PKCγ cause spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) type 14 (SCA14). This article presents an overview of the role of the conventional PKCα and PKCγ in neurodegeneration and proposes repurposing PKC inhibitors, which failed in clinical trials for cancer, for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Lordén
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, U.S.A
| | - Alexandra C. Newton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, U.S.A
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Schwann Cell Autocrine and Paracrine Regulatory Mechanisms, Mediated by Allopregnanolone and BDNF, Modulate PKCε in Peripheral Sensory Neurons. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081874. [PMID: 32796542 PMCID: PMC7465687 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase type C-ε (PKCε) plays important roles in the sensitization of primary afferent nociceptors, such as ion channel phosphorylation, that in turn promotes mechanical hyperalgesia and pain chronification. In these neurons, PKCε is modulated through the local release of mediators by the surrounding Schwann cells (SCs). The progesterone metabolite allopregnanolone (ALLO) is endogenously synthesized by SCs, whereas it has proven to be a crucial mediator of neuron-glia interaction in peripheral nerve fibers. Biomolecular and pharmacological studies on rat primary SCs and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neuronal cultures were aimed at investigating the hypothesis that ALLO modulates neuronal PKCε, playing a role in peripheral nociception. We found that SCs tonically release ALLO, which, in turn, autocrinally upregulated the synthesis of the growth factor brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Subsequently, glial BDNF paracrinally activates PKCε via trkB in DRG sensory neurons. Herein, we report a novel mechanism of SCs-neuron cross-talk in the peripheral nervous system, highlighting a key role of ALLO and BDNF in nociceptor sensitization. These findings emphasize promising targets for inhibiting the development and chronification of neuropathic pain.
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Nakai H, Tsumagari R, Maruo K, Nakashima A, Kikkawa U, Ueda S, Yamanoue M, Saito N, Takei N, Shirai Y. mTORC1 is involved in DGKβ-induced neurite outgrowth and spinogenesis. Neurochem Int 2019; 134:104645. [PMID: 31891737 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinase β (DGKβ) is an enzyme converting DG to phosphatidic acid (PA) and is specifically expressed in neurons, especially those in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum. We previously reported that DGKβ induces neurite outgrowth and spinogenesis, contributing to higher brain function including emotion and memory, and plasma membrane localization of DGKβ via the C1 domain and a cluster of basic amino acids at the C-terminus is necessary for its function. To clarify the mechanisms involved in neuronal development by DGKβ, we investigated whether DGKβ activity induces neurite outgrowth using human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. DGKβ induced neurite outgrowth by activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) through a kinase-dependent pathway. In addition, in primary cultured cortical and hippocampal neurons, inhibition of mTORC1 abolished DGKβ induced-neurite outgrowth, branching and spinogenesis. These results indicated that DGKβ induces neurite outgrowth and spinogenesis by activating mTORC1 in a kinase-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Nakai
- Department of Applied Chemistry in Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences & Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Ryosuke Tsumagari
- Department of Applied Chemistry in Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences & Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Kenta Maruo
- Department of Applied Chemistry in Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences & Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Akio Nakashima
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Ushio Kikkawa
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Shuji Ueda
- Department of Applied Chemistry in Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences & Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Minoru Yamanoue
- Department of Applied Chemistry in Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences & Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Naoaki Saito
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Takei
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.
| | - Yasuhito Shirai
- Department of Applied Chemistry in Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences & Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
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Yang WC, Wang Q, Chi LT, Wang YZ, Cao HL, Li WZ. Therapeutic hypercapnia reduces blood-brain barrier damage possibly via protein kinase Cε in rats with lateral fluid percussion injury. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:36. [PMID: 30760300 PMCID: PMC6375143 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1427-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study investigated whether therapeutic hypercapnia (TH) ameliorated blood–brain barrier (BBB) damage and improved the neurologic outcome in a rat model of lateral fluid percussion injury (FPI), and explored the possible underlying mechanism. Methods Rats underwent lateral FPI and received inhalation of 30%O2–70%N2 or 30%O2–N2 plus CO2 to maintain arterial blood CO2 tension (PaCO2) between 80 and 100 mmHg for 3 h. To further explore the possible mechanisms for the protective effects of TH, a PKC inhibitor staurosporine or PKCαβ inhibitor GÖ6976 was administered via intracerebral ventricular injection. Results TH significantly improved neurological function 24 h, 48 h, 7 d, and 14 d after FPI. The wet/dry ratio, computed tomography values, Evans blue content, and histological lesion volume were significantly reduced by TH. Moreover, numbers of survived neurons and the expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-5) were significantly elevated after TH treatment at 48-h post-FPI. TH significantly increased the expression of protein kinase Cε (PKCε) at 48-h post-FPI, but did not significantly change the expression of PKCα and PKCβII. PKC inhibitor staurosporine (but not the selective PKCαβ inhibitor-GÖ6976) inhibited the protective effect of TH. Conclusions Therapeutic hypercapnia is a promising candidate that should be further evaluated for clinical treatment. It not only protects the traumatic penumbra from secondary injury and improves histological structure but also maintains the integrity of BBB and reduces neurologic deficits after trauma in a rat model of FPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Chao Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lai-Ting Chi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yue-Zhen Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hong-Ling Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wen-Zhi Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China. .,Anesthesiology Key Laboratory, Education Department, Harbin Medical University, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150086, China.
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Sarajärvi T, Jäntti M, Paldanius KMA, Natunen T, Wu JC, Mäkinen P, Tarvainen I, Tuominen RK, Talman V, Hiltunen M. Protein kinase C -activating isophthalate derivatives mitigate Alzheimer's disease-related cellular alterations. Neuropharmacology 2018; 141:76-88. [PMID: 30138694 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal protein kinase C (PKC) function contributes to many pathophysiological processes relevant for Alzheimer's disease (AD), such as amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing. Phorbol esters and other PKC activators have been demonstrated to enhance the secretion of soluble APPα (sAPPα), reduce the levels of β-amyloid (Aβ), induce synaptogenesis, and promote neuroprotection. We have previously described isophthalate derivatives as a structurally simple family of PKC activators. Here, we characterised the effects of isophthalate derivatives HMI-1a3 and HMI-1b11 on neuronal viability, neuroinflammatory response, processing of APP and dendritic spine density and morphology in in vitro. HMI-1a3 increased the viability of embryonic primary cortical neurons and decreased the production of the pro-inflammatory mediator TNFα, but not that of nitric oxide, in mouse neuron-BV2 microglia co-cultures upon LPS- and IFN-γ-induced neuroinflammation. Furthermore, both HMI-1a3 and HMI-1b11 increased the levels of sAPPα relative to total sAPP and the ratio of Aβ42/Aβ40 in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Finally, bryostatin-1, but not HMI-1a3, increased the number of mushroom spines in proportion to total spine density in mature mouse hippocampal neuron cultures. These results suggest that the PKC activator HMI-1a3 exerts neuroprotective functions in the in vitro models relevant for AD by reducing the production of TNFα and increasing the secretion of neuroprotective sAPPα.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sarajärvi
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - M Jäntti
- Drug Research Program and Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - K M A Paldanius
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - T Natunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - J C Wu
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - P Mäkinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - I Tarvainen
- Drug Research Program and Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - R K Tuominen
- Drug Research Program and Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - V Talman
- Drug Research Program and Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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Zhang WY, Wang KY, Li YJ, Li YR, Lu RZ. Chronic stress causes protein kinase C epsilon-aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 signaling pathway perturbation in the rat hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, but not in the myocardium. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:1225-1230. [PMID: 30028331 PMCID: PMC6065235 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.235060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress is strongly associated with the occurrence and development of depression and cardiovascular disease. Stress can induce altered mitochondrial function and activation of apoptosis in the cardio-cerebral system. However, it is unknown whether the protein kinase C ε (PKCε)-aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) pathway is altered under chronic stress, and this study sought to address this question. A rat model of depression was established using a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) protocol. After experiencing CUMS for 4 weeks, the sucrose preference test and the forced swim test verified depressive-like behaviors. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assays showed that ALDH2 activity was decreased in the rat hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, but was not altered in the myocardium. Western blot assays demonstrated reduced levels of ALDH2 and PKCε, but increased levels of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4HNE) adducts. Caspase-3 expression did not obviously alter, but active forms of caspase-3 were increased in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. In the myocardium, expression of ALDH2, PKCε and 4HNE adducts did not remarkably alter; while caspase-3 expression was reduced and the active forms of caspase-3 were upregulated. Pearson’s correlation test demonstrated that expression of 4HNE adducts was positively correlated with levels of the active forms of caspase-3 in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, but not in the myocardium. In conclusion, chronic stress can damage the PKCε-ALDH2 signaling pathway in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, but not in the myocardium. Moreover, 4HNE is associated with active forms of caspase-3 in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongshan Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ke-Yi Wang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Zhongshan Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yun-Jing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongshan Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ying-Ran Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongshan Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Rong-Zhi Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongshan Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan, Guangdong Province, China
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Vergouts M, Doyen PJ, Peeters M, Opsomer R, Hermans E. Constitutive downregulation protein kinase C epsilon in hSOD1 G93A astrocytes influences mGluR5 signaling and the regulation of glutamate uptake. Glia 2017; 66:749-761. [PMID: 29266405 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that motor neuron degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a non-cell-autonomous process and that impaired glutamate clearance by astrocytes, leading to excitotoxicity, could participate in progression of the disease. In astrocytes derived from an animal model of ALS (hSOD1G93A rats), activation of type 5 metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR5) fails to increase glutamate uptake, impeding a putative dynamic neuroprotective mechanism involving astrocytes. Using astrocyte cultures from hSOD1G93A rats, we have demonstrated that the typical Ca2+ oscillations associated with mGluR5 activation were reduced, and that the majority of cells responded with a sustained elevation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Since the expression of protein kinase C epsilon isoform (PKCɛ) has been found to be considerably reduced in astrocytes from hSOD1G93A rats, the consequences of manipulating its activity and expression on mGluR5 signaling and on the regulation of glutamate uptake have been examined. Increasing PKCɛ expression was found to restore Ca2+ oscillations induced by mGluR5 activation in hSOD1G93A -expressing astrocytes. This was also associated with an increase in glutamate uptake capacity in response to mGluR5 activation. Conversely, reducing PKCɛ expression in astrocytes from wild-type animals with specific PKCɛ-shRNAs was found to alter the mGluR5 associated oscillatory signaling profile, and consistently reduced the regulation of the glutamate uptake-mediated by mGluR5 activation. These results suggest that PKCɛ is required to generate Ca2+ oscillations following mGluR5 activation, which support the regulation of astrocytic glutamate uptake. Reduced expression of astrocytic PKCɛ could impair this neuroprotective process and participate in the progression of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Vergouts
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate B1.54.10, Brussels, 1200, Belgium
| | - Pierre J Doyen
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate B1.54.10, Brussels, 1200, Belgium
| | - Michael Peeters
- De Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate VIRO B1.74.07, Brussels, 1200, Belgium
| | - Remi Opsomer
- Alzheimer Dementia Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier B1.53.02, Brussels, 1200, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Hermans
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate B1.54.10, Brussels, 1200, Belgium
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Shahin S, Banerjee S, Swarup V, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. From the Cover: 2.45-GHz Microwave Radiation Impairs Hippocampal Learning and Spatial Memory: Involvement of Local Stress Mechanism-Induced Suppression of iGluR/ERK/CREB Signaling. Toxicol Sci 2017; 161:349-374. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Schwendt M, Olive MF. Protein kinase Cɛ activity regulates mGluR5 surface expression in the rat nucleus accumbens. J Neurosci Res 2016; 95:1079-1090. [PMID: 27546836 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Type 5 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR5) activate protein kinase C (PKC) via coupling to Gαq/11 protein signaling. We have previously demonstrated that the epsilon isoform of PKC (PKCɛ) is a critical downstream target of mGluR5 in regulating behavioral and biochemical responses to alcohol. Recent evidence suggests that PKC-mediated phosphorylation of mGluR5 can lead to receptor desensitization and internalization. We therefore sought to examine the specific involvement of PKCɛ in the regulation of mGluR5 surface expression in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a key regulator of alcohol-associated behaviors. Coronal brain sections from male Wistar rats were analyzed for either colocalization of mGluR5 and PKCɛ via immunohistochemistry or changes in mGluR5 surface expression and PKCɛ phosphorylation following local application of PKCɛ translocation activator or inhibitor peptides and/or an orthosteric mGluR5 agonist. We observed colocalization of mGluR5 and PKCɛ in the NAc. We also showed that intra-NAc infusion of the PKCɛ translocation inhibitor ɛV1-2 increased mGluR5 surface expression under baseline conditions. Stimulation of mGluR5 with an orthosteric agonist DHPG, dose dependently increased ERK1/2 and PKCɛ phosphorylation as well as mGluR5 internalization in acute NAc slices. Finally, we observed that activation of PKCɛ translocation with Tat-ΨɛRACK peptide mediates agonist-independent mGluR5 internalization, whereas PKCɛ translocation inhibitor ɛV1-2 prevents agonist-dependent internalization of mGluR5 in NAc slice preparations. These findings suggest that the subcellular localization of mGluR5 in the NAc is regulated by PKCɛ under basal and stimulation conditions, which may influence the role of mGluR5-PKCɛ signaling in alcohol-related behaviors. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Schwendt
- Psychology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - M Foster Olive
- Psychology Department, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
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Obis T, Hurtado E, Nadal L, Tomàs M, Priego M, Simon A, Garcia N, Santafe MM, Lanuza MA, Tomàs J. The novel protein kinase C epsilon isoform modulates acetylcholine release in the rat neuromuscular junction. Mol Brain 2015; 8:80. [PMID: 26625935 PMCID: PMC4665914 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-015-0171-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Various protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms contribute to the phosphorylating activity that modulates neurotransmitter release. In previous studies we showed that nPKCε is confined in the presynaptic site of the neuromuscular junction and its presynaptic function is activity-dependent. Furthermore, nPKCε regulates phorbol ester-induced acetylcholine release potentiation, which further indicates that nPKCε is involved in neurotransmission. The present study is designed to examine the nPKCε involvement in transmitter release at the neuromuscular junction. Results We use the specific nPKCε translocation inhibitor peptide εV1-2 and electrophysiological experiments to investigate the involvement of this isoform in acetylcholine release. We observed that nPKCε membrane translocation is key to the synaptic potentiation of NMJ, being involved in several conditions that upregulate PKC isoforms coupling to acetylcholine (ACh) release (incubation with high Ca2+, stimulation with phorbol esters and protein kinase A, stimulation with adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphorothioate, 8-Bromo-, Rp-isomer, sodium salt -Sp-8-BrcAMP-). In all these conditions, preincubation with the nPKCε translocation inhibitor peptide (εV1-2) impairs PKC coupling to acetylcholine release potentiation. In addition, the inhibition of nPKCε translocation and therefore its activity impedes that presynaptic muscarinic autoreceptors and adenosine autoreceptors modulate transmitter secretion. Conclusions Together, these results point to the importance of nPKCε isoform in the control of acetylcholine release in the neuromuscular junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Obis
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain
| | - Erica Hurtado
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain
| | - Laura Nadal
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain
| | - Marta Tomàs
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain
| | - Mercedes Priego
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain
| | - Anna Simon
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain
| | - Neus Garcia
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain
| | - Manel M Santafe
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain
| | - Maria A Lanuza
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain.
| | - Josep Tomàs
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain.
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15
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol regulates the expression and function of protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε). In a previous study we identified an alcohol binding site in the C1B, one of the twin C1 subdomains of PKCε (Das et al., Biochem. J., 421, 405-13, 2009). METHODS In this study, we investigated alcohol binding in the entire C1 domain (combined C1A and C1B) of PKCε. Fluorescent phorbol ester, SAPD and fluorescent diacylglycerol (DAG) analog, dansyl-DAG were used to study the effect of ethanol, butanol, and octanol on the ligand binding using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). To identify alcohol binding site(s), PKCεC1 was photolabeled with 3-azibutanol and 3-azioctanol, and analyzed by mass spectrometry. The effects of alcohols and the azialcohols on PKCε were studied in NG108-15 cells. RESULTS In the presence of alcohol, SAPD and dansyl-DAG showed different extent of FRET, indicating differential effects of alcohol on the C1A and C1B subdomains. Effects of alcohols and azialcohols on PKCε in NG108-15 cells were comparable. Azialcohols labeled Tyr-176 of C1A and Tyr-250 of C1B. Inspection of the model structure of PKCεC1 reveals that these residues are 40Å apart from each other indicating that these residues form two different alcohol binding sites. CONCLUSIONS The present results provide evidence for the presence of multiple alcohol-binding sites on PKCε and underscore the importance of targeting this PKC isoform in developing alcohol antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyabrata Pany
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| | - Joydip Das
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States.
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16
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Obis T, Besalduch N, Hurtado E, Nadal L, Santafe MM, Garcia N, Tomàs M, Priego M, Lanuza MA, Tomàs J. The novel protein kinase C epsilon isoform at the adult neuromuscular synapse: location, regulation by synaptic activity-dependent muscle contraction through TrkB signaling and coupling to ACh release. Mol Brain 2015; 8:8. [PMID: 25761522 PMCID: PMC4348107 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-015-0098-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protein kinase C (PKC) regulates a variety of neural functions, including neurotransmitter release. Although various PKC isoforms can be expressed at the synaptic sites and specific cell distribution may contribute to their functional diversity, little is known about the isoform-specific functions of PKCs in neuromuscular synapse. The present study is designed to examine the location of the novel isoform nPKCε at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), their synaptic activity-related expression changes, its regulation by muscle contraction, and their possible involvement in acetylcholine release. Results We use immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy to demonstrate that the novel isoform nPKCε is exclusively located in the motor nerve terminals of the adult rat NMJ. We also report that electrical stimulation of synaptic inputs to the skeletal muscle significantly increased the amount of nPKCε isoform as well as its phosphorylated form in the synaptic membrane, and muscle contraction is necessary for these nPKCε expression changes. The results also demonstrate that synaptic activity-induced muscle contraction promotes changes in presynaptic nPKCε through the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-mediated tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB) signaling. Moreover, nPKCε activity results in phosphorylation of the substrate MARCKS involved in actin cytoskeleton remodeling and related with neurotransmission. Finally, blocking nPKCε with a nPKCε-specific translocation inhibitor peptide (εV1-2) strongly reduces phorbol ester-induced ACh release potentiation, which further indicates that nPKCε is involved in neurotransmission. Conclusions Together, these results provide a mechanistic insight into how synaptic activity-induced muscle contraction could regulate the presynaptic action of the nPKCε isoform and suggest that muscle contraction is an important regulatory step in TrkB signaling at the NMJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Obis
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN). Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain.
| | - Núria Besalduch
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN). Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain.
| | - Erica Hurtado
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN). Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain.
| | - Laura Nadal
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN). Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain.
| | - Manel M Santafe
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN). Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain.
| | - Neus Garcia
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN). Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain.
| | - Marta Tomàs
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN). Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain.
| | - Mercedes Priego
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN). Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain.
| | - Maria A Lanuza
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN). Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain.
| | - Josep Tomàs
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN). Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Spain.
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17
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Ren B, Li X, Zhang J, Fan J, Duan J, Chen Y. PDLIM5 mediates PKCε translocation in PMA-induced growth cone collapse. Cell Signal 2014; 27:424-35. [PMID: 25524223 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Growth cone collapse is a critical repulsive response to various guidance cues for axon guidance. Protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε) plays important regulation roles in such responses. Translocation of PKCε from cytoplasm to membrane is crucial to archive its regulatory roles in this process. We previously reported that PDLIM5 could selectively recruit PKCε to its specific substrate in neurons. However, the molecular mechanism of PKCε translocation in the neuronal growth cone collapse remains elusive. Here, we demonstrated that PDLIM5 and PKCε co-existed in the nerve growth cones. By interacting with α-actinin, but not β-actin or β-tubulin, PDLIM5 might contribute to regulation of remodeling of the microfilaments in neurons. Meanwhile, PDLIM5 could also bind to PKCε to form PDLIM5-PKCε complexes in growth cones. In the primary cultured neurons, activation of PKCε by PMA resulted in translocation of both PKCε and PDLIM5 from cytoplasm to the membrane. Knockdown of either PDLIM5 or PKCε rescued the neuron from PMA-induced growth cone collapse. Furthermore, in neurons, application of PDLIM5 shRNA or over-expression of PDLIM5 LIM1-3 mutants reduced the amount of PKCε in the membrane. Together, these results suggest that PDLIM5 acts as a scaffold protein by mediated PKCε translocated to the membrane in PMA-induced growth cone collapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyu Ren
- Neurobiology Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiubo Li
- Neurobiology Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Neurobiology Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jinjin Fan
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jingjing Duan
- Neurobiology Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Neurobiology Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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18
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Ann J, Yoon S, Baek J, Kim DH, Lewin NE, Hill CS, Blumberg PM, Lee J. Design and synthesis of protein kinase C epsilon selective diacylglycerol lactones (DAG-lactones). Eur J Med Chem 2014; 90:332-41. [PMID: 25437619 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
DAG-lactones afford a synthetically accessible, high affinity platform for probing structure activity relationships at the C1 regulatory domain of protein kinase C (PKC). Given the central role of PKC isoforms in cellular signaling, along with their differential biological activities, a critical objective is the design of isoform selective ligands. Here, we report the synthesis of a series of DAG-lactones varying in their side chains, with a particular focus on linoleic acid derivatives. We evaluated their selectivity for PKC epsilon versus PKC alpha both under standard lipid conditions (100% phosphatidylserine, PS) as well as in the presence of a nuclear membrane mimetic lipid mixture (NML). We find that selectivity for PKC epsilon versus PKC alpha tended to be enhanced in the presence of the nuclear membrane mimetic lipid mixture and, for our lead compound, report a selectivity of 32-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyae Ann
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Suyoung Yoon
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisoo Baek
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Hye Kim
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Nancy E Lewin
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Colin S Hill
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter M Blumberg
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jeewoo Lee
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
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Rechfeld F, Gruber P, Kirchmair J, Boehler M, Hauser N, Hechenberger G, Garczarczyk D, Lapa GB, Preobrazhenskaya MN, Goekjian P, Langer T, Hofmann J. Thienoquinolines as novel disruptors of the PKCε/RACK2 protein-protein interaction. J Med Chem 2014; 57:3235-46. [PMID: 24712764 PMCID: PMC4001449 DOI: 10.1021/jm401605c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Ten
protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes play divergent roles in signal transduction.
Because of sequence similarities, it is particularly difficult to
generate isozyme-selective small molecule inhibitors. In order to
identify such a selective binder, we derived a pharmacophore model
from the peptide EAVSLKPT, a fragment of PKCε that inhibits
the interaction of PKCε and receptor for activated C-kinase
2 (RACK2). A database of 330 000 molecules was screened in
silico, leading to the discovery of a series of thienoquinolines that
disrupt the interaction of PKCε with RACK2 in vitro. The most
active molecule, N-(3-acetylphenyl)-9-amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-dioxino[2,3-g]thieno[2,3-b]quinoline-8-carboxamide
(8), inhibited this interaction with a measured IC50 of 5.9 μM and the phosphorylation of downstream target
Elk-1 in HeLa cells with an IC50 of 11.2 μM. Compound 8 interfered with MARCKS phosphorylation and TPA-induced translocation
of PKCε (but not that of PKCδ) from the cytosol to the
membrane. The compound reduced the migration of HeLa cells into a
gap, reduced invasion through a reconstituted basement membrane matrix,
and inhibited angiogenesis in a chicken egg assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Rechfeld
- Biocenter, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Innsbruck Medical University , Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Tabakoff B, Hoffman PL. The neurobiology of alcohol consumption and alcoholism: an integrative history. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 113:20-37. [PMID: 24141171 PMCID: PMC3867277 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Studies of the neurobiological predisposition to consume alcohol (ethanol) and to transition to uncontrolled drinking behavior (alcoholism), as well as studies of the effects of alcohol on brain function, started a logarithmic growth phase after the repeal of the 18th Amendment to the United States Constitution. Although the early studies were primitive by current technological standards, they clearly demonstrated the effects of alcohol on brain structure and function, and by the end of the 20th century left little doubt that alcoholism is a "disease" of the brain. This review traces the history of developments in the understanding of ethanol's effects on the most prominent inhibitory and excitatory systems of brain (GABA and glutamate neurotransmission). This neurobiological information is integrated with knowledge of ethanol's actions on other neurotransmitter systems to produce an anatomical and functional map of ethanol's properties. Our intent is limited in scope, but is meant to provide context and integration of the actions of ethanol on the major neurobiologic systems which produce reinforcement for alcohol consumption and changes in brain chemistry that lead to addiction. The developmental history of neurobehavioral theories of the transition from alcohol drinking to alcohol addiction is presented and juxtaposed to the neurobiological findings. Depending on one's point of view, we may, at this point in history, know more, or less, than we think we know about the neurobiology of alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Tabakoff
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, MS8303, 12800 E. 19 Ave., Aurora, CO 80045 U.S.A
| | - Paula L. Hoffman
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, MS8303, 12800 E. 19 Ave., Aurora, CO 80045 U.S.A
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21
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Tan Z, Turner RC, Leon RL, Li X, Hongpaisan J, Zheng W, Logsdon AF, Naser ZJ, Alkon DL, Rosen CL, Huber JD. Bryostatin improves survival and reduces ischemic brain injury in aged rats after acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 2013; 44:3490-7. [PMID: 24172582 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.113.002411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Bryostatin, a potent protein kinase C (PKC) activator, has demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in preclinical models of associative memory, Alzheimer disease, global ischemia, and traumatic brain injury. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that administration of bryostatin provides a therapeutic benefit in reducing brain injury and improving stroke outcome using a clinically relevant model of cerebral ischemia with tissue plasminogen activator reperfusion in aged rats. METHODS Acute cerebral ischemia was produced by reversible occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery (MCAO) in 18- to 20-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats using an autologous blood clot with tissue plasminogen activator-mediated reperfusion. Bryostatin was administered at 6 hours post-MCAO, then at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 days after MCAO. Functional assessment was conducted at 2, 7, 14, and 21 days after MCAO. Lesion volume and hemispheric swelling/atrophy were performed at 2, 7, and 21 days post-MCAO. Histological assessment of PKC isozymes was performed at 24 hours post-MCAO. RESULTS Bryostatin-treated rats showed improved survival post-MCAO, especially during the first 4 days. Repeated administration of bryostatin post-MCAO resulted in reduced infarct volume, hemispheric swelling/atrophy, and improved neurological function at 21 days post-MCAO. Changes in αPKC expression and εPKC expression in neurons were noted in bryostatin-treated rats at 24 hours post-MCAO. CONCLUSIONS Repeated bryostatin administration post-MCAO protected the brain from severe neurological injury post-MCAO. Bryostatin treatment improved survival rate, reduced lesion volume, salvaged tissue in infarcted hemisphere by reducing necrosis and peri-infarct astrogliosis, and improved functional outcome after MCAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjun Tan
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine (Z.T., R.C.T., R.L.L., X.L., Z.J.N., C.L.R.), Blanchette Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute (J.H., W.Z., D.L.A.), and Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy (A.F.L., J.D.H.), West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV
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22
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Lanuza MA, Santafe MM, Garcia N, Besalduch N, Tomàs M, Obis T, Priego M, Nelson PG, Tomàs J. Protein kinase C isoforms at the neuromuscular junction: localization and specific roles in neurotransmission and development. J Anat 2013; 224:61-73. [PMID: 24102585 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase C family (PKC) regulates a variety of neural functions including neurotransmitter release. The selective activation of a wide range of PKC isoforms in different cells and domains is likely to contribute to the functional diversity of PKC phosphorylating activity. In this review, we describe the isoform localization, phosphorylation function, regulation and signalling of the PKC family at the neuromuscular junction. Data show the involvement of the PKC family in several important functions at the neuromuscular junction and in particular in the maturation of the synapse and the modulation of neurotransmission in the adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Lanuza
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
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23
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Abstract
During thrombopoiesis, megakaroycytes undergo extensive cytoskeletal remodeling to form proplatelet extensions that eventually produce mature platelets. Proplatelet formation is a tightly orchestrated process that depends on dynamic regulation of both tubulin reorganization and Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase/RhoA activity. A disruption in tubulin dynamics or RhoA activity impairs proplatelet formation and alters platelet morphology. We previously observed that protein kinase Cepsilon (PKCε), a member of the protein kinase C family of serine/threonine-kinases, expression varies during human megakaryocyte differentiation and modulates megakaryocyte maturation and platelet release. Here we used an in vitro model of murine platelet production to investigate a potential role for PKCε in proplatelet formation. By immunofluorescence we observed that PKCε colocalizes with α/β-tubulin in specific areas of the marginal tubular-coil in proplatelets. Moreover, we found that PKCε expression escalates during megakarocyte differentiation and remains elevated in proplatelets, whereas the active form of RhoA is substantially downregulated in proplatelets. PKCε inhibition resulted in lower proplatelet numbers and larger diameter platelets in culture as well as persistent RhoA activation. Finally, we demonstrate that pharmacological inhibition of RhoA is capable of reversing the proplatelet defects mediated by PKCε inhibition. Collectively, these data indicate that by regulating RhoA activity, PKCε is a critical mediator of mouse proplatelet formation in vitro.
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Hongpaisan J, Xu C, Sen A, Nelson TJ, Alkon DL. PKC activation during training restores mushroom spine synapses and memory in the aged rat. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 55:44-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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Martinelli-Boneschi F, Giacalone G, Magnani G, Biella G, Coppi E, Santangelo R, Brambilla P, Esposito F, Lupoli S, Clerici F, Benussi L, Ghidoni R, Galimberti D, Squitti R, Confaloni A, Bruno G, Pichler S, Mayhaus M, Riemenschneider M, Mariani C, Comi G, Scarpini E, Binetti G, Forloni G, Franceschi M, Albani D. Pharmacogenomics in Alzheimer's disease: a genome-wide association study of response to cholinesterase inhibitors. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:1711.e7-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Lonic A, Powell JA, Kong Y, Thomas D, Holien JK, Truong N, Parker MW, Guthridge MA. Phosphorylation of serine 779 in fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 and 2 by protein kinase C(epsilon) regulates Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and neuronal differentiation. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:14874-85. [PMID: 23564461 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.421669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The FGF receptors (FGFRs) control a multitude of cellular processes both during development and in the adult through the initiation of signaling cascades that regulate proliferation, survival, and differentiation. Although FGFR tyrosine phosphorylation and the recruitment of Src homology 2 domain proteins have been widely described, we have previously shown that FGFR is also phosphorylated on Ser(779) in response to ligand and binds the 14-3-3 family of phosphoserine/threonine-binding adaptor/scaffold proteins. However, whether this receptor phosphoserine mode of signaling is able to regulate specific signaling pathways and biological responses is unclear. Using PC12 pheochromocytoma cells and primary mouse bone marrow stromal cells as models for growth factor-regulated neuronal differentiation, we show that Ser(779) in the cytoplasmic domains of FGFR1 and FGFR2 is required for the sustained activation of Ras and ERK but not for other FGFR phosphotyrosine pathways. The regulation of Ras and ERK signaling by Ser(779) was critical not only for neuronal differentiation but also for cell survival under limiting growth factor concentrations. PKCε can phosphorylate Ser(779) in vitro, whereas overexpression of PKCε results in constitutive Ser(779) phosphorylation and enhanced PC12 cell differentiation. Furthermore, siRNA knockdown of PKCε reduces both growth factor-induced Ser(779) phosphorylation and neuronal differentiation. Our findings show that in addition to FGFR tyrosine phosphorylation, the phosphorylation of a conserved serine residue, Ser(779), can quantitatively control Ras/MAPK signaling to promote specific cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lonic
- Cell Growth and Differentiation Laboratory, Division of Human Immunology, South Australian Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
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Kang JW, Park YS, Lee DH, Kim JH, Kim MS, Bak Y, Hong J, Yoon DY. Intracellular interaction of interleukin (IL)-32α with protein kinase Cε (PKCε ) and STAT3 protein augments IL-6 production in THP-1 promonocytic cells. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:35556-35564. [PMID: 22927445 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.400911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-32α is known as a proinflammatory cytokine. However, several evidences implying its action in cells have been recently reported. In this study, we present for the first time that IL-32α plays an intracellular mediatory role in IL-6 production using constitutive expression systems for IL-32α in THP-1 cells. We show that phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced increase in IL-6 production by IL-32α-expressing cells was higher than that by empty vector-expressing cells and that this increase occurred in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Treatment with MAPK inhibitors did not diminish this effect of IL-32α, and NF-κB signaling activity was similar in the two cell lines. Because the augmenting effect of IL-32α was dependent on the PKC activator PMA, we tested various PKC inhibitors. The pan-PKC inhibitor Gö6850 and the PKCε inhibitor Ro-31-8220 abrogated the augmenting effect of IL-32α on IL-6 production, whereas the classical PKC inhibitor Gö6976 and the PKCδ inhibitor rottlerin did not. In addition, IL-32α was co-immunoprecipitated with PMA-activated PKCε, and this interaction was totally inhibited by the PKCε inhibitor Ro-31-8220. PMA-induced enhancement of STAT3 phosphorylation was observed only in IL-32α-expressing cells, and this enhancement was inhibited by Ro-31-8220, but not by Gö6976. We demonstrate that IL-32α mediated STAT3 phosphorylation by forming a trimeric complex with PKCε and enhanced STAT3 localization onto the IL-6 promoter and thereby increased IL-6 expression. Thus, our data indicate that the intracellular interaction of IL-32α with PKCε and STAT3 promotes STAT3 binding to the IL-6 promoter by enforcing STAT3 phosphorylation, which results in increased production of IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Woo Kang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701
| | - Yun Sun Park
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701
| | - Dong Hun Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701
| | - Jung-Hee Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701
| | - Man Sub Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701
| | - Yesol Bak
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701
| | - Jintae Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 12 Gashin-dong, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-463, Korea
| | - Do-Young Yoon
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701.
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Gundimeda U, McNeill TH, Elhiani AA, Schiffman JE, Hinton DR, Gopalakrishna R. Green tea polyphenols precondition against cell death induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation via stimulation of laminin receptor, generation of reactive oxygen species, and activation of protein kinase Cε. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:34694-708. [PMID: 22879598 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.356899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As the development of synthetic drugs for the prevention of stroke has proven challenging, utilization of natural products capable of preconditioning neuronal cells against ischemia-induced cell death would be a highly useful complementary approach. In this study using an oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) model in PC12 cells, we show that 2-day pretreatment with green tea polyphenols (GTPP) and their active ingredient, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), protects cells from subsequent OGD/R-induced cell death. A synergistic interaction was observed between GTPP constituents, with unfractionated GTPP more potently preconditioning cells than EGCG. GTPP-induced preconditioning required the 67-kDa laminin receptor (67LR), to which EGCG binds with high affinity. 67LR also mediated the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via activation of NADPH oxidase. An exogenous ROS-generating system bypassed 67LR to induce preconditioning, suggesting that sublethal levels of ROS are indeed an important mediator in GTPP-induced preconditioning. This role for ROS was further supported by the fact that antioxidants blocked GTPP-induced preconditioning. Additionally, ROS induced an activation and translocation of protein kinase C (PKC), particularly PKCε from the cytosol to the membrane/mitochondria, which was also blocked by antioxidants. The crucial role of PKC in GTPP-induced preconditioning was supported by use of its specific inhibitors. Preconditioning was increased by conditional overexpression of PKCε and decreased by its knock-out with siRNA. Collectively, these results suggest that GTPP stimulates 67LR and thereby induces NADPH oxidase-dependent generation of ROS, which in turn induces activation of PKC, particularly prosurvival isoenzyme PKCε, resulting in preconditioning against cell death induced by OGD/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usha Gundimeda
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
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Kanno T, Tsuchiya A, Shimizu T, Tanaka A, Nishizaki T. Novel indomethacin action: selective and direct activation of protein kinase C-ε. Cell Physiol Biochem 2012; 30:771-7. [PMID: 22854271 DOI: 10.1159/000341456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS In our earlier study, indomethacin potentiated α7 acetylcholine (ACh) receptor responses by activating protein kinase C (PKC). The present study was conducted to gain further insight into the indomethacin action on PKC. METHODS PKC activity was assayed in PC-12 cells or under the cell-free conditions. PKC-ε was knocked-down using the siRNA to silence the PKC-ε-targeted gene. A fluorescein-conjugated indomethacin was synthesized to examine the interaction of indomethacin with PKC-ε. RESULTS In the in situ PKC assay, indomethacin activated PKC in PC-12 cells in a concentration (1-100 µM)-dependent manner, and the activation was suppressed by knocking-down PKC-ε. In the cell-free PKC assay, indomethacin (100 µM) activated PKC-ε in the absence of diacylglycerol, phosphatidylserine, and calcium, but other PKC isozymes such as α, βΙ, βΙΙ, γ, δ, ι, and ζ were not activated. In the indomethacin binding assay using a fluorescent-conjugated indomethacin on blue native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (blue native-PAGE), a fluorescent signal was detected at the site consistent with PKC-ε protein and the signal was attenuated by adding non-conjugated indomethacin or eliminated by pretreatment with non-conjugated indomethacin. CONCLUSION The results of the present study show that indomethacin has the potential to selectively activate PKC-ε through its direct binding, independently of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kanno
- Division of Bioinformation, Department of Physiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan
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Li L, Zhang Y, Zhou C. Phosphorylation of h1 calponin by PKC epsilon may contribute to facilitate the contraction of uterine myometrium in mice during pregnancy and labor. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2012; 10:37. [PMID: 22551221 PMCID: PMC3443009 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-10-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The timely onset of powerful uterine contractions during parturition occurs through thick and thin filament interactions, similar to other smooth muscle tissues. Calponin is one of the thin filament proteins. Phosphorylation of calponin induced by PKC-epsilon can promote the contraction of vascular smooth muscle. While the mechanism by which calponin regulates the contraction of pregnant myometrium has rarely been explored. Here, we explore whether PKC-epsilon/h1 calponin pathway contribute to regulation of myometrial contractility and development of parturition. METHODS We detected the expression of h1 calponin, phosphorylated h1 calponin, PKC-epsilon and phosphorylated PKC-epsilon in the different stages of mice during pregnancy and in labor by the method of western blot and recorded the contraction activity of myometrium strips at the 19th day during pregnancy with different treatments by the organ bath experiments. RESULTS The level of the four proteins including h1 calponin, phosphorylated h1 calponin, PKC-epsilon and phosphorylated PKC-epsilon was significantly increased in pregnant mice myometrium as compared with that in nonpregnant mice. The ratios of phosphorylated h1 calponin/h1 calponin and phosphorylated PKC-epsilon/PKC-epsilon were reached the peak after the onset of labor in myometrium in the mice. After the treatment of more than 10(9-) mol/L Psi-RACK (PKC-epsilon activator), the contractility of myometrium strips from mice was reinforced and the level of phosphorylated h1 calponin increased at the same time which could be interrupted by the specific inhibitor of PKC-epsilon. Meanwhile, the change of the ratio of phosphorylated h1 calponin/h1 calponin was consistent with that of contraction force of mice myometrium strips. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that in mice myometrium, phosphorylation of h1 calponin induced by the PKC-epsilon might facilitate the contraction of uterine in labor and regulate pregnant myometrial contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesai Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- College of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Changju Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
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Bradley SJ, Challiss RAJ. Defining protein kinase/phosphatase isoenzymic regulation of mGlu₅ receptor-stimulated phospholipase C and Ca²⁺ responses in astrocytes. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:755-71. [PMID: 21486279 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01421.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cyclical phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of a key residue within the C-terminal domain of the activated type 5 metabotropic glutamate (mGlu₅) receptor is believed to cause the synchronous, oscillatory changes in inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and Ca²⁺ levels observed in a variety of cell types. Here, we have attempted to better define the kinase and phosphatase enzymes involved in this modulation. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Ca²⁺ and [³H]inositol phosphate ([³H]IP(x) ) measurements in astrocyte preparations have been used to evaluate the effects of pharmacological inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) and protein phosphatase activities and small interfering RNA-mediated specific PKC isoenzymic knock-down on mGlu₅ receptor signalling. KEY RESULTS Ca²⁺ oscillation frequency or [³H]IP(x) accumulation in astrocytes stimulated by mGlu₅ receptors, was concentration-dependently decreased by protein phosphatase-1/2A inhibition or by PKC activation. PKC inhibition also increased [³H]IP(x) accumulation two- to threefold and changed the Ca²⁺ response into a peak-plateau response. However, selective inhibition of conventional PKC isoenzymes or preventing changes in [Ca²⁺](i) concentration by BAPTA-AM loading was without effect on mGlu₅ receptor-stimulated [³H]IP(x) accumulation. Selective knock-down of PKCδ was without effect on glutamate-stimulated Ca²⁺ responses; however, selective PKCε knock-down in astrocytes changed Ca²⁺ responses from oscillatory into peak-plateau type. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS These data confirm the acute regulation of mGlu₅ receptor signalling by protein kinases and protein phosphatases and provide novel data pinpointing the isoenzymic dependence of this regulation in the native mGlu₅ receptor-expressing rat cortical astrocyte. These data also highlight a potential alternative mechanism by which mGlu₅ receptor signalling might be therapeutically manipulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Bradley
- Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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32
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Kanno T, Yaguchi T, Nagata T, Nishizaki T. Indomethacin activates protein kinase C and potentiates α7 ACh receptor responses. Cell Physiol Biochem 2012; 29:189-96. [PMID: 22415088 DOI: 10.1159/000337600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS We have earlier found that indomethacin activates CaMKII, as a novel action distinct from COX inhibition. To explore further indomethacin actions, the present study focused upon PKC and examined the effect of indomethacin on α7 ACh receptor responses and hippocampal synaptic transmission through PKC. METHODS We recorded currents through α7 ACh receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes, quantified PKC activity in the in situ and cell-free PKC assay, and monitored field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) and miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) from the CA1 region of rat hippocampal slices. RESULTS Indomethacin potentiated α7 ACh receptor currents in a bell-shaped concentration (100 nM-1 mM)-dependent manner, and the potentiating effect was inhibited by the PKC inhibitor GF109203X. Indomethacin activated PKC in a concentration (1-100 μM)-dependent manner for cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Additionally, indomethacin (100 μM) significantly activated PKC-ε under the cell-free conditions. Indomethacin (100 μM) induced a transient huge increase in the fEPSP slope followed by persistent increase, and the former effect was attenuated by the α7 ACh receptor antagonist α-bungarotoxin or GF109203X. Indomethacin (100 μM) also increased the rate of nicotine-evoked mEPSCs, and the effect was prevented by α-bungarotoxin or GF109203X. CONCLUSION The results of the present study show that indomethacin activates PKC, possibly PKC-e in the brain, thereby potentiating α7 ACh receptor responses to stimulate presynaptic glutamate release, which in part contributes to facilitation of hippocampal transmission. This extends our knowledge about diverse indomethacin actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kanno
- Division of Bioinformation, Department of Physiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Japan
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Synaptic Protein Alterations in Parkinson’s Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2011; 45:126-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-011-8226-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Chang CY, Ma KH, Wang JK, Tung YL, Chueh SH. Inhibition of protein kinase C promotes differentiation of neuroblastoma × glioma NG108-15 hybrid cells. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 34:1074-84. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07835.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Shaping up the membrane: diacylglycerol coordinates spatial orientation of signaling. Trends Biochem Sci 2011; 36:593-603. [PMID: 21798744 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol signals by binding and activating C1 domain-containing proteins expressed principally in neuronal and immune tissues. This restricted expression profile suggests that diacylglycerol-regulated signals are particularly relevant in cell-cell communication processes in which active endocytosis and exocytosis take place. Not surprisingly, various experimental approaches have demonstrated a crucial role for diacylglycerol effectors and metabolizing enzymes in the control of immune responses, neuron communication and phagocytosis. Current research delineates a scenario in which coordinated decoding of diacylglycerol signals is translated into complex biological responses such as neuronal plasticity, T cell development or cytolytic killing. Diacylglycerol functions reach maximal diversity in these highly specialized systems in which signal intensity directly regulates distinct biological outcomes. This review brings together the most recent studies, emphasizing the contribution of compartmentalized DAG metabolism to orientated signaling events.
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Li S, Lin W, Tchantchou F, Lai R, Wen J, Zhang Y. Protein kinase C mediates peroxynitrite toxicity to oligodendrocytes. Mol Cell Neurosci 2011; 48:62-71. [PMID: 21708260 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxynitrite has been suggested to be the potent oxidant causing toxicity to neurons and oligodendrocytes (OLs). Our previous studies have illustrated that intracellular zinc liberation contributes to peroxynitrite toxicity to mature OLs. In this study, we further investigated the signaling pathways involved in this event and identified protein kinase C (PKC) as an important early signaling molecule. We found that a non-selective PKC inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide-1 blocked OL toxicity induced by a peroxynitrite generator SIN-1 and exogenous zinc. The protective effects were due to its inhibition on ERK1/2 phosphorylation and ROS generation. The same phenomenon was also observed in OLs following prolonged treatment with phorbol 12 myristate 13 acetate (PMA), which downregulates the conventional and the novel PKC isoforms (cPKCs and nPKCs). To determine the role of specific PKC isoforms, we found that a specific nPKC inhibitor rottlerin significantly reduced SIN-1- or zinc-induced toxicity, whereas Go6976, a cPKC inhibitor, reduced OL toxicity triggered by zinc, but not by SIN-1 at high concentrations. Rottlerin was more potent than Go6976 to attenuate ERK1/2 phosphorylation and ROS generation induced by SIN-1 or zinc. Surprisingly, zinc only induced phosphorylation of PKCθ, but not PKCδ. Knockdown of PKCθ using lentiviral shRNA attenuated SIN-1- or zinc-induced toxicity. These results suggest that PKCθ might be the major PKC isoform involved in peroxynitrite and zinc toxicity to mature OLs, and provide a rationale for development of specific inhibitors of PKCθ in the treatment of multiple sclerosis and other neurodegenerative diseases, in which peroxynitrite formation plays a pathogenic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihe Li
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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37
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Chen Y, Tian Q. The role of protein kinase C epsilon in neural signal transduction and neurogenic diseases. Front Med 2011; 5:70-6. [PMID: 21681677 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-011-0119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase C epsilon (PKC ɛ) is one of major isoforms in novel PKC family. Although it has been extensively characterized in the past decade, the role of PKC ɛ in neuron is still not well understood. Advances in molecular biology have now removed significant barriers to the direct investigation of PKC ɛ functions in vivo, and PKC ɛ has been increasingly implicated in the neural biological functions and associated neurogenic diseases. Recent studies have provided important insights into the influence of PKC ɛ on cortical processing at both the single cell level and network level. These studies provide compelling evidence that PKC ɛ could regulate distinct aspects of neural signal transduction and suggest that the coordinated actions of a number of molecular signals contribute to the specification and differentiation of PKC ɛ signal pathway in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- Neurobiology Research Center, Zhongshan Medical School, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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PKC ε activation prevents synaptic loss, Aβ elevation, and cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease transgenic mice. J Neurosci 2011; 31:630-43. [PMID: 21228172 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5209-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the pathologic hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) neurodegeneration, only synaptic loss in the brains of AD patients closely correlates with the degree of dementia in vivo. Here, we describe a molecular basis for this AD loss of synapses: pathological reduction of synaptogenic PKC isozymes and their downstream synaptogenic substrates, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor. This reduction, particularly of PKC α and ε, occurs in association with elevation of soluble β amyloid protein (Aβ), but before the appearance of the amyloid plaques or neuronal loss in the Tg2576 AD transgenic mouse strain. Conversely, treatment of the Tg2576 mouse brain with the PKC activator, bryostatin-1, restores normal or supranormal levels of PKC α and ε, reduces the level of soluble Aβ, prevents and/or reverses the loss of hippocampal synapses, and prevents the memory impairment observed at 5 months postpartum. Similarly, the PKC ε-specific activator, DCP-LA, effectively prevents synaptic loss, amyloid plaques, and cognitive deficits (also prevented by bryostatin-1) in the much more rapidly progressing 5XFAD transgenic strain. These results suggest that synaptic loss and the resulting cognitive deficits depend on the balance between the lowering effects of Aβ on PKC α and ε versus the lowering effects of PKC on Aβ in AD transgenic mice.
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Abstract
The epsilon isoform of protein kinase C (PKCepsilon) has important roles in the function of the cardiac, immune and nervous systems. As a result of its diverse actions, PKCepsilon is the target of active drug-discovery programmes. A major research focus is to identify signalling cascades that include PKCepsilon and the substrates that PKCepsilon regulates. In the present review, we identify and discuss those proteins that have been conclusively shown to be direct substrates of PKCepsilon by the best currently available means. We will also describe binding partners that anchor PKCepsilon near its substrates. We review the consequences of substrate phosphorylation and discuss cellular mechanisms by which target specificity is achieved. We begin with a brief overview of the biology of PKCepsilon and methods for substrate identification, and proceed with a discussion of substrate categories to identify common themes that emerge and how these may be used to guide future studies.
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Rosenegger D, Wright C, Lukowiak K. A quantitative proteomic analysis of long-term memory. Mol Brain 2010; 3:9. [PMID: 20331892 PMCID: PMC2860487 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6606-3-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Memory is the ability to store, retain, and later retrieve learned information. Long-term memory (LTM) formation requires: DNA transcription, RNA translation, and the trafficking of newly synthesized proteins. Several components of these processes have already been identified. However, due to the complexity of the memory formation process, there likely remain many yet to be identified proteins involved in memory formation and persistence. RESULTS Here we use a quantitative proteomic method to identify novel memory-associated proteins in neural tissue taken from animals that were trained in vivo to form a long-term memory. We identified 8 proteins that were significantly up-regulated, and 13 that were significantly down-regulated in the LTM trained animals as compared to two different control groups. In addition we found 19 proteins unique to the trained animals, and 12 unique proteins found only in the control animals. CONCLUSIONS These results both confirm the involvement of previously identified memory proteins such as: protein kinase C (PKC), adenylate cyclase (AC), and proteins in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. In addition these results provide novel protein candidates (e.g. UHRF1 binding protein) on which to base future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rosenegger
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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Zuvich RL, McCauley JL, Oksenberg JR, Sawcer SJ, De Jager PL, Aubin C, Cross AH, Piccio L, Aggarwal NT, Evans D, Hafler DA, Compston A, Hauser SL, Pericak-Vance MA, Haines JL. Genetic variation in the IL7RA/IL7 pathway increases multiple sclerosis susceptibility. Hum Genet 2010; 127:525-35. [PMID: 20112030 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-010-0789-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized as an autoimmune demyelinating disease. Numerous family studies have confirmed a strong genetic component underlying its etiology. After several decades of frustrating research, the advent and application of affordable genotyping of dense SNP maps in large data sets has ushered in a new era in which rapid progress is being made in our understanding of the genetics underlying many complex traits. For MS, one of the first discoveries to emerge in this new era was the association with rs6897932[T244I] in the interleukin-7 receptor alpha chain (IL7RA) gene (Gregory et al. in Nat Genet 39(9):1083-1091, 2007; International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium in N Engl J Med 357(9):851-862, 2007; Lundmark in Nat Genet 39(9):1108-1113, 2007), a discovery that was accompanied by functional data that suggest this variant is likely to be causative rather than a surrogate proxy (Gregory et al. in Nat Genet 39(9):1083-1091, 2007). We hypothesized that variations in other genes functionally related to IL7RA might also influence MS. We investigated this hypothesis by examining genes in the extended biological pathway related to IL7RA to identify novel associations. We identified 73 genes with putative functional relationships to IL7RA and subsequently genotyped 7,865 SNPs in and around these genes using an Illumina Infinium BeadChip assay. Using 2,961 case-control data sets, two of the gene regions examined, IL7 and SOCS1, had significantly associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that further replicated in an independent case-control data set (4,831 samples) with joint p values as high as 8.29 x 10(-6) and 3.48 x 10(-7), respectively, exceeding the threshold for experiment-wise significance. Our results also implicate two additional novel gene regions that are likely to be associated with MS: PRKCE with p values reaching 3.47 x 10(-4), and BCL2 with p values reaching 4.32 x 10(-4). The TYK2 gene, which also emerged in our analysis, has recently been associated with MS (Ban et al. 2009). These results help to further delineate the genetic architecture of MS and validate our pathway approach as an effective method to identify novel associations in a complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Zuvich
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-0700, USA.
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Nelson TJ, Cui C, Luo Y, Alkon DL. Reduction of beta-amyloid levels by novel protein kinase C(epsilon) activators. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:34514-21. [PMID: 19850930 PMCID: PMC2787312 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.016683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Revised: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoform-specific protein kinase C (PKC) activators may be useful as therapeutic agents for the treatment of Alzheimer disease. Three new epsilon-specific PKC activators, made by cyclopropanation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, have been developed. These activators, AA-CP4, EPA-CP5, and DHA-CP6, activate PKCepsilon in a dose-dependent manner. Unlike PKC activators that bind to the 1,2-diacylglycerol-binding site, such as bryostatin and phorbol esters, which produce prolonged down-regulation, the new activators produced sustained activation of PKC. When applied to cells expressing human APPSwe/PS1delta, which produce large quantities of beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta), DCP-LA and DHA-CP6 reduced the intracellular and secreted levels of Abeta by 60-70%. In contrast to the marked activation of alpha-secretase produced by PKC activators in fibroblasts, the PKC activators produced only a moderate and transient activation of alpha-secretase in neuronal cells. However, they activated endothelin-converting enzyme to 180% of control levels, suggesting that the Abeta-lowering ability of these PKCepsilon activators is caused by increasing the rate of Abeta degradation by endothelin-converting enzyme and not by activating nonamyloidogenic amyloid precursor protein metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Nelson
- Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, USA.
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Akita Y. Protein kinase Cε: multiple roles in the function of, and signaling mediated by, the cytoskeleton. FEBS J 2008; 275:3995-4004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06557.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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