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Eteläinen TS, Kilpeläinen TP, Ignatius A, Auno S, De Lorenzo F, Uhari-Väänänen JK, Julku UH, Myöhänen TT. Removal of proteinase K resistant αSyn species does not correlate with cell survival in a virus vector-based Parkinson's disease mouse model. Neuropharmacology 2022; 218:109213. [PMID: 35964686 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons and accumulation of α-synuclein (αSyn) as Lewy bodies. Currently, there is no disease-modifying therapy available for PD. We have shown that a small molecular inhibitor for prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP), KYP-2047, relieves αSyn-induced toxicity in various PD models by inducing autophagy and preventing αSyn aggregation. In this study, we wanted to study the effects of PREP inhibition on different αSyn species by using cell culture and in vivo models. We used Neuro2A cells with transient αSyn overexpression and oxidative stress or proteasomal inhibition-induced αSyn aggregation to assess the effect of KYP-2047 on soluble αSyn oligomers and on cell viability. Here, the levels of soluble αSyn were measured by using ELISA, and the impact of KYP-2047 was compared to anle138b, nilotinib and deferiprone. To evaluate the effect of KYP-2047 on αSyn fibrillization in vivo, we used unilateral nigral AAV1/2-A53T-αSyn mouse model, where the KYP-2047 treatment was initiated two- or four-weeks post injection. KYP-2047 and anle138b protected cells from αSyn toxicity but interestingly, KYP-2047 did not reduce soluble αSyn oligomers. In AAV-A53T-αSyn mouse model, KYP-2047 reduced significantly proteinase K-resistant αSyn oligomers and oxidative damage related to αSyn aggregation. However, the KYP-2047 treatment that was initiated at the time of symptom onset, failed to protect the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Our results emphasize the importance of whole αSyn aggregation process in the pathology of PD and raise an important question about the forms of αSyn that are reasonable targets for PD drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony S Eteläinen
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tommi P Kilpeläinen
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Adele Ignatius
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Samuli Auno
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Francesca De Lorenzo
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna K Uhari-Väänänen
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulrika H Julku
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo T Myöhänen
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland; School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Finland.
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2
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Zolotov NN, Schepetkin IA, Voronina TA, Pozdnev VF, Khlebnikov AI, Krylova IV, Quinn MT. Therapeutic Effect of Novel Cyanopyrrolidine-Based Prolyl Oligopeptidase Inhibitors in Rat Models of Amnesia. Front Chem 2022; 9:780958. [PMID: 35004610 PMCID: PMC8727363 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.780958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) is a large cytosolic serine peptidase that is altered in patients with Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinsonian syndrome, muscular dystrophies, and other denervating diseases. Thus, POP may represent a relevant therapeutic target for treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we report the characterization of five novel cyanopyrrolidine-based compounds (BocTrpPrdN, BocGlyPrdN, CbzMetPrdN, CbzGlnPrdN, and CbzAlaPrdN) and show that they are potent inhibitors of POP and are predicted to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Indeed, we show that CbzMetPrdN penetrates the rat BBB and effectively inhibits POP in the brain when administered intraperitoneally. Furthermore, molecular modeling confirmed these compounds likely inhibit POP via interaction with the POP catalytic site. We evaluated protective effects of the cyanopyrrolidine-based POP inhibitors using scopolamine- and maximal electroshock-induced models of amnesia in rats and showed that BocTrpPrdN, BocGlyPrdN, CbzMetPrdN, and CbzGlnPrdN significantly prolonged conditioned passive avoidance reflex (CPAR) retention time when administered intraperitoneally (1 and 2 mg/kg) before evaluation in both models of amnesia, although CbzAlaPrdN was not effective in scopolamine-induced amnesia. Our data support previous reports on the antiamnesic effects of prolinal-based POP inhibitors and indicate an important role of POP in the regulation of learning and memory processes in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Igor A Schepetkin
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | | | | | - Andrei I Khlebnikov
- Kizhner Research Center, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia.,Institute of Pharmacy, Altai State Medical University, Barnaul, Russia
| | | | - Mark T Quinn
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
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3
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Ali I, Van Eetveldt A, Van Elzen R, Kalathil Raju T, Van Der Veken P, Lambeir A, Dedeurwaerdere S. Spatiotemporal expression and inhibition of prolyl oligopeptidase contradict its involvement in key pathologic mechanisms of kainic acid-induced temporal lobe epilepsy in rats. Epilepsia Open 2019; 4:92-101. [PMID: 30868119 PMCID: PMC6398098 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) has been implicated in neuroinflammatory processes and neuroplasticity and has been suggested as a target for the treatment of neurodegenerative disease. The aim of this investigation was to explore the involvement of PREP in the neuropathologic mechanisms relevant to temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) using a PREP inhibitor in a well-established rat model. METHODS PREP activity and expression was studied in Sprague-Dawley rats 2 and 12 weeks following kainic acid-induced status epilepticus (KASE). Continuous video-electroencephalography monitoring was performed for 2 weeks in the 12-week cohort to identify a relationship of PREP expression/activity with epileptic seizures. In addition, the animals included in the 2-week time point were treated with a specific inhibitor of PREP, KYP-2047, or saline continuously, starting immediately after SE. PREP activity and its expression were analyzed in rat brain by using enzyme kinetics and western blot. In addition, markers for microglial activation, astrogliosis, cell loss, and cell proliferation were evaluated. RESULTS Enzymatic activity of PREP was unchanged following induction of SE after 2 and 12 weeks in rats. PREP activity in epileptic rats did not relate to the number of seizures/day at the 12-week time point. Moreover, continuous inhibition of PREP for 2 weeks after KASE did not alter the SE-mediated neuroinflammatory response, cell loss, or cell proliferation in the hippocampal subgranule zone measured at the 2-week time point. SIGNIFICANCE PREP inhibition does not affect key pathologic mechanisms, including activation of glial cells, cell loss, and neural progenitor cell proliferation, in this KASE model of TLE. The results do not support a direct role of PREP in seizure burden during the chronic epilepsy period in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idrish Ali
- Department of Translational NeurosciencesUniversity of AntwerpWilrijkBelgium
- Present address:
Department of MedicineUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | | | - Roos Van Elzen
- Laboratory of Medical BiochemistryUniversity of AntwerpWilrijkBelgium
| | - Tom Kalathil Raju
- Laboratory of Medical BiochemistryUniversity of AntwerpWilrijkBelgium
| | | | | | - Stefanie Dedeurwaerdere
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, VaxinfectioUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
- Present address:
UCB PharmaBraine‐l'AlleudBelgium
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4
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Romero CA, Kumar N, Nakagawa P, Worou ME, Liao TD, Peterson EL, Carretero OA. Renal release of N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline is part of an antifibrotic peptidergic system in the kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 316:F195-F203. [PMID: 30403163 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00270.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The antifibrotic peptide N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP) is released from thymosin-β4 (Tβ4) by the meprin-α and prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) enzymes and is hydrolyzed by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Ac-SDKP is present in urine; however, it is not clear whether de novo tubular release occurs or if glomerular filtration is the main source. We hypothesized that Ac-SDKP is released into the lumen of the nephrons and that it exerts an antifibrotic effect. We determined the presence of Tβ4, meprin-α, and POP in the kidneys of Sprague-Dawley rats. The stop-flow technique was used to evaluate Ac-SDKP formation in different nephron segments. Finally, we decreased Ac-SDKP formation by inhibiting the POP enzyme and evaluated the long-term effect in renal fibrosis. The Tβ4 precursor and the releasing enzymes meprin-α and POP were expressed in the kidneys. POP enzyme activity was almost double that in the renal medulla compared with the renal cortex. With the use of the stop-flow technique, we detected the highest Ac-SDKP concentrations in the distal nephron. The infusion of a POP inhibitor into the kidney decreased the amount of Ac-SDKP in distal nephron segments and in the proximal nephron to a minor extent. An ACE inhibitor increased the Ac-SDKP content in all nephron segments, but the increase was highest in the distal portion. The chronic infusion of a POP inhibitor increased kidney medullary fibrosis, which was prevented by Ac-SDKP. We conclude that Ac-SDKP is released by the nephron and is part of an important antifibrotic system in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar A Romero
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, Michigan
| | - Nitin Kumar
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, Michigan
| | - Pablo Nakagawa
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, Michigan
| | - Morel E Worou
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, Michigan
| | - Tang-Dong Liao
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, Michigan
| | - Edward L Peterson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, Michigan
| | - Oscar A Carretero
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, Michigan
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5
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Natunen TA, Gynther M, Rostalski H, Jaako K, Jalkanen AJ. Extracellular prolyl oligopeptidase derived from activated microglia is a potential neuroprotection target. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 124:40-49. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teemu A. Natunen
- Institute of Biomedicine; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - Mikko Gynther
- School of Pharmacy; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - Hannah Rostalski
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - Külli Jaako
- Department of Pharmacology; Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine; University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
| | - Aaro J. Jalkanen
- School of Pharmacy; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
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6
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Prolyl oligopeptidase and its role in the organism: attention to the most promising and clinically relevant inhibitors. Future Med Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolyl oligopeptidase (POP), also called prolyl endopeptidase, is a cytosolic enzyme investigated by several research groups. It has been proposed to play an important role in physiological processes such as modulation of the levels of several neuronal peptides and hormones containing a proline residue. Due to its proteolytic activity and physiological role in cell signaling pathways, inhibition of POP offers an emerging approach for the treatment of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases as well as other diseases related to cognitive impairment. Furthermore, it may also represent an interesting target for treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders, and as an antiangiogenesis or antineoplastic agent. In this review paper, we summarized naturally occurring POP inhibitors together with peptide-like inhibitors and their biological effects. Some of them have shown promising results and interesting pharmacological profiles. However, to date, there is no POP inhibitor available on the market although several clinical trials have been undertaken.
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7
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Männistö PT, García-Horsman JA. Mechanism of Action of Prolyl Oligopeptidase (PREP) in Degenerative Brain Diseases: Has Peptidase Activity Only a Modulatory Role on the Interactions of PREP with Proteins? Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:27. [PMID: 28261087 PMCID: PMC5306367 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the aging brain, the correct balance of neural transmission and its regulation is of particular significance, and neuropeptides have a significant role. Prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) is a protein highly expressed in brain, and evidence indicates that it is related to aging and in neurodegenration. Although PREP is regarded as a peptidase, the physiological substrates in the brain have not been defined, and after intense research, the molecular mechanisms where this protein is involved have not been defined. We propose that PREP functions as a regulator of other proteins though peptide gated direct interaction. We speculate that, at least in some processes where PREP has shown to be relevant, the peptidase activity is only a consequence of the interactions, and not the main physiological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pekka T Männistö
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Arturo García-Horsman
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
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8
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Prolyl oligopeptidase inhibition attenuates the toxicity of a proteasomal inhibitor, lactacystin, in the alpha-synuclein overexpressing cell culture. Neurosci Lett 2017; 636:83-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Prolyl Oligopeptidase Regulates Dopamine Transporter Phosphorylation in the Nigrostriatal Pathway of Mouse. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 55:470-482. [PMID: 27966077 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0339-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein is the main component of Lewy bodies, a histopathological finding of Parkinson's disease. Prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) is a serine protease that binds to α-synuclein and accelerates its aggregation in vitro. PREP enzyme inhibitors have been shown to block the α-synuclein aggregation process in vitro and in cellular models, and also to enhance the clearance of α-synuclein aggregates in transgenic mouse models. Moreover, PREP inhibitors have induced alterations in dopamine and metabolite levels, and dopamine transporter immunoreactivity in the nigrostriatal tissue. In this study, we characterized the role of PREP in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic and GABAergic systems of wild-type C57Bl/6 and PREP knockout mice, and the effects of PREP overexpression on these systems. Extracellular concentrations of dopamine and protein levels of phosphorylated dopamine transporter were increased and dopamine reuptake was decreased in the striatum of PREP knockout mice, suggesting increased internalization of dopamine transporter from the presynaptic membrane. Furthermore, PREP overexpression increased the level of dopamine transporters in the nigrostriatal tissue but decreased phosphorylated dopamine transporters in the striatum in wild-type mice. Our results suggest that PREP regulates the function of dopamine transporter, possibly by controlling the phosphorylation and transport of dopamine transporter into the striatum or synaptic membrane.
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10
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Svarcbahs R, Julku UH, Myöhänen TT. Inhibition of Prolyl Oligopeptidase Restores Spontaneous Motor Behavior in the α-Synuclein Virus Vector-Based Parkinson's Disease Mouse Model by Decreasing α-Synuclein Oligomeric Species in Mouse Brain. J Neurosci 2016; 36:12485-12497. [PMID: 27927963 PMCID: PMC6601975 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2309-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Decreased clearance of α-synuclein (aSyn) and aSyn protein misfolding and aggregation are seen as major factors in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) and other synucleinopathies that leads to disruption in neuronal function and eventually to cell death. Prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) can accelerate the aSyn aggregation process, while inhibition of PREP by a small molecule inhibitor decreases aSyn oligomer formation and enhances its clearance via autophagy in different aSyn overexpressing cell types and in transgenic PD animal models. In this study, we investigated the impact of chronic PREP inhibition by a small molecule inhibitor, 4-phenylbutanoyl-l-prolyl-2(S)-cyanopyrrolidine (KYP-2047), on aSyn oligomerization, clearance, and underlying spontaneous motor behavior in a virus vector-based aSyn overexpression mouse model 4 weeks after aSyn microinjections and after the onset of symptomatic forepaw bias. Following 4 weeks of PREP inhibition, we saw an improved spontaneous forelimb use in mice that correlated with a decreased immunoreactivity against oligomer-specific forms of aSyn. Additionally, KYP-2047 had a trend to enhance dopaminergic systems activity. Our results suggest that PREP inhibition exhibits a beneficial effect on the aSyn clearance and aggregation in a virus mediated aSyn overexpression PD mouse model and that PREP inhibitors could be a novel therapeutic strategy for synucleinopathies. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Alpha-synuclein (aSyn) has been implicated in Parkinson's disease, with aSyn aggregates believed to exert toxic effects on neurons, while prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) has been shown to interact with aSyn both in cells and cell free conditions, thus enhancing its aggregation. We demonstrate the possibility to abolish motor imbalance caused by aSyn viral vector injection with chronic 4 week PREP inhibition by a potent small-molecule PREP inhibitor, 4-phenylbutanoyl-l-prolyl-2(S)-cyanopyrrolidine (KYP-2047). Treatment was initiated postsymptomatically, 4 weeks after aSyn injection. KYP-2047-treated animals had a significantly decreased amount of oligomeric aSyn particles and improved dopamine system activity compared to control animals. To our knowledge, this is the first time viral overexpression of aSyn has been countered and movement impairments abolished after their onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinis Svarcbahs
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulrika H Julku
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo T Myöhänen
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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11
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Mariaule G, De Cesco S, Airaghi F, Kurian J, Schiavini P, Rocheleau S, Huskić I, Auclair K, Mittermaier A, Moitessier N. 3-Oxo-hexahydro-1H-isoindole-4-carboxylic Acid as a Drug Chiral Bicyclic Scaffold: Structure-Based Design and Preparation of Conformationally Constrained Covalent and Noncovalent Prolyl Oligopeptidase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2015; 59:4221-34. [PMID: 26619267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Mariaule
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Stéphane De Cesco
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Francesco Airaghi
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Jerry Kurian
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Paolo Schiavini
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Sylvain Rocheleau
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Igor Huskić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Karine Auclair
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Anthony Mittermaier
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Nicolas Moitessier
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
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12
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Savolainen MH, Yan X, Myöhänen TT, Huttunen HJ. Prolyl oligopeptidase enhances α-synuclein dimerization via direct protein-protein interaction. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:5117-5126. [PMID: 25555914 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.592931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) accelerates the aggregation of α-synuclein (aSyn), a key protein involved in development of Parkinson disease and other synucleinopathies. PREP inhibitors reduce aSyn aggregation, but the mechanism has remained unknown. We have now used protein-fragment complementation assays (PCA) and microscale thermophoresis in parallel to show that PREP interacts directly with aSyn in both intact cells and in a cell-free system. Using split luciferase-based PCA, we first showed that PREP enhances the formation of soluble aSyn dimers in live Neuro-2A neuroblastoma cells. A PREP inhibitor, KYP-2047, reduced aSyn dimerization in PREP-expressing cells but not in cells lacking PREP expression. aSyn dimerization was also enhanced by PREP(S554A), an enzymatically inactive PREP mutant, but this was not affected by KYP-2047. PCA and microscale thermophoresis studies showed that aSyn interacts with both PREP and PREP(S554A) with low micromolar affinity. Neither the proline-rich, C-terminal domain of aSyn nor the hydrolytic activity of PREP was required for the interaction with PREP. Our results show that PREP binds directly to aSyn to enhance its dimerization and may thus serve as a nucleation point for aSyn aggregation. Native gel analysis showed that KYP-2047 shifts PREP to a compact monomeric form with reduced ability to promote aSyn nucleation. As PREP inhibition also enhances autophagic clearance of aSyn, PREP inhibitors may reduce accumulation of aSyn inclusions via a dual mechanism and are thus a novel therapeutic candidate for synucleinopathies. Our results also suggest that PREP has other cellular functions in addition to its peptidase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari H Savolainen
- From the Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland and
| | - Xu Yan
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo T Myöhänen
- From the Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland and
| | - Henri J Huttunen
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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13
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Jalkanen AJ, Leikas JV, Forsberg MM. Prolyl oligopeptidase inhibition decreases extracellular acetylcholine levels in rat hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Neurosci Lett 2014; 579:110-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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Savolainen MH, Richie CT, Harvey BK, Männistö PT, Maguire-Zeiss KA, Myöhänen TT. The beneficial effect of a prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitor, KYP-2047, on alpha-synuclein clearance and autophagy in A30P transgenic mouse. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 68:1-15. [PMID: 24746855 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The misfolding and aggregation of α-synuclein (aSyn) eventually lead to an accumulation of toxic forms that disturb normal neuronal function and result in cell death. aSyn rich inclusions are seen in Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and other synucleinopathies. Prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) can accelerate the aggregation process of aSyn and the inhibition of PREP leads to a decreased amount of aggregated aSyn in cell models and in aSyn transgenic mice. In this study, we investigated the effect of 5- and 28-day PREP inhibitor (KYP-2047) treatments on a mouse strain carrying a point mutation in the aSyn coding gene. Following PREP inhibition, we found a decrease in high molecular-weight oligomeric aSyn and a concomitant increase in the amount of the autophagosome marker, LC3BII, suggesting enhanced macroautophagy (autophagy) and aSyn clearance by KYP-2047. Moreover, 28-day treatment with KYP-2047 caused significant increases in striatal dopamine levels. In cell culture, overexpression of PREP reduced the autophagy. Furthermore, the inhibition of PREP normalized the changes on autophagy markers (LC3BII and p62) caused by an autophagy inhibition or aSyn overexpression, and induced the expression of beclin 1, a positive regulator of autophagy. Taken together, our results suggest that PREP inhibition accelerates the clearance of protein aggregates via increased autophagy and thus normalizes the cell functions in vivo and in vitro. Therefore, PREP inhibition may have future potential in the treatment of synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari H Savolainen
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland; Optogenetics and Transgenic Technology Core, National Institute of Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher T Richie
- Optogenetics and Transgenic Technology Core, National Institute of Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brandon K Harvey
- Optogenetics and Transgenic Technology Core, National Institute of Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pekka T Männistö
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | | | - Timo T Myöhänen
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland; Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, USA.
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Jalkanen AJ, Leikas JV, Forsberg MM. KYP-2047 penetrates mouse brain and effectively inhibits mouse prolyl oligopeptidase. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 114:460-3. [PMID: 24350801 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that specific prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) inhibitors can modulate inflammation, angiogenesis and neurodegeneration. As most diseases that may be potential targets for PREP inhibitors are being modelled in mice, it is essential to evaluate the pharmacological properties of investigative PREP inhibitors in mice. This study characterizes the single-dose brain pharmacokinetics and PREP inhibitory action of a potent PREP inhibitor, KYP-2047, in wild-type C57 mice. KYP-2047 penetrated into the mouse brain rapidly (tmax ≤10 min.) and achieved pharmacologically active concentrations after a single dose of 15 or 50 μmol/kg i.p. The brain/blood AUC ratio was 0.050 and 0.039 after 15 and 50 μmol/kg i.p., respectively. KYP-2047 produced efficient brain PREP inhibition at both doses; 15 μmol/kg blocked PREP activity fully for 30 min., and it took 12 hr for the activity to recover, whereas 50 μmol/kg inhibited brain PREP activity fully for 1 hr, and most, 84%, of the activity had been restored by 12 hr. Both doses completely blocked PREP activity in liver for at least 1 hr, and only about 25% the activity was recovered within 12 hr. The pharmacokinetics and inhibition kinetics of KYP-2047 in mice were found to be similar as those previously reported in rats and indicate that KYP-2047 would need to be administered twice per day to achieve continuous brain PREP inhibition in mice. In conclusion, KYP-2047 is a suitable pharmacological tool with which to assess the effects of PREP inhibition in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaro J Jalkanen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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16
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Peptide POP inhibitors for the treatment of the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Future Med Chem 2013; 5:1509-23. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a serious life-long disease that affects a significant part of the adult population. Although there is considerably effective medication for the positive symptoms of the disease, none are available for the associated cognitive deficits. These deficits are a core feature of schizophrenia, and they severely impair the functionality and social integration of patients. POP is a promising target for the treatment of the cognitive deficits of schizophrenia. Inhibitors of this peptidase show cognition-enhancing properties, act through a complex mechanism and have suitable pharmacological properties. Nevertheless, several studies must be carried out in order to improve the design and clinical evaluation of these substances. Permeability to the brain, appropriate animal models and suitable indications are the main issues that must be addressed. However, current information supports the potential of POP as an interesting drug target for the treatment of the cognitive deficits related to schizophrenia.
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Tenorio-Laranga J, Peltonen I, Keskitalo S, Duran-Torres G, Natarajan R, Männistö PT, Nurmi A, Vartiainen N, Airas L, Elovaara I, García-Horsman JA. Alteration of prolyl oligopeptidase and activated α-2-macroglobulin in multiple sclerosis subtypes and in the clinically isolated syndrome. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:1783-94. [PMID: 23643808 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) has been considered as a drug target for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. In plasma, PREP has been found altered in several disorders of the central nervous system including multiple sclerosis (MS). Oxidative stress and the levels of an endogenous plasma PREP inhibitor have been proposed to decrease PREP activity in MS. In this work, we measured the circulating levels of PREP in patients suffering of relapsing remitting (RR), secondary progressive (SP), primary progressive (PP) MS, and in subjects with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS). We found a significantly lower PREP activity in plasma of RRMS as well as in PPMS patients and a trend to reduced activity in subjects diagnosed with CIS, compared to controls. No signs of oxidative inactivation of PREP, and no correlation with the endogenous PREP inhibitor, identified as activated α-2-macroglobulin (α2M*), were observed in any of the patients studied. However, a significant decrease of α2M* was recorded in MS. In cell cultures, we found that PREP specifically stimulates immune active cells possibly by modifying the levels of fibrinogen β, thymosin β4, and collagen. Our results open new lines of research on the role of PREP and α2M* in MS, aiming to relate them to the diagnosis and prognosis of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jofre Tenorio-Laranga
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00014 Finland
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Nazarova GA, Kolyasnikova KN, Zolotov NN. Changes in Activity of Proline-Specific Peptidases in Rat Model for Dementia of Alzheimer’s Type. Bull Exp Biol Med 2012; 153:674-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-012-1796-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Myöhänen TT, Hannula MJ, Van Elzen R, Gerard M, Van Der Veken P, García-Horsman JA, Baekelandt V, Männistö PT, Lambeir AM. A prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitor, KYP-2047, reduces α-synuclein protein levels and aggregates in cellular and animal models of Parkinson's disease. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:1097-113. [PMID: 22233220 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01846.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The aggregation of α-synuclein is connected to the pathology of Parkinson's disease and prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) accelerates the aggregation of α-synuclein in vitro. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a PREP inhibitor, KYP-2047, on α-synuclein aggregation in cell lines overexpressing wild-type or A30P/A53T mutant human α-syn and in the brains of two A30P α-synuclein transgenic mouse strains. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cells were exposed to oxidative stress and then incubated with the PREP inhibitor during or after the stress. Wild-type or transgenic mice were treated for 5 days with KYP-2047 (2 × 3 mg·kg(-1) a day). Besides immunohistochemistry and thioflavin S staining, soluble and insoluble α-synuclein protein levels were measured by Western blot. α-synuclein mRNA levels were quantified by PCR. The colocalization of PREP and α-synuclein,and the effect of KYP-2047 on cell viability were also investigated. KEY RESULTS In cell lines, oxidative stress induced a robust aggregation of α-synuclein,and low concentrations of KYP-2047 significantly reduced the number of cells with α-synuclein inclusions while abolishing the colocalization of α-synuclein and PREP. KYP-2047 significantly reduced the amount of aggregated α-synuclein,and it had beneficial effects on cell viability. In the transgenic mice, a 5-day treatment with the PREP inhibitor reduced the amount of α-synuclein immunoreactivity and soluble α-synuclein protein in the brain. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The results suggest that the PREP may play a role in brain accumulation and aggregation of α-synuclein, while KYP-2047 seems to effectively prevent these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Myöhänen
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Hakkarainen JJ, Pajander J, Laitinen R, Suhonen M, Forsberg MM. Similar molecular descriptors determine the in vitro drug permeability in endothelial and epithelial cells. Int J Pharm 2012; 436:426-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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De Cesco S, Deslandes S, Therrien E, Levan D, Cueto M, Schmidt R, Cantin LD, Mittermaier A, Juillerat-Jeanneret L, Moitessier N. Virtual screening and computational optimization for the discovery of covalent prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitors with activity in human cells. J Med Chem 2012; 55:6306-15. [PMID: 22765237 DOI: 10.1021/jm3002839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Our docking program, Fitted, implemented in our computational platform, Forecaster, has been modified to carry out automated virtual screening of covalent inhibitors. With this modified version of the program, virtual screening and further docking-based optimization of a selected hit led to the identification of potential covalent reversible inhibitors of prolyl oligopeptidase activity. After visual inspection, a virtual hit molecule together with four analogues were selected for synthesis and made in one-five chemical steps. Biological evaluations on recombinant POP and FAPα enzymes, cell extracts, and living cells demonstrated high potency and selectivity for POP over FAPα and DPPIV. Three compounds even exhibited high nanomolar inhibitory activities in intact living human cells and acceptable metabolic stability. This small set of molecules also demonstrated that covalent binding and/or geometrical constraints to the ligand/protein complex may lead to an increase in bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane De Cesco
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
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Different Interactions of Prolyl Oligopeptidase and Neurotensin in Dopaminergic Function of the Rat Nigrostriatal and Mesolimbic Pathways. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:2033-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0825-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Tenorio-Laranga J, Männistö PT, Storvik M, Van der Veken P, García-Horsman JA. Four day inhibition of prolyl oligopeptidase causes significant changes in the peptidome of rat brain, liver and kidney. Biochimie 2012; 94:1849-59. [PMID: 22546504 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) cleaves short peptides at the C-side of proline. Although several proline containing neuropeptides have been shown to be efficiently cleaved by PREP in vitro, the actual physiological substrates of this peptidase are still a matter of controversy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in the peptidome of rat tissues caused by a repeated 4-day administration of the potent and specific PREP inhibitor KYP-2047, using our recently developed iTRAQ-based technique. We found tissue-dependent changes in the levels of specific subsets of peptides mainly derived from cytosolic proteins. Particularly in the kidney, where the levels of cytochrome c oxidase were found decreased, many of the altered peptides originated from mitochondrial proteins being involved in energy metabolism. However, in the hypothalamus, we found significant changes in peptides derived from hormone precursors. We could not confirm a role of PREP as the metabolising enzyme for β-endorphin, galanin, octadecaneuropeptide, neuropeptide-glutamic acid-isoleucine, substance P, somatostatin, enkephalin and neuropeptide Y. Furthermore, changes in the degradation patterns of some of these neuropeptides, and also most of those derived from other larger proteins, did not follow specificity to proline. After a 4-day treatment, we found a significant amount of peptides, all derived from secreted pro-proteins, being cleaved with pair of basic residue specificity. In vitro experiments indicated that PREP modifies the endogenous dibasic residue specific proteolysis, in a KYP-2047 sensitive way. These findings suggest that PREP may act indirectly within the routes leading to the specific peptide changes that we observed. The data reported here suggest a wider tissue specific physiological role of PREP rather than the mere metabolism of proline containing active peptides and hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jofre Tenorio-Laranga
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Jalkanen AJ, Piepponen TP, Hakkarainen JJ, De Meester I, Lambeir AM, Forsberg MM. The effect of prolyl oligopeptidase inhibition on extracellular acetylcholine and dopamine levels in the rat striatum. Neurochem Int 2011; 60:301-9. [PMID: 22210165 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP, EC 3.4.21.26) inhibitors have potential as cognition enhancers, but the mechanism of action behind the cognitive effects remains unclear. Since acetylcholine (ACh) and dopamine (DA) are known to be associated with the regulation of cognitive processes, we investigated the effects of two PREP inhibitors on the extracellular levels of ACh and DA in the rat striatum using in vivo microdialysis. KYP-2047 and JTP-4819 were administered either as a single systemic dose (50 μmol/kg∼17 mg/kg i.p.) or directly into the striatum by retrodialysis via the microdialysis probe (12.5, 37.5 or 125 μM at 1.5 μl/min for 60 min). PREP inhibitors had no significant effect on striatal DA levels after systemic administration. JTP-4819 significantly decreased ACh levels both after systemic (by ∼25%) and intrastriatal (by ∼30-50%) administration. KYP-2047 decreased ACh levels only after intrastriatal administration by retrodialysis (by ∼40-50%) when higher drug levels were reached, indicating that higher brain drug levels are needed to modulate ACh levels than to inhibit PREP. This result does not support the earlier hypothesis that the positive cognitive effects of PREP inhibitors in rodents would be mediated through the cholinergic system. In vitro specificity studies did not reveal any obvious off-targets that could explain the observed effect of KYP-2047 and JTP-4819 on ACh levels, instead confirming the concept that these compounds have a high selectivity towards PREP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaro J Jalkanen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Inhibition of prolyl oligopeptidase by KYP-2047 fails to increase the extracellular neurotensin and substance P levels in rat striatum. Neurosci Lett 2011; 502:107-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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