1
|
Srisuksai K, Limudomporn P, Kovitvadhi U, Thongsuwan K, Imaram W, Lertchaiyongphanit R, Sareepoch T, Kovitvadhi A, Fungfuang W. Physicochemical properties and fatty acid profile of oil extracted from black soldier fly larvae ( Hermetia illucens). Vet World 2024; 17:518-526. [PMID: 38680136 PMCID: PMC11045527 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.518-526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Hermetia illucens, a black soldier fly, is widely recognized for sustainable recycling of organic waste. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFLs) can consume various types of biowastes and convert them into nutrient-rich biomass, including proteins, lipids, chitin, and minerals. This study investigated the best extraction method by comparing the fatty acid profiles, percentage yield, and antioxidant properties of BSFL oil extracted using different extraction methods. Materials and Methods The physicochemical properties, fatty acid profile, and free radical scavenging ability of BSFL oil were analyzed using six extraction methods. Results Ultrasonic extraction with hexane resulted in the highest yields compared with different extraction methods. Lauric acid (28%-37%) was the most abundant fatty acid in all extracts, followed by palmitic acid, myristic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid. Compared with other methods, aqueous extraction showed the highest lauric acid composition and free radical scavenging activities. In addition, high-temperature aqueous extraction resulted in higher oil yield and free radical scavenging activities than low-temperature extraction. Conclusion High-temperature aqueous extraction is the best extraction method because it is rich in lauric acid, has antioxidant ability, and can be further developed to produce novel sustainable biomaterials for humans and animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krittika Srisuksai
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paviga Limudomporn
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Uthaiwan Kovitvadhi
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Khunakon Thongsuwan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Witcha Imaram
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ratchaphon Lertchaiyongphanit
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tharinee Sareepoch
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Attawit Kovitvadhi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wirasak Fungfuang
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Johnson W, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Hill RA, Klaassen CD, Liebler DC, Marks JG, Shank RC, Slaga TJ, Snyder PW, Fiume M, Heldreth B. Amended Safety Assessment of Mentha piperita (Peppermint)-Derived Ingredients as Used in Cosmetics. Int J Toxicol 2023; 42:117S-143S. [PMID: 37800357 DOI: 10.1177/10915818231205837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety (Panel) reviewed the safety of M piperita (peppermint)-derived ingredients. The Panel reviewed data relevant to the safety of these ingredients. Because final product formulations may contain multiple botanicals, each containing the same constituent(s) of concern, formulators are advised to be aware of these constituents and avoid reaching levels that may be hazardous to consumers. Industry should continue to use good manufacturing practices to limit impurities that could be present in botanical ingredients. The Panel concluded that M piperita (Peppermint) Oil, Extract, Leaf, and leaf-derived ingredients are safe in cosmetics in the present practices of use and concentration when formulated to be non-sensitizing, and that the available data are insufficient for determining that M piperita (Peppermint) Flower/Leaf/Stem Extract, M piperita (Peppermint) Flower/Leaf/Stem Water, and M piperita (Peppermint) Meristem Cell Culture are safe under the intended conditions of use in cosmetic formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wilbur Johnson
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Former Senior Scientific Analyst/Writer
| | | | | | - Ronald A Hill
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Former Member
| | | | | | - James G Marks
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Former Member
| | - Ronald C Shank
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Former Member
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sharma A, Mahanty J, Rasheed S, Kumar S, Singh H. Potential of essential oils as alternative permeation enhancers for transdermal delivery. WORLD JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/2311-8571.351508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
|
4
|
The enhancing effect and promoting mechanisms of the stereoisomeric monoterpene alcohol esters as enhancers for drugs with different physicochemical properties. Asian J Pharm Sci 2021; 17:139-152. [PMID: 35261650 PMCID: PMC8888174 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the structure-activity connections of amphiphilic permeation enhancers containing the length of the hydrophobic chains as well as the properties of the polar head, O-acylgeraniol and O-acylnerol derivatives were synthesized from geraniol/nerol (cis-isomer of geraniol) and pharmaceutical excipient acids in this research. Their promotion of the percutaneous absorption of three drugs as the model, flurbiprofen (FP), isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) and donepezil (DNP), which were selected based on their physicochemical properties, was tested by in vitro skin penetration and in vivo. Molecular simulation, ATR-FTIR, CLSM and histological observation were implement to evaluate the mode of action of the enhancers. The results indicated that (E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl tetradecanoate (GER-C14, trans-) achieved the highest enhancement ability for the three drugs; additionally, the in vivo results obtained were in good correlation with the in vitro data. Molecular docking results suggested that enhancers loosen the hydrogen bonds between ceramides, and the results of molecular simulation indicated that GER-C14, NER-C14 could insert into the middle of the lipid bilayer to form an independent phase. According to ATR-FTIR and histological evaluation, the enhancers extracted lipids and influenced the protein region, thereby disturbing the skin array. In addition, CLSM described the dynamic effects of enhancers on lipids between stratum corneum (SC) cells. In conclusion, GER-C14 had a better penetration promotion effect, which broadened our understanding of stereoisomeric penetration enhancers.
Collapse
|
5
|
Characterizing the Mechanism of Action of Essential Oils on Skin Homeostasis—Data from Sonographic Imaging, Epidermal Water Dynamics, and Skin Biomechanics. COSMETICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics8020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) have been recognized as materials of interest for dermatological applications, although some doubts remain regarding their safety and efficacy. We studied the action mechanisms of EOs from lavender and sage in human skin. Extracted EOs were incorporated (at 5% and 10%) in almond oil as a vehicle. Eleven healthy volunteers were selected and the prepared oils were tested on both forearms. All procedures respected the principles of good clinical practice. Effects were followed through high resolution sonography (HRS), epidermal water dynamics, and biomechanics. All variables were measured before and 30 min after application. Nonparametric statistical comparisons were applied (p < 0.05). HRS revealed a more echogenic epidermis, with a significant echogenicity decrease in the dermis (higher water retention) for all formulations. Significant TEWL decrease and an increase in superficial and deep epidermal hydration were also observed. These results indicate that EOs penetrate only into the most superficial layers of the skin, which is important for their safety profile. Furthermore, this “filmogenic” mechanism improving the epidermal water balance seems to connect directly with the observed biomechanical enhancement. These results confirm the clinical relevance of these compounds, in particular to restore the epidermal water content and prevent xerosis and other related disorders in sensitive (atopic, elderly) patients.
Collapse
|
6
|
Nanostructured lipid carriers containing chitosan or sodium alginate for co-encapsulation of antioxidants and an antimicrobial agent for potential application in wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 183:668-680. [PMID: 33930450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The high incidence and costs of chronic wounds in the elderly have motivated the search for innovations to improve product performance and the healing process while reducing costs. In this study, bioadhesive nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) were developed for the co-encapsulation of compounds with antioxidant (α-tocopherol and quercetin) and antimicrobial (tea tree oil) activity for management of wounds. The NLC was produced with shea butter and argan oil, and modified with sodium alginate or chitosan to confer bioadhesive properties. Spherical nanoparticles of ~307-330 nm and zeta potential varying from -21.2 to +11.8 mV were obtained. Thermal analysis demonstrated that the lipid matrix reduced tea tree oil thermal loss (~1.8-fold). Regardless of the type of polysaccharide employed, the NLCs promoted cutaneous localization of antioxidants in damaged (subjected to incision) skin, with a ~74 to 180-fold higher delivery into the skin compared to percutaneous delivery. This result is consistent with the similar bioadhesive properties of chitosan or sodium alginate-modified NLC. Nanoencapsulation of tea tree oil did not preclude its antimicrobial effects against susceptible and resistant strains of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, while co-encapsulation of antioxidants increased the NLC-induced fibroblasts migration, supporting their potential usefulness for management of wounds.
Collapse
|
7
|
Santativongchai P, Fungfuang W, Boonyawiwat V, Pongchairerk U, Tulayakul P. Comparison of Physicochemical Properties and Fatty Acid Composition of Crocodile Oil (Crocodylus siamensis) Extracted by Using Various Extraction Methods. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2020.1814324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pitchaya Santativongchai
- Graduate Students, Bio-Veterinary Science (International Program), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wirasak Fungfuang
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Visanu Boonyawiwat
- Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Urai Pongchairerk
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand,
| | - Phitsanu Tulayakul
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Elpelt A, Ivanov D, Nováčková A, Kováčik A, Sochorová M, Saeidpour S, Teutloff C, Lohan SB, Lademann J, Vávrová K, Hedtrich S, Meinke MC. Investigation of TEMPO partitioning in different skin models as measured by EPR spectroscopy - Insight into the stratum corneum. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2020; 310:106637. [PMID: 31765968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2019.106637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy represents an established tool to study properties of microenvironments, e.g. to investigate the structure and dynamics of biological and artificial membranes. In this study, the partitioning of the spin probe 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) in ex vivo human abdominal and breast skin, ex vivo porcine abdominal and ear skin as well as normal and inflammatory in vitro skin equivalents was investigated by EPR spectroscopy. Furthermore, the stratum corneum (SC) lipid composition (as determined by high-performance thin-layer chromatography), SC lipid chain order (probed by infrared spectroscopy) and the SC thickness (investigated by histology) were determined in the skin models. X-band EPR measurements have shown that TEMPO partitions in the lipophilic and hydrophilic microenvironment in varying ratios in different ex vivo and in vitro skin models. Ex vivo human abdominal skin exhibited the highest amount of TEMPO in the lipophilic microenvironment. In contrast, the lowest amount of TEMPO in the lipophilic microenvironment was determined in ex vivo human breast skin and the inflammatory in vitro skin equivalents. Individual EPR spectra of epidermis including SC and dermis indicated that the lipophilic microenvironment of TEMPO mainly corresponds to the most lipophilic part of the epidermis, the SC. The amount of TEMPO in the lipophilic microenvironment was independent of the SC lipid composition and the SC lipid chain order but correlated with the SC thickness. In conclusion, EPR spectroscopy could be a novel technique to determine differences in the SC thickness, thus suitably complementing existing methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Elpelt
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniela Ivanov
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Nováčková
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Andrej Kováčik
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Sochorová
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Siavash Saeidpour
- Department of Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Teutloff
- Department of Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Silke B Lohan
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Lademann
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kateřina Vávrová
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Sarah Hedtrich
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; University of British Columbia, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, V6T1Z3 Vancouver, Canada
| | - Martina C Meinke
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kaur A, Kamalpreet, Sharma G, Verma S, Goindi S, Katare OP. Oral microemulsion of phytoconstituent found in licorice as chemopreventive against benzo( a )pyrene induced forestomach tumors in experimental mice model. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
10
|
Venter T, Fox LT, Gerber M, du Preez JL, van Zyl S, Boneschans B, du Plessis J. Physical stability and clinical efficacy of Crocodylus niloticus oil lotion. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
11
|
Herman A, Herman AP. Essential oils and their constituents as skin penetration enhancer for transdermal drug delivery: a review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 67:473-85. [PMID: 25557808 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this paper, we focused on essential oils and their constituents as skin penetration enhancers for transdermal drug delivery, mechanism of their action as well as their possible toxicity. KEY FINDINGS Essential oils and their volatile constituents can penetrate through the skin as well as enhance penetration of different drug from topical formulation into the lower skin layers using different mechanisms of action based on (1) disintegration of the highly ordered intercellular lipid structure between corneocytes in stratum corneum, (2) interaction with intercellular domain of protein, which induces their conformational modification, (3) increase the partitioning of a drug. After application to the skin, essential oils and their components are rapidly metabolized, not accumulated in the organism and fast excreted what strongly suggest that they can be successfully use as safe penetration enhancers. SUMMARY Essential oils and their constituents may be preferred over the traditionally used synthetics materials as safe and suitable permeation enhancers to promote the percutaneous absorption of hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs from topical formulation into the lower skin layers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Herman
- Academy of Cosmetics and Health Care, Warsaw, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Holmgaard R, Benfeldt E, Nielsen JB. Percutaneous Penetration - Methodological Considerations. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 115:101-9. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Holmgaard
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; Køge Sygehus; Køge Denmark
| | - Eva Benfeldt
- Department of Dermatology; University of Copenhagen; Roskilde Hospital; Roskilde Denmark
| | - Jesper B. Nielsen
- Institute of Public Health; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
The transdermal route of administration offers an alternative pathway for systemic drug delivery with numerous advantages over conventional routes. Regrettably, the stratum corneum forms a formidable barrier that hinders the percutaneous penetration of most drugs, offering an important protection mechanism to the organism against entrance of possible dangerous exogenous molecules. Different types of penetration enhancers have shown the potential to reversibly overcome this barrier to provide effective delivery of drugs across the skin. Although certain chemical and physical skin penetration enhancers are already employed by the pharmaceutical industry in commercially available transdermal products, some skin penetration enhancers are associated with irritating and toxic effects. This emphasizes the need for the discovery of new, safe and effective skin penetration enhancers. Penetration enhancers from natural origin have become popular as they offer several benefits over their synthetic counterparts such as sustainable mass production from a renewable resource and lower cost depending on the type of extraction used. The aim of this article is to give a comprehensive summary of the results from scientific research conducted on skin penetration enhancers of natural origin. The discussions on these natural penetration enhancers have been organized into the following chemical classes: essential oils, terpenes, fatty acids and polysaccharides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Josias H. Hamman
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +27-18-299-4035; Fax: +27-18-293-5219
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Topical herbal remedies: Research opportunities for plastic surgeons. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2010; 63:896-905. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2009.02.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Revised: 02/08/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
16
|
Petitot F, Moreels AM, Paquet F. Evolution of the percutaneous penetration and distribution of uranyl nitrate as a function of skin-barrier integrity: anin vitroassessment. Drug Chem Toxicol 2010; 33:316-24. [DOI: 10.3109/01480540903431457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
17
|
Keifer D, Ulbricht C, Abrams TR, Basch E, Giese N, Giles M, Kirkwood CD, Miranda M, Woods J. Peppermint (Mentha Xpiperita). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/j157v07n02_07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|