1
|
Parrella A, Iannuzzi A, Annunziata M, Covetti G, Cavallaro R, Aliberti E, Tortori E, Iannuzzo G. Haematological Drugs Affecting Lipid Metabolism and Vascular Health. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081935. [PMID: 36009482 PMCID: PMC9405726 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Many drugs affect lipid metabolism and have side effects which promote atherosclerosis. The prevalence of cancer-therapy-related cardiovascular (CV) disease is increasing due to development of new drugs and improved survival of patients: cardio-oncology is a new field of interest and research. Moreover, drugs used in transplanted patients frequently have metabolic implications. Increasingly, internists, lipidologists, and angiologists are being consulted by haematologists for side effects on metabolism (especially lipid metabolism) and arterial circulation caused by drugs used in haematology. The purpose of this article is to review the main drugs used in haematology with side effects on lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis, detailing their mechanisms of action and suggesting the most effective therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Parrella
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, A. Cardarelli Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Arcangelo Iannuzzi
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, A. Cardarelli Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Covetti
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, A. Cardarelli Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Raimondo Cavallaro
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, A. Cardarelli Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Emilio Aliberti
- North Tees University Hospital, Stockton-on-Tees TS19 8PE, UK
| | - Elena Tortori
- Pharmacy Unit, Ospedale del Mare, 80147 Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Iannuzzo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Robinson G, Pineda-Torra I, Ciurtin C, Jury EC. Lipid metabolism in autoimmune rheumatic disease: implications for modern and conventional therapies. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e148552. [PMID: 35040437 PMCID: PMC8759788 DOI: 10.1172/jci148552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppressing inflammation has been the primary focus of therapies in autoimmune rheumatic diseases (AIRDs), including rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. However, conventional therapies with low target specificity can have effects on cell metabolism that are less predictable. A key example is lipid metabolism; current therapies can improve or exacerbate dyslipidemia. Many conventional drugs also require in vivo metabolism for their conversion into therapeutically beneficial products; however, drug metabolism often involves the additional formation of toxic by-products, and rates of drug metabolism can be heterogeneous between patients. New therapeutic technologies and research have highlighted alternative metabolic pathways that can be more specifically targeted to reduce inflammation but also to prevent undesirable off-target metabolic consequences of conventional antiinflammatory therapies. This Review highlights the role of lipid metabolism in inflammation and in the mechanisms of action of AIRD therapeutics. Opportunities for cotherapies targeting lipid metabolism that could reduce immunometabolic complications and potential increased cardiovascular disease risk in patients with AIRDs are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Robinson
- Centre for Rheumatology Research
- Centre for Adolescent Rheumatology Research, and
| | - Ines Pineda-Torra
- Centre for Cardiometabolic and Vascular Science, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Coziana Ciurtin
- Centre for Rheumatology Research
- Centre for Adolescent Rheumatology Research, and
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fan G, Zhang C, Wei X, Wei R, Qi Z, Chen K, Cai X, Xu L, Tang L, Zhou J, Zhang Z, Lin Z, Xie H, Zheng S, Fan W, Xu X. NEAT1/hsa-miR-372-3p axis participates in rapamycin-induced lipid metabolic disorder. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 167:1-11. [PMID: 33705959 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rapamycin is a crucial immunosuppressive regimen for patients that have undergone liver transplantation (LT). However, one of the major side effects of rapamycin include metabolic disorders such as dyslipidemia, and the mechanism remains unknown. This study aims to explore the biomolecules that are responsible for rapamycin-induced dyslipidemia and the control strategies that can reverse the lipid metabolism disorder. In this study, data collected from LT patients, cell and mouse models treated with rapamycin were analyzed. Results showed an increase of triglycerides (TGs) induced by rapamycin. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in many vital biological processes including TG metabolism. hsa-miR-372-3p was filtered using RNA sequencing and identified as a key regulator in rapamycin-induced TGs accumulation. Using bioinformatics and experimental analyses, target genes of hsa-miR-372-3p were predicted. These genes were alkylglycerone phosphate synthase (AGPS) and apolipoprotein C4 (APOC4), which are reported to be involved in TG metabolism. LncRNA nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (NEAT1) was also identified as an upstream regulatory factor of hsa-miR-372-3p. From the results of this study, NEAT1/hsa-miR-372-3p/AGPS/APOC4 axis plays a vital role in rapamycin-disruption of lipid homeostasis. Therefore, targeting this axis is a potential therapeutic target combating rapamycin-induced dyslipidemia after LT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanghan Fan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Chenzhi Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Xuyong Wei
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Rongli Wei
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Zhetuo Qi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Kangchen Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Xuechun Cai
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Linsong Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Junbin Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Zhensheng Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Zuyuan Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Haiyang Xie
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Weimin Fan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Xiao Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
GC-TOF-MS-Based Metabolomics Analyses of Liver and Intestinal Contents in the Overfed vs. Normally-Fed Geese. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122375. [PMID: 33322323 PMCID: PMC7763799 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease has been considered as one of the most important causes of liver disease, and it is a threat to human and animal health worldwide. Interestingly, goose fatty liver can reach 8–10 times the weight of normal liver with no overt pathological symptoms, suggesting that there are some protective mechanisms. Scientists have indicated that gut microbiota participate in the formation of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in human and mammalian animals. However, it is unclear whether gut microbiota and their metabolites contribute to goose fatty liver. The aim of the present study was to investigate the metabolomic analyses of liver and intestinal contents in overfed vs. normally fed geese. The results showed that the formation of goose fatty liver is accompanied by obvious changes in the metabolic profiles of liver and intestinal contents. The intestinal metabolites can affect the formation of goose fatty liver by affecting the metabolisms of glucose and fatty acid, oxidative stress, and inflammatory reactions. These findings provide a basis for future work addressing the relationship between intestinal metabolites and the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Abstract No overt pathological symptoms are observed in the goose liver with severe steatosis, suggesting that geese may host unique protective mechanisms. Gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry-based metabolomics analyses of liver and intestinal contents in overfed vs. normally fed geese (26 geese in each treatment) were investigated. We found that overfeeding significantly changed the metabolic profiles of liver and intestinal contents. The differential metabolites mainly belong to fatty acids, amino acids, organic acids, and amines. The differential metabolites were involved in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, glycerolipid metabolism, the pentose phosphate pathway, fatty acid degradation, the sphingolipid signaling pathway, and the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. Moreover, we determined the biological effects of arachidonic acid (ARA) and tetrahydrocorticosterone (TD) in goose primary hepatocytes and intestinal cells. Data showed that the mRNA expression of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (ALOX5) in goose primary intestinal cells was significantly induced by 0.50 mM ARA treatment. Cytochrome P-450 27A1 (CYP27A1) mRNA expression was significantly inhibited in goose primary hepatocytes by 1 µM TD treatment. In conclusion, the formation of goose fatty liver is accompanied by significant changes in the metabolic profiles of liver and intestinal contents, and the changes are closely related to the metabolisms of glucose and fatty acids, oxidative stress, and inflammatory reactions.
Collapse
|
5
|
Charles KN, Shackelford JE, Faust PL, Fliesler SJ, Stangl H, Kovacs WJ. Functional Peroxisomes Are Essential for Efficient Cholesterol Sensing and Synthesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:560266. [PMID: 33240873 PMCID: PMC7677142 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.560266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol biosynthesis is a multi-step process involving several subcellular compartments, including peroxisomes. Cells adjust their sterol content by both transcriptional and post-transcriptional feedback regulation, for which sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) are essential; such homeostasis is dysregulated in peroxisome-deficient Pex2 knockout mice. Here, we compared the regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells and in three isogenic peroxisome-deficient CHO cell lines harboring Pex2 gene mutations. Peroxisome deficiency activated expression of cholesterogenic genes, however, cholesterol levels were unchanged. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR) protein levels were increased in mutant cells, whereas HMGCR activity was significantly decreased, resulting in reduced cholesterol synthesis. U18666A, an inhibitor of lysosomal cholesterol export, induced cholesterol biosynthetic enzymes; yet, cholesterol synthesis was still reduced. Interestingly, peroxisome deficiency promoted ER-to-Golgi SREBP cleavage-activating protein (SCAP) trafficking even when cells were cholesterol-loaded. Restoration of functional peroxisomes normalized regulation of cholesterol synthesis and SCAP trafficking. These results highlight the importance of functional peroxisomes for maintaining cholesterol homeostasis and efficient cholesterol synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khanichi N. Charles
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | | | - Phyllis L. Faust
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Steven J. Fliesler
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry and Gradate Program in Neuroscience, University at Buffalo-The State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, United States
- Research Service, Veterans Administration Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Herbert Stangl
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Werner J. Kovacs
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Farouk SS, Rein JL. The Many Faces of Calcineurin Inhibitor Toxicity-What the FK? Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2020; 27:56-66. [PMID: 32147003 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) are both the savior and Achilles' heel of kidney transplantation. Although CNIs have significantly reduced rates of acute rejection, their numerous toxicities can plague kidney transplant recipients. By 10 years, virtually all allografts will have evidence of CNI nephrotoxicity. CNIs have been strongly associated with hypertension, dyslipidemia, and new onset of diabetes after transplantation-significantly contributing to cardiovascular risk in the kidney transplant recipient. Multiple electrolyte derangements including hyperkalemia, hypomagnesemia, hypercalciuria, metabolic acidosis, and hyperuricemia may be challenging to manage for the clinician. Finally, CNI-associated tremor, gingival hyperplasia, and defects in hair growth can have a significant impact on the transplant recipient's quality of life. In this review, the authors briefly discuss the pharmacokinetics of CNI and discuss the numerous clinically relevant toxicities of commonly used CNIs, cyclosporine and tacrolimus.
Collapse
|
7
|
Macrophage lipid accumulation in the presence of immunosuppressive drugs mycophenolate mofetil and cyclosporin A. Inflamm Res 2019; 68:787-799. [PMID: 31227843 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-019-01262-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mycophenolate (MPA) and cyclosporin A (CsA) are two immunosuppressive agents currently used for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. However, reports regarding their effects on inflammation and lipid handling are controversial. Here, we compare the effect of these two drugs on the expression of proteins involved in cholesterol handling and lipid accumulation in a macrophage cell system utilizing M0, M1 and M2 human macrophages and in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM). METHODS Differentiated M0, M1 and M2 subsets of THP-1 human macrophages were subjected to various concentrations of either MPA or CsA. Expression of proteins involved in reverse cholesterol transport (ABCA1 and 27-hydroxylase) and scavenger receptors, responsible for uptake of modified lipids (CD36, ScR-A1, CXCL16 and LOX-1), were evaluated by real-time PCR and confirmed with Western blot. DiI-oxidized LDL internalization assay was used to assess foam cell formation. The influence of MPA was also evaluated in BMDM obtained from atherosclerosis-prone transgenic mice, ApoE-/- and ApoE-/-Fas-/-. RESULTS In M0 macrophages, MPA increased expression of ABCA1 and CXCL16 in a concentration-dependent manner. In M1 THP-1 macrophages, MPA caused a significant increase of 27-hydroxylase mRNA and CD36 and SR-A1 receptor mRNAs. Exposure of M2 macrophages to MPA also stimulated expression of 27-hydroxylase, while downregulating all evaluated scavenger receptors. In contrast, CsA had no impact on cholesterol efflux in M0 and M1 macrophages, but significantly augmented expression of ABCA1 and 27-hydroxylase in M2 macrophages. CsA significantly increased expression of the LOX1 receptor in naïve macrophages, downregulated expression of CD36 and SR-A1 in the M1 subpopulation and upregulated expression of all evaluated scavenger receptors. However, CsA enhanced foam cell transformation in M0 and M2 macrophages, while MPA had no effect on foam cell formation unless used at a high concentration in the M2 subtype. CONCLUSIONS Our results clearly underline the importance of further evaluation of the effects of these drugs when used in atherosclerosis-prone patients with autoimmune or renal disease.
Collapse
|
8
|
Rendic SP, Peter Guengerich F. Human cytochrome P450 enzymes 5-51 as targets of drugs and natural and environmental compounds: mechanisms, induction, and inhibition - toxic effects and benefits. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 50:256-342. [PMID: 30717606 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2018.1483401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (P450, CYP) enzymes have long been of interest due to their roles in the metabolism of drugs, pesticides, pro-carcinogens, and other xenobiotic chemicals. They have also been of interest due to their very critical roles in the biosynthesis and metabolism of steroids, vitamins, and certain eicosanoids. This review covers the 22 (of the total of 57) human P450s in Families 5-51 and their substrate selectivity. Furthermore, included is information and references regarding inducibility, inhibition, and (in some cases) stimulation by chemicals. We update and discuss important aspects of each of these 22 P450s and questions that remain open.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- b Department of Biochemistry , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , TN , USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Afroz F, Jonkman E, Hua J, Kist A, Zhou Y, Sokoya EM, Padbury R, Nieuwenhuijs V, Barritt G. Evidence that decreased expression of sinusoidal bile acid transporters accounts for the inhibition by rapamycin of bile flow recovery following liver ischemia. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 838:91-106. [PMID: 30179613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rapamycin is employed as an immunosuppressant following organ transplant and, in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, to inhibit cancer cell regrowth following liver surgery. Preconditioning the liver with rapamycin to induce the expression of antioxidant enzymes is a potential strategy to reduce ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury. However, pre-treatment with rapamycin inhibits bile flow, especially following ischemia. The aim was to investigate the mechanisms involved in this inhibition. In a rat model of segmental hepatic ischemia and reperfusion, acute administration of rapamycin by intravenous injection did not inhibit the basal rate of bile flow. Pre-treatment of rats with rapamycin for 24 h by intraperitoneal injection inhibited the expression of mRNA encoding the sinusoidal influx transporters Ntcp, Oatp1 and 2 and the canalicular efflux transporter Bsep, and increased expression of canalicular Mrp2. Dose-response curves for the actions of rapamycin on the expression of Bsep and Ntcp in cultured rat hepatocytes were biphasic, and monophasic for effects on Oatp1. In cultured tumorigenic H4IIE liver cells, several bile acid transporters were not expressed, or were expressed at very low levels compared to hepatocytes. In H4IIE cells, rapamycin increased expression of Ntcp, Oatp1 and Mrp2, but decreased expression of Oatp2. It is concluded that the inhibition of bile flow recovery following ischemia observed in rapamycin-treated livers is principally due to inhibition of the expression of sinusoidal bile acid transporters. Moreover, in tumorigenic liver tissue the contribution of tumorigenic hepatocytes to total liver bile flow is likely to be small and is unlikely to be greatly affected by rapamycin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Afroz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Flinders Medical Centre and School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Els Jonkman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Flinders Medical Centre and School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jin Hua
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Flinders Medical Centre and School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alwyn Kist
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Flinders Medical Centre and School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Yabin Zhou
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Flinders Medical Centre and School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Elke M Sokoya
- Department of Human Physiology, Flinders Medical Centre and School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Robert Padbury
- The HPB and Liver Transplant Unit, Flinders Medical Centre and School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Greg Barritt
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Flinders Medical Centre and School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kappus M, Abdelmalek M. De Novo and Recurrence of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis After Liver Transplantation. Clin Liver Dis 2017; 21:321-335. [PMID: 28364816 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in developing countries. Approximately 25% of patients with NAFLD develop nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NASH-related cirrhosis is now a leading listing indication for liver transplantation in the United States. Although posttransplant survival for NASH-related cirrhosis is comparable with that of other liver diseases, many patients have features of metabolic syndrome, which can contribute to a recurrence of NAFLD or NASH. This article reviews the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of de novo and recurrence of NASH after liver transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Kappus
- Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, 40 Duke Medicine Circle, PO Box 3913, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Manal Abdelmalek
- Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, 40 Duke Medicine Circle, PO Box 3913, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Haller ST, Yan Y, Drummond CA, Xie J, Tian J, Kennedy DJ, Shilova VY, Xie Z, Liu J, Cooper CJ, Malhotra D, Shapiro JI, Fedorova OV, Bagrov AY. Rapamycin Attenuates Cardiac Fibrosis in Experimental Uremic Cardiomyopathy by Reducing Marinobufagenin Levels and Inhibiting Downstream Pro-Fibrotic Signaling. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:JAHA.116.004106. [PMID: 27694325 PMCID: PMC5121507 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.004106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental uremic cardiomyopathy causes cardiac fibrosis and is causally related to the increased circulating levels of the cardiotonic steroid, marinobufagenin (MBG), which signals through Na/K-ATPase. Rapamycin is an inhibitor of the serine/threonine kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) implicated in the progression of many different forms of renal disease. Given that Na/K-ATPase signaling is known to stimulate the mTOR system, we speculated that the ameliorative effects of rapamycin might influence this pathway. METHODS AND RESULTS Biosynthesis of MBG by cultured human JEG-3 cells is initiated by CYP27A1, which is also a target for rapamycin. It was demonstrated that 1 μmol/L of rapamycin inhibited production of MBG in human JEG-2 cells. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to either partial nephrectomy (PNx), infusion of MBG, and/or infusion of rapamycin through osmotic minipumps. PNx animals showed marked increase in plasma MBG levels (1025±60 vs 377±53 pmol/L; P<0.01), systolic blood pressure (169±1 vs 111±1 mm Hg; P<0.01), and cardiac fibrosis compared to controls. Plasma MBG levels were significantly decreased in PNx-rapamycin animals compared to PNx (373±46 vs 1025±60 pmol/L; P<0.01), and cardiac fibrosis was substantially attenuated by rapamycin treatment. CONCLUSIONS Rapamycin treatment in combination with MBG infusion significantly attenuated cardiac fibrosis. Our results suggest that rapamycin may have a dual effect on cardiac fibrosis through (1) mTOR inhibition and (2) inhibiting MBG-mediated profibrotic signaling and provide support for beneficial effect of a novel therapy for uremic cardiomyopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven T Haller
- University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH
| | - Yanling Yan
- Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV
| | | | - Joe Xie
- University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH
| | - Jiang Tian
- University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH
| | - David J Kennedy
- University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH
| | - Victoria Y Shilova
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD
| | - Zijian Xie
- Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV
| | - Jiang Liu
- Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV
| | | | - Deepak Malhotra
- University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH
| | - Joseph I Shapiro
- Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV
| | - Olga V Fedorova
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD
| | - Alexei Y Bagrov
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rapamycin negatively impacts insulin signaling, glucose uptake and uncoupling protein-1 in brown adipocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1929-1941. [PMID: 27686967 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
New onset diabetes after transplantation (NODAT) is a metabolic disorder that affects 40% of patients on immunosuppressive agent (IA) treatment, such as rapamycin (also known as sirolimus). IAs negatively modulate insulin action in peripheral tissues including skeletal muscle, liver and white fat. However, the effects of IAs on insulin sensitivity and thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) have not been investigated. We have analyzed the impact of rapamycin on insulin signaling, thermogenic gene-expression and mitochondrial respiration in BAT. Treatment of brown adipocytes with rapamycin for 16h significantly decreased insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) protein expression and insulin-mediated protein kinase B (Akt) phosphorylation. Consequently, both insulin-induced glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) translocation to the plasma membrane and glucose uptake were decreased. Early activation of the N-terminal Janus activated kinase (JNK) was also observed, thereby increasing IRS1 Ser 307 phosphorylation. These effects of rapamycin on insulin signaling in brown adipocytes were partly prevented by a JNK inhibitor. In vivo treatment of rats with rapamycin for three weeks abolished insulin-mediated Akt phosphorylation in BAT. Rapamycin also inhibited norepinephrine (NE)-induced lipolysis, the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) and uncoupling protein (UCP)-1 in brown adipocytes. Importantly, basal mitochondrial respiration, proton leak and maximal respiratory capacity were significantly decreased in brown adipocytes treated with rapamycin. In conclusion, we demonstrate, for the first time the important role of brown adipocytes as target cells of rapamycin, suggesting that insulin resistance in BAT might play a major role in NODAT development.
Collapse
|
13
|
Bamgbola O. Metabolic consequences of modern immunosuppressive agents in solid organ transplantation. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2016; 7:110-27. [PMID: 27293540 PMCID: PMC4892400 DOI: 10.1177/2042018816641580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Among other factors, sophistication of immunosuppressive (IS) regimen accounts for the remarkable success attained in the short- and medium-term solid organ transplant (SOT) survival. The use of steroids, mycophenolate mofetil and calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) have led to annual renal graft survival rates exceeding 90% in the last six decades. On the other hand, attrition rates of the allograft beyond the first year have remained unchanged. In addition, there is a persistent high cardiovascular (CV) mortality rate among transplant recipients with functioning grafts. These shortcomings are in part due to the metabolic effects of steroids, CNI and sirolimus (SRL), all of which are implicated in hypertension, new onset diabetes after transplant (NODAT), and dyslipidemia. In a bid to reduce the required amount of harmful maintenance agents, T-cell-depleting antibodies are increasingly used for induction therapy. The downsides to their use are greater incidence of opportunistic viral infections and malignancy. On the other hand, inadequate immunosuppression causes recurrent rejection episodes and therefore early-onset chronic allograft dysfunction. In addition to the adverse metabolic effects of the steroid rescue needed in these settings, the generated proinflammatory milieu may promote accelerated atherosclerotic disorders, thus setting up a vicious cycle. The recent availability of newer agent, belatacept holds a promise in reducing the incidence of metabolic disorders and hopefully its long-term CV consequences. Although therapeutic drug monitoring as applied to CNI may be helpful, pharmacodynamic tools are needed to promote a customized selection of IS agents that offer the most benefit to an individual without jeopardizing the allograft survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatoyin Bamgbola
- State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203-2098, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver transplantation is a treatment of choice for both acute and chronic liver failure. Accompanied with the increase of long-term survival rates of recipients, metabolic syndrome and its individual components, including obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension and hyperlipidemia, have become more frequent post liver transplantation. Here we reviewed the literature concerning the risk factors for the development of metabolic complications in liver recipients. DATA SOURCES PubMed was searched for English-language articles published from January 2000 to June 2015. The search criteria focused on risk factors for metabolic syndrome after liver transplantation. RESULT The risk factors of metabolic syndrome in liver recipients include older age, obesity, pre-transplantation diabetes mellitus, hepatitis C virus infection, certain genetic polymorphisms and the use of immunosuppressive drugs. CONCLUSION Active intervention of the risk factors will reduce the occurrence rate of metabolic syndrome after liver transplantation and improve the recipients' quality of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pantano F, Santoni M, Procopio G, Rizzo M, Iacovelli R, Porta C, Conti A, Lugini A, Milella M, Galli L, Ortega C, Guida FM, Silletta M, Schinzari G, Verzoni E, Modica D, Crucitti P, Rauco A, Felici A, Ballatore V, Cascinu S, Tonini G, Carteni G, Russo A, Santini D. The changes of lipid metabolism in advanced renal cell carcinoma patients treated with everolimus: a new pharmacodynamic marker? PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120427. [PMID: 25885920 PMCID: PMC4401714 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Everolimus is a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor approved for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). We aimed to assess the association between the baseline values and treatmentrelated modifications of total serum cholesterol (C), triglycerides (T), body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose level (FBG) and blood pressure (BP) levels and the outcome of patients treated with everolimus for mRCC. Methods 177 patients were included in this retrospective analysis. Time to progression (TTP), clinical benefit (CB) and overall survival (OS) were evaluated. Results Basal BMI was significantly higher in patients who experienced a CB (p=0,0145). C,T and C+T raises were significantly associated with baseline BMI (p=0.0412, 0.0283 and 0.0001). Median TTP was significantly longer in patients with T raise compared to patients without T (10 vs 6, p=0.030), C (8 vs 5, p=0.042) and C+T raise (10.9 vs 5.0, p=0.003). At the multivariate analysis, only C+T increase was associated with improved TTP (p=0.005). T raise (21.0 vs 14.0, p=0.002) and C+T increase (21.0 vs 14.0, p=0.006) were correlated with improved OS but were not significant at multivariate analysis. Conclusion C+T raise is an early predictor for everolimus efficacy for patients with mRCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Pantano
- Department of Medical Oncology, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Santoni
- Department of Medical Oncology, AOU Ospedali Riuniti, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Piazza Roma, 22,60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Procopio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Giacomo Venezian, 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Mimma Rizzo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cardarelli Hospital, Via A. Cardarelli 9, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Iacovelli
- Department of Oncology, Oncology Unit B, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Camillo Porta
- Department of Medical Oncology, I.R.C.C.S. San Matteo University Hospital Foundation, Viale Camillo Golgi, 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Conti
- Department of Clinical and Specialist Sciences, Urology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Piazza Roma, 22, 60121, Ancona, Italy
| | - Antonio Lugini
- Department of Medical Oncology, San Camillo De Lellis Hospital, Via John Fitzgerald Kennedy, 17, 02100 Rieti, Italy
| | - Michele Milella
- Department of Medical Oncology, Medical Oncology A, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi, 53, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Galli
- Department of Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, Via Roma, 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Cinzia Ortega
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research & Treatment (IRCC), Strada Provinciale, 142, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Francesco Maria Guida
- Department of Medical Oncology, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Marianna Silletta
- Department of Medical Oncology, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Schinzari
- Department of Medical Oncology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Agostino Gemelli, 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Verzoni
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Giacomo Venezian, 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Modica
- Department of Oncology, Oncology Unit B, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Pierfilippo Crucitti
- Department of Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Annamaria Rauco
- Department of Medical Oncology, San Camillo De Lellis Hospital, Via John Fitzgerald Kennedy, 17, 02100 Rieti, Italy
| | - Alessandra Felici
- Department of Medical Oncology, Medical Oncology A, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi, 53, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Ballatore
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research & Treatment (IRCC), Strada Provinciale, 142, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Stefano Cascinu
- Department of Medical Oncology, AOU Ospedali Riuniti, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Piazza Roma, 22,60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tonini
- Department of Medical Oncology, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Carteni
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cardarelli Hospital, Via A. Cardarelli 9, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Russo
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniele Santini
- Department of Medical Oncology, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lopes PC, Fuhrmann A, Sereno J, Espinoza DO, Pereira MJ, Eriksson JW, Reis F, Carvalho E. Short and long term in vivo effects of Cyclosporine A and Sirolimus on genes and proteins involved in lipid metabolism in Wistar rats. Metabolism 2014; 63:702-15. [PMID: 24656168 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cyclosporine A (CsA) and sirolimus (SRL) are immunosuppressive agents (IA) associated with new onset diabetes after transplantation and dyslipidemia. We aim to evaluate the molecular effects of CsA (5mg/kg/day) and SRL (1mg/kg/day) treatment for 3 and 9weeks on lipid metabolism, in Wistar rats. MATERIALS/METHODS Lipolysis was evaluated in isolated adipocytes, while triglycerides (TG) and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) were measured in serum. Gene and protein expression involved in lipid metabolism was assessed in adipose tissue and liver. RESULTS CsA and SRL treatments of rats for 3 and 9weeks increased isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis by 5-9 fold and 4-6 fold in isolated adipocytes, respectively. While CsA increased adipocyte weight and diameter, as well as NEFA and TG levels in circulation after 9weeks, SRL treatment caused ectopic deposition of TG in the liver after 3weeks. Moreover, ACC1 and FAS protein expression was increased after 3weeks (>100%, p<0.01), while HSL was increased after 9weeks of CsA treatment. On the other hand, SRL decreased the expression of lipogenic genes, including ACC1 (50%, p<0.05), lipin1 (25%, p<0.05), PPAR-γ (42%, p<0.05) and SCD1 (80%, p<0.001) in adipose tissue, after 3weeks of treatment. CONCLUSION The effects of both IAs on expression of lipolytic and lipogenic genes suggest that these agents influence lipid metabolism, thus contributing to the dyslipidemia observed during immunosuppressive therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia C Lopes
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Amelia Fuhrmann
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Sereno
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Heath-ICNAS, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Daniel O Espinoza
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria João Pereira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan W Eriksson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Flávio Reis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Eugenia Carvalho
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000-517 Coimbra, Portugal; The Portuguese Diabetes Association (APDP-ERC), 1250 203 Lisbon, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lopes P, Fuhrmann A, Sereno J, Pereira MJ, Nunes P, Pedro J, Melão A, Reis F, Carvalho E. Effects of cyclosporine and sirolimus on insulin-stimulated glucose transport and glucose tolerance in a rat model. Transplant Proc 2013; 45:1142-8. [PMID: 23622647 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cyclosporine (CsA) and sirolimus (SRL) have been associated with undesirable side effects, including posttransplantation diabetes and hyperlipidemia, but the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects remain to be elucidated. Animal studies focusing on clinically relevant doses are advised. This study sought to compare the metabolic effects on isolated rat adipocytes treated with either CsA or SRL ex vivo and after long-term in vivo treatment in Wistar rats. We assessed the ex vivo effects of CsA (0.5-30 μmol/L) and SRL (1-250 μmol/L) on insulin-stimulated (14)C-glucose uptake in epididymal adipocytes (n = 6-9). In parallel, rats (n = 12) were treated with either vehicle, CsA (5 mg/kg/d) or SRL (1 mg/kg/d) for either 3 or 9 weeks. At the end of the treatment, glucose tolerance test (GTT) and insulin-stimulated (14)C-glucose uptake as well as biochemical parameters were analyzed. A significant reduction in the insulin-stimulated glucose uptake over basal was observed among isolated adipocytes, whether exposed ex vivo or in vivo to CsA or SRL treatment. Furthermore, the SRL group showed significantly lighter fat pads and smaller adipocytes at 3 weeks with a smaller gain in body weight throughout the study compared with either the vehicle or CsA cohorts. Glucose intolerance was observed after a GTT, at the end of the treatment with either drug. Additionally, at 9 weeks serum triglycerides were increased by CsA compared with vehicle or SRL treatment. Interestingly, although SRL-treated animals presented higher fed and fasted insulin levels compared with either group, suggesting insulin resistance, the CsA group presented lower fed and fasted insulin values, suggesting a defect in insulin secretion at 9 weeks. These results suggested that either ex vivo treatment of fat cells or in vivo treatment of rats with CsA or SRL impaired insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by adipocytes. Both drugs caused glucose intolerance, which altogether could be responsible for the development of posttransplantation diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Lopes
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zanotti I, Greco D, Lusardi G, Zimetti F, Potì F, Arnaboldi L, Corsini A, Bernini F. Cyclosporine A impairs the macrophage reverse cholesterol transport in mice by reducing sterol fecal excretion. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71572. [PMID: 23951193 PMCID: PMC3739729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the efficacy in reducing acute rejection events in organ transplanted subjects, long term therapy with cyclosporine A is associated with increased atherosclerotic cardiovascular morbidity. We studied whether this drug affects the antiatherogenic process of the reverse cholesterol transport from macrophages in vivo. Cyclosporine A 50 mg/kg/d was administered to C57BL/6 mice by subcutaneous injection for 14 days. Macrophage reverse cholesterol transport was assessed by following [3H]-cholesterol mobilization from pre-labeled intraperitoneally injected macrophages, expressing or not apolipoprotein E, to plasma, liver and feces. The pharmacological treatment significantly reduced the amount of radioactive sterols in the feces, independently on the expression of apolipoprotein E in the macrophages injected into recipient mice and in absence of changes of plasma levels of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Gene expression analysis revealed that cyclosporine A inhibited the hepatic levels of cholesterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase, concomitantly with the increase in hepatic and intestinal expression of ATP Binding Cassette G5. However, the in vivo relevance of the last observation was challenged by the demonstration that mice treated or not with cyclosporine A showed the same levels of circulating beta-sitosterol. These results indicate that treatment of mice with cyclosporine A impaired the macrophage reverse cholesterol transport by reducing fecal sterol excretion, possibly through the inhibition of cholesterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase expression. The current observation may provide a potential mechanism for the high incidence of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease following the immunosuppressant therapy in organ transplanted recipients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Zanotti
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Robien K, Oppeneer SJ, Kelly JA, Hamilton-Reeves JM. Drug-vitamin D interactions: a systematic review of the literature. Nutr Clin Pract 2013; 28:194-208. [PMID: 23307906 DOI: 10.1177/0884533612467824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive media coverage of the potential health benefits of vitamin D supplementation has translated into substantial increases in supplement sales over recent years. Yet, the potential for drug-vitamin D interactions is rarely considered. This systematic review of the literature was conducted to evaluate the extent to which drugs affect vitamin D status or supplementation alters drug effectiveness or toxicity in humans. Electronic databases were used to identify eligible peer-reviewed studies published through September 1, 2010. Study characteristics and findings were abstracted, and quality was assessed for each study. A total of 109 unique reports met the inclusion criteria. The majority of eligible studies were classified as class C (nonrandomized trials, case-control studies, or time series) or D (cross-sectional, trend, case report/series, or before-and-after studies). Only 2 class C and 3 class D studies were of positive quality. Insufficient evidence was available to determine whether lipase inhibitors, antimicrobial agents, antiepileptic drugs, highly active antiretroviral agents, or H2 receptor antagonists alter serum 25(OH)D concentrations. Atorvastatin appears to increase 25(OH)D concentrations, whereas concurrent vitamin D supplementation decreases concentrations of atorvastatin. Use of thiazide diuretics in combination with calcium and vitamin D supplements may cause hypercalcemia in the elderly or those with compromised renal function or hyperparathyroidism. Larger studies with stronger study designs are needed to clarify potential drug-vitamin D interactions, especially for drugs metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). Healthcare providers should be aware of the potential for drug-vitamin D interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Robien
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
The mammalian target of rapamycin regulates cholesterol biosynthetic gene expression and exhibits a rapamycin-resistant transcriptional profile. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:15201-6. [PMID: 21876130 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1103746108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central regulator of cell growth and proliferation in response to growth factor and nutrient signaling. Consequently, this kinase is implicated in metabolic diseases including cancer and diabetes, so there is great interest in understanding the complete spectrum of mTOR-regulated networks. mTOR exists in two functionally distinct complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, and whereas the natural product rapamycin inhibits only a subset of mTORC1 functions, recently developed ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitors have revealed new roles for both complexes. A number of studies have highlighted mTORC1 as a regulator of lipid homeostasis. We show that the ATP-competitive inhibitor PP242, but not rapamycin, significantly down-regulates cholesterol biosynthesis genes in a 4E-BP1-dependent manner in NIH 3T3 cells, whereas S6 kinase 1 is the dominant regulator in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. To identify other rapamycin-resistant transcriptional outputs of mTOR, we compared the expression profiles of NIH 3T3 cells treated with rapamycin versus PP242. PP242 caused 1,666 genes to be differentially expressed whereas rapamycin affected only 88 genes. Our analysis provides a genomewide view of the transcriptional outputs of mTOR signaling that are insensitive to rapamycin.
Collapse
|
21
|
Ning YX, Ren SL, Zhao FD, Yin LH. Overexpression of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein increases the expression of ATP-binding cassette transporters in microvascular endothelial cells (bEnd.3). J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2010; 11:350-6. [PMID: 20443213 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b0900369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) overexpression on the levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1) in an endothelial cell line (bEnd.3). METHODS The StAR gene was induced in bEnd.3 cells with adenovirus infection. The infection efficiency was detected by fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) and fluorescence microscopy. The expressions of StAR gene and protein levels were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot. The gene and protein levels of ABCA1 and ABCG1 were detected by real-time PCR and Western blot after StAR overexpression. RESULTS The result shows that StAR was successfully overexpressed in bEnd.3 cells by adenovirus infection. The mRNA and protein expressions of ABCA1 and ABCG1 were greatly increased by StAR overexpression in bEnd.3 cells. CONCLUSION Overexpression of StAR increases ABCA1 and ABCG1 expressions in endothelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Xia Ning
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kockx M, Jessup W, Kritharides L. Cyclosporin A and atherosclerosis--cellular pathways in atherogenesis. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 128:106-18. [PMID: 20598751 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cyclosporin A (CsA) is an immunosuppressant drug widely used in organ transplant recipients and people with autoimmune disorders. Long term treatment with CsA is associated with many side effects including hyperlipidemia and an increased risk of atherosclerosis. While its immunosuppressive effects are closely linked to its effects on T cell activation via the inhibition of the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) pathway, the precise mechanisms underlying its cardiovascular effects appear to involve multiple pathways additional to those relevant for immunosuppression. These include inhibition of calcineurin activity and intracellular cyclophilin peptidylprolyl isomerase and chaperone activities, inhibition of pro-inflammatory extracellular cyclophilin A, and NFAT-independent transcriptional effects. CsA demonstrates complex effects on lipoprotein metabolism and bile acid production, and affects endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and macrophages, all of which are critical to the atherosclerotic process. Interpretation of the available data is hampered as many experimental models are used to study the effects of CsA in vivo and in vitro, leading to diverse and often contradictory findings. In this review we will describe the cellular mechanisms related to CsA-induced hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis, with a focus on identifying pro-atherogenic pathways that are distinct from those relevant to its immunosuppressant effects. The potential of CsA analogues to avoid such sequelae will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Kockx
- Macrophage Biology Group, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ma KL, Varghese Z, Ku Y, Powis SH, Chen Y, Moorhead JF, Ruan XZ. Sirolimus inhibits endogenous cholesterol synthesis induced by inflammatory stress in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 298:H1646-51. [PMID: 20348217 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00492.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory stress accelerates the progression of atherosclerosis. Sirolimus, a new immunosuppressive agent, has been shown to have pleiotropic antiatherosclerotic effects. In this study we hypothesized that sirolimus inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR)-mediated cholesterol synthesis in human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) under inflammatory stress. Using radioactive assay, we demonstrated that sirolimus inhibited the increase of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta)-induced cholesterol synthesis in VSMCs. Further studies showed that sirolimus inhibited both the HMGR gene and protein expression in VSMCs treated with or without IL-1beta. These effects were mediated by inhibiting the gene expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 (SREBP-2) and SREBP-2 cleavage-activating protein (SCAP) as checked by real-time PCR, Western blot analysis, and confocal microscopy for the observation of decreased protein translocation of the SCAP/SREBP-2 complex from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi. Insulin-induced gene-1 (Insig-1) is a key ER protein controlling the feedback regulation of HMGR at transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. We demonstrated that sirolimus increased Insig-1 expression which may bind to the SCAP, preventing the exit of SCAP-SREBP complexes from the ER. The increased Insig-1 also accelerated HMGR protein degradation in VSMCs as shown by pulse-chase analysis. In conclusion, sirolimus inhibits cholesterol synthesis induced by inflammatory stress through the downregulation of HMGR expression and the acceleration of HMGR protein degradation. These findings may improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the antiatherosclerosis properties of sirolimus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun L Ma
- Centre for Nephrology, Univ. College London Medical School, Royal Free campus, Rowland Hill St., London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Jennen DGJ, Magkoufopoulou C, Ketelslegers HB, van Herwijnen MHM, Kleinjans JCS, van Delft JHM. Comparison of HepG2 and HepaRG by Whole-Genome Gene Expression Analysis for the Purpose of Chemical Hazard Identification. Toxicol Sci 2010; 115:66-79. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
25
|
Abstract
Lipid abnormalities are a common complication of kidney transplantation, occurring in up to 60% of patients. In fact, impairment of lipid metabolism is often present before renal transplantation due to the uremic state. After transplantation and recovery of renal function, lipid disturbances usually persist but show a different profile due to the various effects of immunosuppressive drugs on lipid metabolism. Actually, steroids, calcineurin inhibitors, and mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors usually lead to quantitative and qualitative abnormalities of very low-density, low-density, and high-density lipoproteins. As cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death in renal transplant recipients, management of dyslipidemia and other traditional risk factors, such as smoking, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity, is of great importance to prevent cardiovascular complications and chronic allograft dysfunction. This review addresses the causes of dyslipidemia, the role of immunosuppressive drugs, and current recommendations to manage lipid disorders in renal transplant recipients.
Collapse
|
26
|
Liu Z, Rudd MD, Hernandez-Gonzalez I, Gonzalez-Robayna I, Fan HY, Zeleznik AJ, Richards JS. FSH and FOXO1 regulate genes in the sterol/steroid and lipid biosynthetic pathways in granulosa cells. Mol Endocrinol 2009; 23:649-61. [PMID: 19196834 DOI: 10.1210/me.2008-0412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The forkhead box transcription factor FOXO1 is highly expressed in granulosa cells of growing follicles but is down-regulated by FSH in culture or by LH-induced luteinization in vivo. To analyze the function of FOXO1, we infected rat and mouse granulosa cells with adenoviral vectors expressing two FOXO1 mutants: a gain-of-function mutant FOXOA3 that has two serine residues and one threonine residue mutated to alanines rendering this protein constitutively active and nuclear and FOXOA3-mutant DNA-binding domain (mDBD) in which the DBD is mutated. The infected cells were then treated with vehicle or FSH for specific time intervals. Infection of the granulosa cells was highly efficient, caused only minimal apoptosis, and maintained FOXO1 protein at levels of the endogenous protein observed in cells before exposure to FSH. RNA was prepared from control and adenoviral infected cells exposed to vehicle or FSH for 12 and 24 h. Affymetrix microarray and database analyses identified, and real time RT-PCR verified, that genes within the lipid, sterol, and steroidogenic biosynthetic pathways (Hmgcs1, Hmgcr, Mvk, Sqle, Lss, Cyp51, Tm7sf2, Dhcr24 and Star, Cyp11a1, and Cyp19), including two key transcriptional regulators Srebf1 and Srebf2 of cholesterol biosynthesis and steroidogenesis (Nr5a1, Nr5a2), were major targets induced by FSH and suppressed by FOXOA3 and FOXOA3-mDBD in the cultured granulosa cells. By contrast, FOXOA3 and FOXOA3-mDBD induced expression of Cyp27a1 mRNA that encodes an enzyme involved in cholesterol catabolism to oxysterols. The genes up-regulated by FSH in cultured granulosa cells were also induced in granulosa cells of preovulatory follicles and corpora lutea collected from immature mice primed with FSH (equine choriogonadotropin) and LH (human choriogonadotropin), respectively. Conversely, Foxo1 and Cyp27a1 mRNAs were reduced by these same treatments. Collectively, these data provide novel evidence that FOXO1 may play a key role in granulosa cells to modulate lipid and sterol biosynthesis, thereby preventing elevated steroidogenesis during early stages of follicle development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhilin Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
|
28
|
Ning Y, Bai Q, Lu H, Li X, Pandak WM, Zhao F, Chen S, Ren S, Yin L. Overexpression of mitochondrial cholesterol delivery protein, StAR, decreases intracellular lipids and inflammatory factors secretion in macrophages. Atherosclerosis 2008; 204:114-20. [PMID: 18945429 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2008] [Revised: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/01/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is one of the most important risk factors for atherosclerosis. This can be amplified by a localized inflammatory response mediated by macrophages. Macrophages are capable of taking up excess cholesterol, and it is well known that delivery of cholesterol to the mitochondria by steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein is the rate-limiting step for cholesterol degradation in the liver. It has also been shown that overexpression of StAR in hepatocytes dramatically increases the amount of regulatory oxysterols in the nucleus, which play an important role in the maintenance of intracellular lipid homeostasis. The goal of the present study was to determine whether StAR plays a similar role in macrophages. We have found that overexpression of StAR in human THP-1 monocyte-derived macrophages decreases intracellular lipid levels, activates liver X receptor alpha (LXRalpha) and proliferation peroxysome activator receptor gamma (PPARgamma), and increases ABCG1 and CYP27A1 expression. Furthermore, it reduces the secretion of inflammatory factors, and prevents apoptosis. These results suggest that StAR delivers cholesterol to mitochondria where regulatory oxysterols are generated. Regulatory oxysterols can in turn activate nuclear receptors, which increase expression of cholesterol efflux transporters, and decrease secretion of inflammatory factors. These effects can prevent macrophage apoptosis. These results imply a potential role of StAR in the prevention of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Ning
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Rapamycin down-regulates LDL-receptor expression independently of SREBP-2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 373:670-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.06.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|