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Pascual Alonso I, Almeida García F, Valdés Tresanco ME, Arrebola Sánchez Y, Ojeda Del Sol D, Sánchez Ramírez B, Florent I, Schmitt M, Avilés FX. Marine Invertebrates: A Promissory Still Unexplored Source of Inhibitors of Biomedically Relevant Metallo Aminopeptidases Belonging to the M1 and M17 Families. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21050279. [PMID: 37233473 DOI: 10.3390/md21050279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic enzymes, also known as peptidases, are critical in all living organisms. Peptidases control the cleavage, activation, turnover, and synthesis of proteins and regulate many biochemical and physiological processes. They are also involved in several pathophysiological processes. Among peptidases, aminopeptidases catalyze the cleavage of the N-terminal amino acids of proteins or peptide substrates. They are distributed in many phyla and play critical roles in physiology and pathophysiology. Many of them are metallopeptidases belonging to the M1 and M17 families, among others. Some, such as M1 aminopeptidases N and A, thyrotropin-releasing hormone-degrading ectoenzyme, and M17 leucyl aminopeptidase, are targets for the development of therapeutic agents for human diseases, including cancer, hypertension, central nervous system disorders, inflammation, immune system disorders, skin pathologies, and infectious diseases, such as malaria. The relevance of aminopeptidases has driven the search and identification of potent and selective inhibitors as major tools to control proteolysis with an impact in biochemistry, biotechnology, and biomedicine. The present contribution focuses on marine invertebrate biodiversity as an important and promising source of inhibitors of metalloaminopeptidases from M1 and M17 families, with foreseen biomedical applications in human diseases. The results reviewed in the present contribution support and encourage further studies with inhibitors isolated from marine invertebrates in different biomedical models associated with the activity of these families of exopeptidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isel Pascual Alonso
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana 10400, Cuba
| | - Fabiola Almeida García
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana 10400, Cuba
| | - Mario Ernesto Valdés Tresanco
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana 10400, Cuba
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | | | - Daniel Ojeda Del Sol
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana 10400, Cuba
| | | | - Isabelle Florent
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM, UMR7245), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CP52, 57 Rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marjorie Schmitt
- Université de Haute-Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, LIMA UMR 7042, 68000 Mulhouse, France
| | - Francesc Xavier Avilés
- Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine and Department of Biochemistry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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Pascual Alonso I, Rivera Méndez L, Valdés-Tresanco ME, Bounaadja L, Schmitt M, Arrebola Sánchez Y, Alvarez Lajonchere L, Charli JL, Florent I. Biochemical evidences for M1-, M17- and M18-like aminopeptidases in marine invertebrates from Cuban coastline. Z NATURFORSCH C 2020; 75:397-407. [PMID: 32609656 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2019-0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Metallo-aminopeptidases (mAPs) control many physiological processes. They are classified in different families according to structural similarities. Neutral mAPs catalyze the cleavage of neutral amino acids from the N-terminus of proteins or peptide substrates; they need one or two metallic cofactors in their active site. Information about marine invertebrate's neutral mAPs properties is scarce; available data are mainly derived from genomics and cDNA studies. The goal of this work was to characterize the biochemical properties of the neutral APs activities in eight Cuban marine invertebrate species from the Phyla Mollusca, Porifera, Echinodermata, and Cnidaria. Determination of substrate specificity, optimal pH and effects of inhibitors (1,10-phenanthroline, amastatin, and bestatin) and cobalt on activity led to the identification of distinct neutral AP-like activities, whose biochemical behaviors were similar to those of the M1 and M17 families of mAPs. Additionally, M18-like glutamyl AP activities were detected. Thus, marine invertebrates express biochemical activities likely belonging to various families of metallo-aminopeptidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isel Pascual Alonso
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba
| | - Laura Rivera Méndez
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba
| | - Mario E Valdés-Tresanco
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Lotfi Bounaadja
- Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM, UMR 7245), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Marjorie Schmitt
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications - Université de Haute-Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, LIMA UMR7042, Mulhouse, France
| | | | - Luis Alvarez Lajonchere
- Museum of Natural History Felipe Poey, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba
| | - Jean-Louis Charli
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Isabelle Florent
- Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM, UMR 7245), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
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Covaleda G, Gallego P, Vendrell J, Georgiadis D, Lorenzo J, Dive V, Aviles FX, Reverter D, Devel L. Synthesis and Structural/Functional Characterization of Selective M14 Metallocarboxypeptidase Inhibitors Based on Phosphinic Pseudopeptide Scaffold: Implications on the Design of Specific Optical Probes. J Med Chem 2019; 62:1917-1931. [PMID: 30688452 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Metallocarboxypeptidases (MCPs) of the M14 family are Zn2+-dependent exoproteases present in almost every tissue or fluid in mammals. These enzymes perform a large variety of physiological functions and are involved in several pathologies, such as pancreatic diseases, inflammation, fibrinolysis, and cancer. Here, we describe the synthesis and functional/structural characterization of a series of reversible tight-binding phosphinic pseudopeptide inhibitors that show high specificity and potency toward these proteases. Characterization of their inhibitory potential against a large variety of MCPs, combined with high-resolution crystal structures of three selected candidates in complex with human carboxypeptidase A (CPA)1, allowed to decipher the structural determinants governing selectivity for type-A of the M14A MCP family. Further, the phosphinic pseudopeptide framework was exploited to generate an optical probe selectively targeting human CPAs. The phosphinic pseudopeptides presented here constitute the first example of chemical probes useful to selectively report on type-A MCPs activity in complex media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Covaleda
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i de Biologia Molecular , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Pablo Gallego
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i de Biologia Molecular , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Josep Vendrell
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i de Biologia Molecular , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Dimitris Georgiadis
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry , University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens , Greece
| | - Julia Lorenzo
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i de Biologia Molecular , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Vincent Dive
- CEA, Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frédéric Joliot, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO) , Université Paris-Saclay , Gif-sur-Yvette 91190 , France
| | - Francesc Xavier Aviles
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i de Biologia Molecular , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona , Spain
| | - David Reverter
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i de Biologia Molecular , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Laurent Devel
- CEA, Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frédéric Joliot, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO) , Université Paris-Saclay , Gif-sur-Yvette 91190 , France
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Gao M, Lv M, Liu Y, Song Z. Transcriptome analysis of the effects of Cd and nanomaterial-loaded Cd on the liver in zebrafish. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 164:530-539. [PMID: 30149351 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The wide application of engineered nanoparticles to remove heavy metals in aquatic environments has raised concerns over nanomaterial-adsorbed heavy metal toxicity. To ensure safe use of nanomaterial-heavy metal composites, understanding their biological effects at the molecular level is crucial. In the present study, we used the Illumina HiSeq technology to study the transcriptome changes induced by Cd2+ and nano-manganese dioxide- or nano-hydroxyapatite-adsorbed CdCl2 composites (nMnO2-Cd, nHAP20-Cd, and nHAP40-Cd) in zebrafish liver cells. We identified 545 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 33 of which were in common between the nMnO2-Cd, nHAP20-Cd, and nHAP40-Cd groups. The DEGs could be classified in four categories: hydrolases (enzymes involved in various physiological functions, including digestion, immune response, blood coagulation, and reproduction), biological binding (FMN-, actin- and metal ion-binding), metabolic enzymes (e.g., ceramidase, alpha-amylase, carboxylic ester hydrolase, and carboxypeptidase), and cell structure (cell surface, intermediate filament, and muscle myopen protein). The DEGs identified in this study are potentially useful markers to understand the physiological responses induced by Cd2+ and nano-Cd composites in zebrafish liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minling Gao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, No. 399 Binshui West Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387, China; State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tianjin Polytechnic University, No. 399 Binshui West Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Mengting Lv
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, No. 399 Binshui West Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, No. 399 Binshui West Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Zhengguo Song
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Tianjin 300191, China.
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Sabellastarte magnifica Carboxypeptidase Inhibitor: The first Kunitz inhibitor simultaneously interacting with carboxypeptidases and serine proteases. Biochimie 2018; 150:37-47. [PMID: 29730302 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Multi-domain inhibitors capable to block the activity of different classes of proteases are not very common in nature. However, these kinds of molecules are attractive systems for biomedical or biotechnological applications, where two or more different targets need to be neutralized. SmCI, the Sabellastarte magnifica Carboxypeptidase Inhibitor, is a tri-domain BPTI-Kunitz inhibitor capable to inhibit serine proteases and A-like metallocarboxypeptidases. The BPTI-Kunitz family of proteins includes voltage gated channel blockers and inhibitors of serine proteases. SmCI is therefore, the only BPTI-Kunitz protein capable of inhibiting metallocarboxypeptidases. The X-ray structure of the SmCI-carboxypeptidase A complex previously obtained by us, revealed that this enzyme interacts with SmCI N-tail. In the complex, the reactive loops for serine protease inhibition remain fully exposed to the solvent in each domain, suggesting SmCI can simultaneously interact with multiple serine proteases. The twofold goals of this study were: i) to establish serine proteases-SmCI binding stoichiometry, given that the inhibitor is comprised of three potential binding domains; and ii) to determine whether or not SmCI can simultaneously bind both classes of enzymes, to which it binds individually. Our experimental approach included a variety of techniques for the study of protein-protein interactions, using as model enzymes pancreatic trypsin, elastase and carboxypeptidase A. In particular, we combined information obtained from gel filtration chromatography, denaturing electrophoresis, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and enzyme inhibition assays. Our results show that SmCI is able to bind three trypsin molecules under saturating conditions, but only one elastase interacts with the inhibitor. Additionally, we demonstrated that SmCI can bind serine proteases and carboxypeptidases at the same time (at least in the ratio 1:1:1), becoming the first protease inhibitor that simultaneously blocks these two mechanistic classes of enzymes.
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Cotabarren J, Tellechea ME, Avilés FX, Lorenzo Rivera J, Obregón WD. Biochemical characterization of the YBPCI miniprotein, the first carboxypeptidase inhibitor isolated from Yellow Bell Pepper ( Capsicum annuum L). A novel contribution to the knowledge of miniproteins stability. Protein Expr Purif 2018; 144:55-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Cotabarren J, Tellechea ME, Tanco SM, Lorenzo J, Garcia-Pardo J, Avilés FX, Obregón WD. Biochemical and MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometric Characterization of a Novel Native and Recombinant Cystine Knot Miniprotein from Solanum tuberosum subsp. andigenum cv. Churqueña. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19030678. [PMID: 29495576 PMCID: PMC5877539 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystine-knot miniproteins (CKMPs) are an intriguing group of cysteine-rich molecules that combine the characteristics of proteins and peptides. Typically, CKMPs are fewer than 50 residues in length and share a characteristic knotted scaffold characterized by the presence of three intramolecular disulfide bonds that form the singular knotted structure. The knot scaffold confers on these proteins remarkable chemical, thermal, and proteolytic stability. Recently, CKMPs have emerged as a novel class of natural molecules with interesting pharmacological properties. In the present work, a novel cystine-knot metallocarboxypeptidase inhibitor (chuPCI) was isolated from tubers of Solanum tuberosum, subsp. andigenum cv. Churqueña. Our results demonstrated that chuPCI is a member of the A/B-type family of metallocarboxypeptidases inhibitors. chuPCI was expressed and characterized by a combination of biochemical and mass spectrometric techniques. Direct comparison of the MALDI-TOF mass spectra for the native and recombinant molecules allowed us to confirm the presence of four different forms of chuPCI in the tubers. The majority of such forms have a molecular weight of 4309 Da and contain a cyclized Gln in the N-terminus. The other three forms are derived from N-terminal and/or C-terminal proteolytic cleavages. Taken together, our results contribute to increase the current repertoire of natural CKMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Cotabarren
- Centro de Investigación de Proteínas Vegetales (CIPROVE), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115 s/N, La Plata B1900AVW, Argentina.
| | - Mariana Edith Tellechea
- Centro de Investigación de Proteínas Vegetales (CIPROVE), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115 s/N, La Plata B1900AVW, Argentina.
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus Universitari, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Sebastián Martín Tanco
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus Universitari, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Julia Lorenzo
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus Universitari, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Javier Garcia-Pardo
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Francesc Xavier Avilés
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus Universitari, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Walter David Obregón
- Centro de Investigación de Proteínas Vegetales (CIPROVE), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115 s/N, La Plata B1900AVW, Argentina.
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Covaleda G, Trejo SA, Salas-Sarduy E, Del Rivero MA, Chavez MA, Aviles FX. Intensity fading MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and functional proteomics assignments to identify protease inhibitors in marine invertebrates. J Proteomics 2017; 165:75-92. [PMID: 28602552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Proteases and their inhibitors have become molecules of increasing fundamental and applicative value. Here we report an integrated strategy to identify and analyze such inhibitors from Caribbean marine invertebrates extracts by a fast and sensitive functional proteomics-like approach. The strategy works in three steps: i) multiplexed enzymatic inhibition kinetic assays, ii) Intensity Fading MALDI-TOF MS to establish a link between inhibitory molecules and the related MALDI signal(s) detected in the extract(s), and iii) ISD-CID-T3 MS fragmentation on the parent MALDI signals selected in the previous step, enabling the partial or total top-down sequencing of the molecules. The present study has allowed validation of the whole approach, identification of a substantial number of novel protein protease inhibitors, as well as full or partial sequencing of reference molecular species and of many unknown ones, respectively. Such inhibitors correspond to six protease subfamilies (metallocarboxypeptidases-A and -B, pepsin, papain, trypsin and subtilisin), are small (1-10KDa) disulfide-rich proteins, and have been found at diverse frequencies among the invertebrates (13 to 41%). The overall procedure could be tailored to other enzyme-inhibitor and protein interacting systems, analyzing samples at medium-throughput level and leading to the functional and structural characterization of proteinaceous ligands from complex biological extracts. SIGNIFICANCE Invertebrate animals, and marine ones among, display a remarkable diversity of species and contained biomolecules. Many of their proteins-peptides have high biological, biotechnological and biomedical potential interest but, because of the lack of sequenced genomes behind, their structural and functional characterization constitutes a great challenge. Here, looking at the small, disulfide-rich, proteinaceous inhibitors of proteases found in them, it is shown that such problem can be significatively facilitated by integrative multiplexed enzymatic assays, affinity-based Intensity-Fading (IF-) MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS), and on-line MS fragmentation, in a fast and easy approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Covaleda
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquimica, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sebastian A Trejo
- Servei de Proteomica i Biologia Estructural SePBioEs, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emir Salas-Sarduy
- Centro de Estudio de Proteinas, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de la Habana, Cuba
| | | | - Maria Angeles Chavez
- Centro de Estudio de Proteinas, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de la Habana, Cuba.
| | - Francesc X Aviles
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquimica, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Lyons PJ, Fricker LD. Carboxypeptidase O is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored intestinal peptidase with acidic amino acid specificity. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:39023-32. [PMID: 21921028 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.265819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The first metallocarboxypeptidase (CP) was identified in pancreatic extracts more than 80 years ago and named carboxypeptidase A (CPA; now known as CPA1). Since that time, seven additional mammalian members of the CPA subfamily have been described, all of which are initially produced as proenzymes, are activated by endoproteases, and remove either C-terminal hydrophobic or basic amino acids from peptides. Here we describe the enzymatic and structural properties of carboxypeptidase O (CPO), a previously uncharacterized and unique member of the CPA subfamily. Whereas all other members of the CPA subfamily contain an N-terminal prodomain necessary for folding, bioinformatics and expression of both human and zebrafish CPO orthologs revealed that CPO does not require a prodomain. CPO was purified by affinity chromatography, and the purified enzyme was able to cleave proteins and synthetic peptides with greatest activity toward acidic C-terminal amino acids unlike other CPA-like enzymes. CPO displayed a neutral pH optimum and was inhibited by common metallocarboxypeptidase inhibitors as well as citrate. CPO was modified by attachment of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol membrane anchor to the C terminus of the protein. Immunocytochemistry of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells stably expressing CPO showed localization to vesicular membranes in subconfluent cells and to the plasma membrane in differentiated cells. CPO is highly expressed in intestinal epithelial cells in both zebrafish and human. These results suggest that CPO cleaves acidic amino acids from dietary proteins and peptides, thus complementing the actions of well known digestive carboxypeptidases CPA and CPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Lyons
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Lalle M, Camerini S, Cecchetti S, Blasetti Fantauzzi C, Crescenzi M, Pozio E. Giardia duodenalis 14-3-3 protein is polyglycylated by a tubulin tyrosine ligase-like member and deglycylated by two metallocarboxypeptidases. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:4471-84. [PMID: 21135098 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.181511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The flagellated protozoan Giardia duodenalis is a parasite of the upper part of the small intestine of mammals, including humans, and an interesting biological model. Giardia harbors a single 14-3-3 isoform, a multifunctional protein family, that is modified at the C terminus by polyglycylation, an unusual post-translational modification consisting of the covalent addition of one or multiple glycines on the γ-carboxyl groups of specific glutamic acids. Polyglycylation affects the intracellular localization of g14-3-3, as the shortening of the polyglycine chain is correlated with a partial relocalization of 14-3-3 inside the nuclei during encystation. In this work we demonstrate that the gTTLL3, a member of the tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family, is the enzyme responsible for the 14-3-3 polyglycylation. We also identify two metallopeptidases of the M20 family, here termed gDIP1 (giardial dipeptidase 1) and gDIP2, as enzymes able to shorten the g14-3-3 polyglycine tail both in vivo and in vitro. Finally, we show that the ectopic expression of gDIP2 alters the g14-3-3 localization and strongly hampers the cyst formation. In conclusion, we have identified a polyglycylase and two deglycylases that act in concert to modulate the stage-dependent glycylation status of the multifunctional regulatory g14-3-3 protein in G. duodenalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Lalle
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
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