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Willemen HLDM, Santos Ribeiro PS, Broeks M, Meijer N, Versteeg S, Tiggeler A, de Boer TP, Małecki JM, Falnes PØ, Jans J, Eijkelkamp N. Inflammation-induced mitochondrial and metabolic disturbances in sensory neurons control the switch from acute to chronic pain. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101265. [PMID: 37944527 PMCID: PMC10694662 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Pain often persists in patients with an inflammatory disease, even when inflammation has subsided. The molecular mechanisms leading to this failure in pain resolution and the transition to chronic pain are poorly understood. Mitochondrial dysfunction in sensory neurons links to chronic pain, but its role in resolution of inflammatory pain is unclear. Transient inflammation causes neuronal plasticity, called hyperalgesic priming, which impairs resolution of pain induced by a subsequent inflammatory stimulus. We identify that hyperalgesic priming in mice increases the expression of a mitochondrial protein (ATPSc-KMT) and causes mitochondrial and metabolic disturbances in sensory neurons. Inhibition of mitochondrial respiration, knockdown of ATPSCKMT expression, or supplementation of the affected metabolite is sufficient to restore resolution of inflammatory pain and prevents chronic pain development. Thus, inflammation-induced mitochondrial-dependent disturbances in sensory neurons predispose to a failure in resolution of inflammatory pain and development of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanneke L D M Willemen
- Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Patrícia Silva Santos Ribeiro
- Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Melissa Broeks
- Section Metabolic Diagnostics, Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nils Meijer
- Section Metabolic Diagnostics, Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sabine Versteeg
- Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Annefien Tiggeler
- Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Teun P de Boer
- Department of Medical Physiology, Division of Heart & Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Yalelaan 50, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jędrzej M Małecki
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; CRES-O - Centre for Embryology and Healthy Development, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Ø Falnes
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; CRES-O - Centre for Embryology and Healthy Development, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Judith Jans
- Section Metabolic Diagnostics, Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Niels Eijkelkamp
- Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Silva Santos Ribeiro P, Willemen HLDM, Eijkelkamp N. Mitochondria and sensory processing in inflammatory and neuropathic pain. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 3:1013577. [PMID: 36324872 PMCID: PMC9619239 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2022.1013577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatic diseases, such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, affect over 750 million people worldwide and contribute to approximately 40% of chronic pain cases. Inflammation and tissue damage contribute to pain in rheumatic diseases, but pain often persists even when inflammation/damage is resolved. Mechanisms that cause this persistent pain are still unclear. Mitochondria are essential for a myriad of cellular processes and regulate neuronal functions. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in multiple neurological disorders, but its role in sensory processing and pain in rheumatic diseases is relatively unexplored. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of how mitochondrial dysfunction connects inflammation and damage-associated pathways to neuronal sensitization and persistent pain. To provide an overall framework on how mitochondria control pain, we explored recent evidence in inflammatory and neuropathic pain conditions. Mitochondria have intrinsic quality control mechanisms to prevent functional deficits and cellular damage. We will discuss the link between neuronal activity, mitochondrial dysfunction and chronic pain. Lastly, pharmacological strategies aimed at reestablishing mitochondrial functions or boosting mitochondrial dynamics as therapeutic interventions for chronic pain are discussed. The evidence presented in this review shows that mitochondria dysfunction may play a role in rheumatic pain. The dysfunction is not restricted to neuronal cells in the peripheral and central nervous system, but also includes blood cells and cells at the joint level that may affect pain pathways indirectly. Pre-clinical and clinical data suggest that modulation of mitochondrial functions can be used to attenuate or eliminate pain, which could be beneficial for multiple rheumatic diseases.
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Li Y, Xu Y, Peng X, Huang J, Yang M, Wang X. A Novel Photosensitizer Znln 2S 4 Mediated Photodynamic Therapy Induced-HepG2 Cell Apoptosis. Radiat Res 2019; 192:422-430. [PMID: 31390309 DOI: 10.1667/rr15389.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses a combination of photosensitizers with visible light to generate reactive species and selectively kill tumor or unwanted tissue. Znln2S4 nanoparticles are widely implemented in photovoltaic device materials and photolysis water catalysts owing to their unique photoelectric properties. Whether Znln2S4 itself can be used as an effective dye in PDT is still unknown. To determine the effects and potential mechanism of Znln2S4PDT on HepG2 cell apoptosis, electron microscopic analysis was performed to monitor the apoptotic morphology of HepG2 cells upon exposure to Znln2S4-PDT. Flow cytometry was performed to measure the apoptosis rate and intracellular ROS production. Western blot and ELISA were performed to reveal the expression changes in Bax, caspase-3 and caspase-9. Data from this work suggested that cells exhibited the typical apoptotic morphology in response to Znln2S4-PDT, with high apoptotic rate. The intracellular ROS production after Znln2S4-PDT occurred in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, Znln2S4-PDT augmented the expression levels of pro-apoptosis factors, especially, Bax, caspase-3 and caspase-9. Taken together, our novel findings, Znln2S4-PDT elicited HepG2 cell apoptosis, suggesting Znln2S4 as a promising photosensitizer candidate for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfa Li
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Yanhua Xu
- Department of Oncology, Jingzhou Central Hospital, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaochun Peng
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China
| | - Jangrong Huang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China
| | - Minquan Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117583, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xianwang Wang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China
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Haller M, Khalid S, Kremser L, Fresser F, Furlan T, Hermann M, Guenther J, Drasche A, Leitges M, Giorgio M, Baier G, Lindner H, Troppmair J. Novel Insights into the PKCβ-dependent Regulation of the Oxidoreductase p66Shc. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:23557-23568. [PMID: 27624939 PMCID: PMC5095410 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.752766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctional mitochondria contribute to the development of many diseases and pathological conditions through the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and, where studied, ablation of p66Shc (p66) was beneficial. p66 translocates to the mitochondria and oxidizes cytochrome c to yield H2O2, which in turn initiates cell death. PKCβ-mediated phosphorylation of serine 36 in p66 has been implicated as a key regulatory step preceding mitochondrial translocation, ROS production, and cell death, and PKCβ thus may provide a target for therapeutic intervention. We performed a reassessment of PKCβ regulation of the oxidoreductase activity of p66. Although our experiments did not substantiate Ser36 phosphorylation by PKCβ, they instead provided evidence for Ser139 and Ser213 as PKCβ phosphorylation sites regulating the pro-oxidant and pro-apoptotic function of p66. Mutation of another predicted PKCβ phosphorylation site also located in the phosphotyrosine binding domain, threonine 206, had no phenotype. Intriguingly, p66 with Thr206 and Ser213 mutated to glutamic acid showed a gain-of-function phenotype with significantly increased ROS production and cell death induction. Taken together, these data argue for a complex mechanism of PKCβ-dependent regulation of p66 activation involving Ser139 and a motif surrounding Ser213.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Haller
- From the Daniel Swarovski Research Laboratory, Department of Visceral, Transplant, and Thoracic Surgery
| | - Sana Khalid
- From the Daniel Swarovski Research Laboratory, Department of Visceral, Transplant, and Thoracic Surgery
| | - Leopold Kremser
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Protein Micro-Analysis Facility
| | - Friedrich Fresser
- Department for Pharmacology and Genetics, Division of Translational Cell Genetics, and
| | - Tobias Furlan
- From the Daniel Swarovski Research Laboratory, Department of Visceral, Transplant, and Thoracic Surgery
| | - Martin Hermann
- Department for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Julia Guenther
- From the Daniel Swarovski Research Laboratory, Department of Visceral, Transplant, and Thoracic Surgery
| | - Astrid Drasche
- From the Daniel Swarovski Research Laboratory, Department of Visceral, Transplant, and Thoracic Surgery
| | | | - Marco Giorgio
- the European Institute of Oncology, 20139 Milano, Italy
| | - Gottfried Baier
- Department for Pharmacology and Genetics, Division of Translational Cell Genetics, and
| | - Herbert Lindner
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Protein Micro-Analysis Facility
| | - Jakob Troppmair
- From the Daniel Swarovski Research Laboratory, Department of Visceral, Transplant, and Thoracic Surgery,
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5
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Xiao X, Yang G, Bai P, Gui S, Nyuyen TMB, Mercado-Uribe I, Yang M, Zou J, Li Q, Xiao J, Chang B, Liu G, Wang H, Liu J. Inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B enhances the tumor growth of ovarian cancer cell line derived from a low-grade papillary serous carcinoma in p53-independent pathway. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:582. [PMID: 27484466 PMCID: PMC4971665 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2617-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background NF-kB can function as an oncogene or tumor suppressor depending on cancer types. The role of NF-kB in low-grade serous ovarian cancer, however, has never been tested. We sought to elucidate the function of NF-kB in the low-grade serous ovarian cancer. Methods The ovarian cancer cell line, HOC-7, derived from a low-grade papillary serous carcinoma. Introduction of a dominant negative mutant, IkBαM, which resulted in decrease of NF-kB function in ovarian cancer cell lines. The transcription ability, tumorigenesis, cell proliferation and apoptosis were observed in derivative cell lines in comparison with parental cells. Results Western blot analysis indicated increased expression of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-xL and reduced expression of the pro-apoptotic proteins Bax, Bad, and Bid in HOC-7/IĸBαM cell. Further investigations validate this conclusion in KRAS wildtype cell line SKOV3. Interesting, NF-kB can exert its pro-apoptotic effect by activating mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation in SKOV3 ovarian cancer cell, whereas opposite changes detected in p-MEK in HOC-7 ovarian cancer cell, the same as some chemoresistant ovarian cancer cell lines. In vivo animal assay performed on BALB/athymic mice showed that injection of HOC-7 induced subcutaneous tumor growth, which was completely regressed within 7 weeks. In comparison, HOC-7/IĸBαM cells caused sustained tumor growth and abrogated tumor regression, suggesting that knock-down of NF-kB by IĸBαM promoted sustained tumor growth and delayed tumor regression in HOC-7 cells. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that NF-kB may function as a tumor suppressor by facilitating regression of low grade ovarian serous carcinoma through activating pro-apoptotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Xiao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gong Yang
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peng Bai
- West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunping Gui
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Tri M Bui Nyuyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Imelda Mercado-Uribe
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mei Yang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Zou
- Department of Pathology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Qintong Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Xiao
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bin Chang
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 82002, China
| | - Guangzhi Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - He Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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cJun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation of serine 36 is critical for p66Shc activation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20930. [PMID: 26868434 PMCID: PMC4751440 DOI: 10.1038/srep20930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
p66Shc-dependent ROS production contributes to many pathologies including ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) during solid organ transplantation. Inhibiting p66Shc activation may provide a novel therapeutic approach to prevent damage, which is poorly managed by antioxidants in vivo. Previous work suggested that pro-oxidant and a pro-apoptotic function of p66Shc required mitochondrial import, which depended on serine 36 phosphorylation. PKCß has been proposed as S36 kinase but cJun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) may also phosphorylate this residue. To simulate the early stages of ischemia/reperfusion (IR) we either used H2O2 treatment or hypoxia/reoxygenation (HR). As during reperfusion in vivo, we observed increased JNK and p38 activity in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and HL-1 cardiomyocytes along with significantly increased p66ShcS36 phosphorylation, ROS production and cell damage. Application of specific inhibitors caused a pronounced decrease in p66ShcS36 phosphorylation only in the case of JNK1/2. Moreover, S36 phosphorylation of recombinant p66Shc by JNK1 but not PKCß was demonstrated. We further confirmed JNK1/2-dependent regulation of p66ShcS36 phosphorylation, ROS production and cell death using JNK1/2 deficient MEFs. Finally, the low ROS phenotype of JNK1/2 knockout MEFs was reversed by the phosphomimetic p66ShcS36E mutant. Inhibiting JNK1/2-regulated p66Shc activation may thus provide a therapeutic approach for the prevention of oxidative damage.
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7
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González Arbeláez LF, Ciocci Pardo A, Fantinelli JC, Mosca SM. Cyclosporine-A mimicked the ischemic pre- and postconditioning-mediated cardioprotection in hypertensive rats: Role of PKCε. Exp Mol Pathol 2016; 100:266-75. [PMID: 26844384 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to assess the action of cyclosporine-A (CsA) against reperfusion injury in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) compared to the effects of ischemic pre- (IP) and postconditioning (IPC), examining the role played by PKCε. Isolated hearts were submitted to the following protocols: IC: 45 min global ischemia (GI) and 1h reperfusion (R); IP: a cycle of 5 min GI and 10 min of R prior to 45 min-GI; and IPC: three cycles of 30s-GI/30s-R at the start of R. Other hearts of the IC, IP and IPC groups received CsA (mitochondrial permeability transition pore inhibitor) or chelerythrine (Che, non-selective PKC inhibitor). Infarct size (IS) was assessed. TBARS and reduced glutathione (GSH) content - as parameters of oxidative damage, the expression of P-Akt, P-GSK-3β, P-PKCε and cytochrome c (Cyc) release - as an index of mitochondrial permeability and the response of isolated mitochondria to Ca(2+) were also measured. IS similarly decreased in preconditioned, postconditioned and CsA treated heart showing the highest values in the combinations IP+CsA and IPC+CsA. TBARS decreased and GSH was partially preserved after all interventions. The content of P-Akt, P-GSK-3β and P-PKCε increased in cytosol and decreased in mitochondria after IP and IPC. In CsA treated hearts these enzymes increased in both fractions reaching the highest values. Cyc release was attenuated and the response of mitochondria to Ca(2+) was improved by the interventions. The beneficial effects of IP and IPC were annulled when PKC was inhibited with Che. A PKCε/VDAC association was also detected. These data show that, in SHR, the CsA treatment mimicked and reinforced the cardioprotective action afforded by IP and IPC in which PKCε-mediated attenuation of mitochondrial permeability appears as the main mechanism involved.
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8
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Chen X, Li J, Hou J, Xie Z, Yang F. Mammalian mitochondrial proteomics: insights into mitochondrial functions and mitochondria-related diseases. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 7:333-45. [DOI: 10.1586/epr.10.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Sun X, Budas GR, Xu L, Barreto GE, Mochly-Rosen D, Giffard RG. Selective activation of protein kinase C∊ in mitochondria is neuroprotective in vitro and reduces focal ischemic brain injury in mice. J Neurosci Res 2013; 91:799-807. [PMID: 23426889 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Activation of protein kinase C∊ (PKC∊) confers protection against neuronal ischemia/reperfusion. Activation of PKC∊ leads to its translocation to multiple intracellular sites, so a mitochondria-selective PKC∊ activator was used to test the importance of mitochondrial activation to the neuroprotective effect of PKC∊. PKC∊ can regulate key cytoprotective mitochondrial functions, including electron transport chain activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial permeability transition, and detoxification of reactive aldehydes. We tested the ability of mitochondria-selective activation of PKC∊ to protect primary brain cell cultures or mice subjected to ischemic stroke. Pretreatment with either general PKC∊ activator peptide, TAT-Ψ∊RACK, or mitochondrial-selective PKC∊ activator, TAT-Ψ∊HSP90, reduced cell death induced by simulated ischemia/reperfusion in neurons, astrocytes, and mixed neuronal cultures. The protective effects of both TAT-Ψ∊RACK and TAT-Ψ∊HSP90 were blocked by the PKC∊ antagonist ∊V1-2 , indicating that protection requires PKC∊ interaction with its anchoring protein, TAT-∊RACK. Further supporting a mitochondrial mechanism for PKC∊, neuroprotection by TAT-Ψ∊HSP90 was associated with a marked delay in mitochondrial membrane depolarization and significantly attenuated ROS generation during ischemia. Importantly, TAT-Ψ∊HSP90 reduced infarct size and reduced neurological deficit in C57/BL6 mice subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion and 24 hr of reperfusion. Thus selective activation of mitochondrial PKC∊ preserves mitochondrial function in vitro and improves outcome in vivo, suggesting potential therapeutic value clinically when brain ischemia is anticipated, including neurosurgery and cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Sun
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Tiong CX, Lu M, Bian JS. Protective effect of hydrogen sulphide against 6-OHDA-induced cell injury in SH-SY5Y cells involves PKC/PI3K/Akt pathway. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 161:467-80. [PMID: 20735429 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00887.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hydrogen sulphide (H(2)S) is a novel neuromodulator. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effect of H(2)S against cell injury induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), a selective dopaminergic neurotoxin often used to establish a model of Parkinson's disease for studying the underlying mechanisms of this condition. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cell viability in SH-SY5Y cells was measured using MTT assay. Western blot analysis and pharmacological manipulation were employed to study the signalling mechanisms. KEY RESULTS Treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with 6-OHDA (50-200 microM) for 12 h decreased cell viability. Exogenous application of NaHS (an H(2)S donor, 100-1000 microM) or overexpression of cystathionine beta-synthase (a predominant enzyme to produce endogenous H(2)S in SH-SY5Y cells) protected cells against 6-OHDA-induced cell apoptosis and death. Furthermore, NaHS reversed 6-OHDA-induced loss of tyrosine hydroxylase. Western blot analysis showed that NaHS reversed the down-regulation of PKCalpha, epsilon and Akt and the up-regulation of PKCdelta in 6-OHDA-treated cells. Blockade of PKCalpha with Gö6976 (2 microM), PKCepsilon with EAVSLKPT (200 microM) or PI3K with LY294002 (20 microM) reduced the protective effects of H(2)S. However, inhibition of PKCdelta with rottlerin (5 microM) failed to affect 6-OHDA-induced cell injury. These data suggest that the protective effects of NaHS mainly resulted from activation of PKCalpha, epsilon and PI3K/Akt pathway. In addition, NaHS-induced Akt phosphorylation was significantly attenuated by Gö6976 and EAVSLKPT, suggesting that the activation of Akt by NaHS is PKCalpha, epsilon-dependent. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS H(2)S protects SH-SY5Y cells against 6-OHDA-induced cell injury by activating the PKCalpha, epsilon/PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Xin Tiong
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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11
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Shitara H, Shimanuki M, Hayashi JI, Yonekawa H. Global imaging of mitochondrial morphology in tissues using transgenic mice expressing mitochondrially targeted enhanced green fluorescent protein. Exp Anim 2010; 59:99-103. [PMID: 20224174 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.59.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common approach to analyzing the static morphology of mitochondria involves staining by antibodies or fluorescent dyes specific for mitochondrial components. In this study, we present a new approach using transgenic (Tg) mice, mtGFP-Tg mice, which exclusively express EGFP in the mitochondrial matrix. This Tg strain enables the rapid and easy observation of mitochondria in many kinds of tissues of interest. Recently, many reports have indicated that mitochondrial abnormalities and disease phenotypes are closely associated. mtGFP-Tg mice will be very useful in demonstrating this association, via the use of hybrids of mtGFP-Tg mice and well-established model mice for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Shitara
- Laboratory of Mouse Models for Human Heritable Diseases, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Lyn-mediated mitochondrial tyrosine phosphorylation is required to preserve mitochondrial integrity in early liver regeneration. Biochem J 2009; 425:401-12. [PMID: 19832701 DOI: 10.1042/bj20090902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Functional alterations in mitochondria such as overproduction of ROS (reactive oxygen species) and overloading of calcium, with subsequent change in the membrane potential, are traditionally regarded as pro-apoptotic conditions. Although such events occur in the early phases of LR (liver regeneration) after two-thirds PH (partial hepatectomy), hepatocytes do not undergo apoptosis but continue to proliferate until the mass of the liver is restored. The aim of the present study was to establish whether tyrosine phosphorylation, an emerging mechanism of regulation of mitochondrial function, participates in the response to liver injury following PH and is involved in contrasting mitochondrial pro-apoptotic signalling. Mitochondrial tyrosine phosphorylation, negligible in the quiescent liver, was detected in the early phases of LR with a trend similar to the events heralding mitochondrial apoptosis and was attributed to the tyrosine kinase Lyn, a member of the Src family. Lyn was shown to accumulate in an active form in the mitochondrial intermembrane space, where it was found to be associated with a multiprotein complex. Our results highlight a role for tyrosine phosphorylation in accompanying, and ultimately counteracting, mitochondrial events otherwise leading to apoptosis, hence conveying information required to preserve the mitochondrial integrity during LR.
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13
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Lønne GK, Masoumi KC, Lennartsson J, Larsson C. Protein kinase Cdelta supports survival of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells by suppressing the ERK1/2 pathway. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:33456-65. [PMID: 19833733 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.036186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms that mediate apoptosis resistance are attractive therapeutic targets for cancer. Protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) is considered a pro-apoptotic factor in many cell types. In breast cancer, however, it has shown both pro-survival and pro-apoptotic effects. Here, we report for the first time that down-regulation of PKCdelta per se leads to apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 cells. Inhibition of MEK1/2 by either PD98059 or U0126 suppressed the induction of apoptosis of PKCdelta-depleted MDA-MB-231 cells but did not support survival of MCF-7 or MDA-MB-468 cells. Basal ERK1/2 phosphorylation was substantially higher in MDA-MB-231 cells than in the other cell lines. PKCdelta depletion led to even higher ERK1/2 phosphorylation levels and also to lower expression levels of the ERK1/2 phosphatase MKP3. Depletion of MKP3 led to apoptosis and higher levels of ERK1/2 phosphorylation, suggesting that this may be a mechanism mediating the effect of PKCdelta down-regulation. However, PKCdelta silencing also induced increased MEK1/2 phosphorylation, indicating that PKCdelta regulates ERK1/2 phosphorylation both upstream and downstream. Moreover, PKCdelta silencing led to increased levels of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Nedd4, which is a potential regulator of MKP3, because down-regulation led to increased MKP3 levels. Our results highlight PKCdelta as a potential target for therapy of breast cancers with high activity of the ERK1/2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gry Kalstad Lønne
- Center for Molecular Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, and Malmö University Hospital, Sweden
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Reinbothe C, Springer A, Samol I, Reinbothe S. Plant oxylipins: role of jasmonic acid during programmed cell death, defence and leaf senescence. FEBS J 2009; 276:4666-81. [PMID: 19663906 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07193.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants are continuously challenged by a variety of abiotic and biotic cues. To deter feeding insects, nematodes and fungal and bacterial pathogens, plants have evolved a plethora of defence strategies. A central player in many of these defence responses is jasmonic acid. It is the aim of this minireview to summarize recent findings that highlight the role of jasmonic acid during programmed cell death, plant defence and leaf senescence.
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Akita Y. Protein kinase Cε: multiple roles in the function of, and signaling mediated by, the cytoskeleton. FEBS J 2008; 275:3995-4004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06557.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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