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Zhang C, Wang T, Zhang L, Chen P, Tang S, Chen A, Li M, Peng G, Gao H, Weng H, Zhang H, Li S, Chen J, Chen L, Chen X. Combination of lyophilized adipose-derived stem cell concentrated conditioned medium and polysaccharide hydrogel in the inhibition of hypertrophic scarring. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:23. [PMID: 33413617 PMCID: PMC7792059 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-02061-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cell-based acellular therapies have been widely exploited in managing hypertrophic scars. However, low maintenance dose and transitory therapeutic effects during topical medication remain a thorny issue. Herein, this study aimed to optimize the curative effect of adipose-derived stem cell conditioned medium (ADSC-CM) in the prevention of hypertrophic scarring. METHODS In the present study, ADSC-CM was concentrated via the freeze-drying procedure. The efficacy of different dose groups (CM, CM5, CM10) was conducted on the proliferation, apoptosis, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression of human keloid fibroblasts (HKFs) in vitro. Incorporation of adipose-derived stem cell concentrated conditioned medium (ADSCC-CM) into polysaccharide hydrogel was investigated in rabbit ear, in vivo. Haematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and Masson's trichrome staining were performed for the evaluation of scar hyperplasia. RESULTS We noted that ADSCC-CM could downregulate the α-SMA expression of HKFs in a dose-dependent manner. In the rabbit ear model, the scar hyperplasia in the medium-dose group (CM5) and high-dose group (CM10) was inhibited with reduced scar elevation index (SEI) under 4 months of observation. It is noteworthy that the union of CM5 and polysaccharide hydrogel (CM5+H) yielded the best preventive effect on scar hyperplasia. Briefly, melanin, height, vascularity, and pliability in the CM5+H group were better than those of the control group. Collagen was evenly distributed, and skin appendages could be regenerated. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, ADSCC-CM can downregulate the expression of α-SMA due to its anti-fibrosis effect and promote the rearrangement of collagen fibres, which is integral to scar precaution. The in situ cross bonding of ADSCC-CM and polysaccharide hydrogel could remarkably enhance the therapeutic outcomes in inhibiting scar proliferation. Hence, the alliance of ADSCC-CM and hydrogel may become a potential alternative in hypertrophic scar prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyu Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Plastic Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Stem Cell Research Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Plastic Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Central Sterile Supply, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Penghong Chen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Plastic Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Stem Cell Research Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shijie Tang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Plastic Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Stem Cell Research Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Aizhen Chen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Plastic Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Stem Cell Research Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Plastic Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guohao Peng
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Plastic Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Stem Cell Research Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hangqi Gao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Plastic Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Weng
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Plastic Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Haoruo Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Plastic Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shirong Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Southwestern Hospital, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinghua Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, The School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liangwan Chen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Xiaosong Chen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China. .,Department of Plastic Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
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2
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Zhou H, You C, Wang X, Jin R, Wu P, Li Q, Han C. The progress and challenges for dermal regeneration in tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 105:1208-1218. [PMID: 28063210 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanlei Zhou
- Department of Burns; 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine; Hangzhou 310009 China
| | - Chuangang You
- Department of Burns; 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine; Hangzhou 310009 China
| | - Xingang Wang
- Department of Burns; 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine; Hangzhou 310009 China
| | - Ronghua Jin
- Department of Burns; 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine; Hangzhou 310009 China
| | - Pan Wu
- Department of Burns; 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine; Hangzhou 310009 China
| | - Qiong Li
- Department of Burns; 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine; Hangzhou 310009 China
| | - Chunmao Han
- Department of Burns; 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine; Hangzhou 310009 China
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Satish L, Gallo PH, Johnson S, Yates CC, Kathju S. Local Probiotic Therapy with Lactobacillus plantarum Mitigates Scar Formation in Rabbits after Burn Injury and Infection. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2016; 18:119-127. [PMID: 27788042 DOI: 10.1089/sur.2016.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection is the most common complication in burn-injured patients and is believed to contribute to the hypertrophic scarring frequently observed in such injury. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common pathogen in burn wound infection. We examined the effect of local probiotic therapy with Lactobacillus plantarum on the severity of the scarring following burn wounding and infection with P. aeruginosa in a rabbit model. METHODS Full-thickness burn wounds were inoculated with control vehicle or L. plantarum; wounds were then challenged with bioluminescent P. aeruginosa. The time course of the ensuing infection was monitored by quantification of the emitted light. After allowing wounds to contract to near completion, they were harvested and analyzed for markers of scar formation. RESULTS Application of L. plantarum curtailed both the severity and the length of the pseudomonal infection. Probiotic therapy significantly reduced both Type I collagen mRNA concentrations and total collagen protein accumulation in infected wounds, consistent with reduced scarring. Surprisingly, the probiotic showed a nearly equivalent effect in uninfected wounds. Masson's trichrome staining confirmed these findings histologically. CONCLUSIONS Lactobacillus plantarum shows exciting potential as a therapeutic agent to both counteract burn wound infection and to alleviate scarring even in the absence of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latha Satish
- 1 McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh
| | - Phillip H Gallo
- 2 Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh
| | - Sandra Johnson
- 2 Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh
| | - Cecelia C Yates
- 1 McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,3 Department of Health Promotion and Development, School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh.,4 Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh
| | - Sandeep Kathju
- 1 McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh
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4
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Gallo PH, Cray JJ, Durham EL, Losee JE, Mooney MP, Cooper GM, Kathju S. Cloning of TgfβR1 and TgfβR2 and Likely Exclusion as Loci of Origin in a Rabbit Craniosynostotic Model. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2014; 51:56-69. [DOI: 10.1597/12-160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine whether TgfβR1 or TgfβR2 cause the craniosynostotic phenotype in a rabbit model of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis. Design Full-length TgfβR1 and TgfβR2 cDNAs were sequenced and real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to measure TgfβR1 and TgfβR2 transcripts in suturai tissue from wild type (WT) and craniosynostotic (CS) rabbits. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were identified within TgfβR1 and TgfβR2 and were assayed for segregation with disease phenotype in 22 craniosynostotic animals. Results No structural mutations in TgfβR1 and TgfβR2 were identified in the craniosynostotic rabbits. Real-time RT-PCR quantification of TgfβR1 and TgfβR2 mRNA showed no significant difference in TgfβR1 expression between CS and WT animals, while TgfβR2 showed 50% elevation in the CS animals compared to WT ( P < .05). SNP analysis within the TgfβR1 and TgfβR2 genes suggested that neither locus is linked to the craniosynostotic phenotype because no allelic combination showed any specific correlation with disease phenotype for either TgfβR1 or TgfβR2. Conclusions Our data indicate that the craniosynostotic phenotype in this rabbit model does not arise from any structural mutation in TgfβR1 or TgfβR2, and SNP analysis also likely excludes these genes more broadly as the site of causative mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip H. Gallo
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - James J. Cray
- Department of Oral Biology, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Emily L. Durham
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph E. Losee
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark P. Mooney
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Departments of Anthropology and Orthodontics, and Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gregory M. Cooper
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Oral Biology, and Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sandeep Kathju
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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5
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Kathju S, Gallo PH, Satish L. Scarless integumentary wound healing in the mammalian fetus: molecular basis and therapeutic implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 96:223-36. [PMID: 23109318 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Adult mammals respond to injury of their skin/integument by forming scar tissue. Scar is useful in rapidly sealing an injured area, but can also lead to significant morbidity. Mammals in fetal life retain the ability to heal integumentary wounds regeneratively, without scar. The critical molecular mechanisms governing this remarkable phenomenon have been a subject of great interest, in the hopes that these could be dissected and recapitulated in the healing adult wound, with the goal of inducing scarless healing in injured patients. Multiple lines of investigation spanning decades have implicated a number of factors in distinguishing scarless from fibrotic wound healing, including most prominently transforming growth factor-β and interleukin-10, among others. Therapeutic interventions to try to mitigate scarring in adult wounds have been developed out of these studies, and have reached the level of clinical trials in humans, although as yet no FDA-approved treatment exists. More recent expressomic studies have revealed many more genes that are differentially expressed in scarlessly healing fetal wounds compared with adult, and microRNAs have also been identified as participating in the fetal wound healing response. These represent an even greater range of potential therapeutics (or targets for therapy) to translate the promise of scarless fetal wound healing to the injured adult patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kathju
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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6
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Lo DD, Zimmermann AS, Nauta A, Longaker MT, Lorenz HP. Scarless fetal skin wound healing update. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 96:237-47. [PMID: 23109319 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Scar formation, a physiologic process in adult wound healing, can have devastating effects for patients; a multitude of pathologic outcomes, affecting all organ systems, stems from an amplification of this process. In contrast to adult wound repair, the early-gestation fetal skin wound heals without scar formation, a phenomenon that appears to be intrinsic to fetal skin. An intensive research effort has focused on unraveling the mechanisms that underlie scarless fetal wound healing in an attempt to improve the quality of healing in both children and adults. Unique properties of fetal cells, extracellular matrix, cytokine profile, and gene expression contribute to this scarless repair. Despite the great increase in knowledge gained over the past decades, the precise mechanisms regulating scarless fetal healing remain unknown. Herein, we describe the current proposed mechanisms underlying fetal scarless wound healing in an effort to recapitulate the fetal phenotype in the postnatal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Lo
- Department of Surgery, Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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7
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Wulff BC, Yu L, Parent AE, Wilgus TA. Novel differences in the expression of inflammation-associated genes between mid- and late-gestational dermal fibroblasts. Wound Repair Regen 2012; 21:103-12. [PMID: 23126606 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2012.00860.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
While cutaneous wounds of late-gestational fetuses and on through adulthood result in scar formation, wounds incurred early in gestation have been shown to heal scarlessly. Unique properties of fetal fibroblasts are believed to mediate this scarless healing process. In this study, microarray analysis was used to identify differences in the gene expression profiles of cultured fibroblasts from embryonic day 15 (E15; midgestation) and embryonic day 18 (E18; late-gestation) skin. Sixty-two genes were differentially expressed and 12 of those genes are associated with inflammation, a process that correlates with scar formation in fetal wounds. One of the differentially expressed inflammatory genes was cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1). COX-1 was more highly expressed in E18 fibroblasts than in E15 fibroblasts, and these differences were confirmed at the gene and protein level. Differences in COX-1 protein expression were also observed in fetal skin by immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining. The baseline differences in gene expression found in mid- and late-gestational fetal fibroblasts suggest that developmental alterations in fibroblasts could be involved in the transition from scarless to fibrotic fetal wound healing. Furthermore, baseline differences in the expression of inflammatory genes by fibroblasts in E15 and E18 skin may contribute to inflammation and scar formation late in gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Wulff
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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8
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Satish L, Lo N, Gallo PH, Johnson S, Haberman S, Kathju S. Chaperonin containing T-complex polypeptide (CCT) subunit expression in oral mucosal wounds and fibroblasts. Cell Stress Chaperones 2011; 16:675-80. [PMID: 21710295 PMCID: PMC3220385 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-011-0274-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal wound healing in adults has been reported to feature diminished scar formation compared to healing skin wounds. We sought to determine if the expression pattern of chaperonin containing T-complex polypeptide (CCT) subunits in mucosal wounds and fibroblasts is different from that observed in skin wounds and fibroblasts. We found that CCT-beta is the only subunit message to be reduced in wounded mucosa versus unwounded control, and this reduction was confirmed at the protein level. In contrast, mRNA levels of CCT-zeta, -delta, -eta, and -epsilon were significantly increased in mucosal wounds. The increase in CCT-eta was also confirmed at the protein level. Expression levels of CCT-alpha, -beta, -delta; -epsilon, and -theta mRNAs were significantly increased in adult mucosal fibroblasts in culture compared to skin-derived fibroblasts. Western blot analyses confirmed a modest increase in CCT-beta in adult mucosal fibroblasts relative to skin fibroblasts, but CCT-eta protein was unaffected. These differences may contribute to the reported difference in healing outcomes between these two tissue types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latha Satish
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA 15212 USA
| | - Nancy Lo
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Queen Lane Medical Campus, Philadelphia, PA 19129 USA
| | - Phillip H. Gallo
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA 15212 USA
| | - Sandra Johnson
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA 15212 USA
| | - Stephanie Haberman
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA 15212 USA
| | - Sandeep Kathju
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA 15212 USA
- Wound Healing Program, Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15212-4772 USA
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Molecular analysis of coronal perisutural tissues in a craniosynostotic rabbit model using polymerase chain reaction suppression subtractive hybridization. Plast Reconstr Surg 2011; 128:95-103. [PMID: 21701325 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0b013e31821740e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the United States, the incidence of craniosynostosis (premature fusion of the sutures of the cranial vault) is one in 2000 to 3000 live births. The condition can cause increased intracranial pressure, severely altered head shape, and mental retardation. The authors have previously described a colony of rabbits with heritable coronal suture synostosis. This model has been instrumental in describing the postsurgical craniofacial growth associated with craniosynostosis. The molecular analysis of this model has been limited by the lack of molecular tools for use in rabbits. To understand the pathogenesis of craniosynostosis, the authors compared gene expression in perisutural tissues between wild-type and craniosynostotic rabbits using polymerase chain reaction suppression subtractive hybridization. METHODS Suppression subtractive hybridization polymerase chain reaction was performed on RNA derived from pooled samples of calvariae from 10-day-old wild-type (n = 3) and craniosynostotic (n = 3) rabbits to obtain cDNA clones enriched in either wild-type tissues (underexpressed in craniosynostotic tissue) or craniosynostotic tissues (overexpressed in craniosynostotic compared with wild-type). RESULTS Differential expression was identified for approximately 140 recovered cDNA clones up-regulated in craniosynostotic tissues and 130 recovered clones for wild-type tissues. Of these, four genes were confirmed by quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction as being overexpressed in craniosynostotic sutural tissue: β-globin (HBB), osteopontin (SPP1), osteonectin (SPARC), and cathepsin K (CTSK). Two genes were confirmed to be underexpressed in the craniosynostotic samples: collagen 3, alpha 1 (COL3A1) and ring finger protein 12 (RNF12). CONCLUSION The differential expression of these gene products in our naturally occurring craniosynostotic model appears to be the result of differences in the normal bone formation/resorption pathway.
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Increased expression of Ero1L-alpha in healing fetal wounds. BMC Res Notes 2011; 4:175. [PMID: 21645405 PMCID: PMC3128849 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-4-175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adult mammalian tissues heal injury to the skin with formation of scar; this process quickly seals an injured area, however, excessive scar formation can become a source of persistent pathology, interfering with multiple vital functions. In contrast, mammalian fetal tissue can heal without scar formation. We previously sought to model scarless healing in a rabbit fetal skin wound and identified gene products differentially expressed during fetal wound healing through PCR suppression subtractive hybridization (PCR SSH). One of these transcripts, previously identified simply as clone 11, showed putative increased expression in wounded fetal skin. This study establishes its identity as Ero1L-alpha and confirms its elevated expression in healing fetal wounds. Findings After obtaining further sequence by 5' rapid amplification of cloned ends (RACE) we find that clone 11 is Ero1L-alpha. We determined that clone 11, a differentially expressed transcript in fetal wound healing, comprises the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of an approximately 4 kb transcript in rabbit tissues that corresponds to Ero1L-alpha. We showed that Ero1L-alpha is expressed predominantly as two transcripts in rabbit skin, namely a 1.6 kb transcript and the 4.0 kb transcript recovered in our PCR SSH screen via its 3' UTR sequence. However, a third transcript of 2.9 kb was also detected in Northern blots and was subsequently cloned and confirmed by 3' RACE. Knockdown of the clone 11 sequence in rabbit adult fibroblasts via siRNA resulted in significantly decreased Ero1L-alpha message expression. Increased expression of clone 11 (Ero1L-alpha) in a variety of cell types during the wound healing response was also confirmed by in situ hybridization. Conclusions Ero1L-alpha is one of the previously unknown clones identified in a PCR SSH screen for genes differentially expressed in fetal wounded tissue. In situ hybridization confirms that Ero1L-alpha shows increased expression in multiple cell types after wounding of the fetal integument.
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11
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Cellular and Molecular Characteristics of Scarless versus Fibrotic Wound Healing. Dermatol Res Pract 2010; 2010:790234. [PMID: 21253544 PMCID: PMC3021858 DOI: 10.1155/2010/790234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast the discrete biology differentiating fetal wound repair from its adult counterpart. Integumentary wound healing in mammalian fetuses is essentially different from wound healing in adult skin. Adult (postnatal) skin wound healing is a complex and well-orchestrated process spurred by attendant inflammation that leads to wound closure with scar formation. In contrast, fetal wound repair occurs with minimal inflammation, faster re-epithelialization, and without the accumulation of scar. Although research into scarless healing began decades ago, the critical molecular mechanisms driving the process of regenerative fetal healing remain uncertain. Understanding the molecular and cellular events during regenerative healing may provide clues that one day enable us to modulate adult wound healing and consequently reduce scarring.
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12
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Satish L, Johnson S, Abdulally A, Post JC, Ehrlich GD, Kathju S. Cloning and expression of rabbit CCT subunits eta and beta in healing cutaneous wounds. Cell Stress Chaperones 2010; 15:819-26. [PMID: 20393890 PMCID: PMC3024067 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-010-0190-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously identified the CCT subunit eta as specifically reduced in healing fetal skin wounds by differential display, and observed that this reduction is not seen with any other CCT subunit. We now report the cloning and characterization of the cDNAs for rabbit CCT-eta and its closest evolutionary homolog, CCT-beta. Quantitative examination of CCT-eta and –beta message expression in healing fetal and adult wounds at 12 h post-injury confirms that CCT-eta mRNA is decreased in fetal wound tissues, but actually elevated in adult wound tissues. CCT-beta mRNA, in contrast, remains unchanged in both fetal and adult wound tissues. CCT-eta mRNA remains persistently elevated in healing adult wounds for 28 days following injury, whereas CCT-beta mRNA remains invariant throughout. CCT-eta protein is similarly increased, whereas CCT-beta protein remains unchanged. -smooth muscle actin (-SMA), a recognized substrate of CCT known to be important in integumentary wound healing, was also measured over the course of wound healing, and both mRNA and protein levels were elevated throughout the 28 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latha Satish
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA 15212 USA
| | - Sandra Johnson
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA 15212 USA
| | - Adam Abdulally
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA 15212 USA
| | - J. Christopher Post
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA 15212 USA
| | - Garth D. Ehrlich
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA 15212 USA
| | - Sandeep Kathju
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA 15212 USA
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13
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Satish L, Johnson S, Wang JHC, Post JC, Ehrlich GD, Kathju S. Chaperonin containing T-complex polypeptide subunit eta (CCT-eta) is a specific regulator of fibroblast motility and contractility. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10063. [PMID: 20442790 PMCID: PMC2862014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Integumentary wounds in mammalian fetuses heal without scar; this scarless wound healing is intrinsic to fetal tissues and is notable for absence of the contraction seen in postnatal (adult) wounds. The precise molecular signals determining the scarless phenotype remain unclear. We have previously reported that the eta subunit of the chaperonin containing T-complex polypeptide (CCT-eta) is specifically reduced in healing fetal wounds in a rabbit model. In this study, we examine the role of CCT-eta in fibroblast motility and contractility, properties essential to wound healing and scar formation. We demonstrate that CCT-eta (but not CCT-beta) is underexpressed in fetal fibroblasts compared to adult fibroblasts. An in vitro wound healing assay demonstrated that adult fibroblasts showed increased cell migration in response to epidermal growth factor (EGF) and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulation, whereas fetal fibroblasts were unresponsive. Downregulation of CCT-eta in adult fibroblasts with short inhibitory RNA (siRNA) reduced cellular motility, both basal and growth factor-induced; in contrast, siRNA against CCT-beta had no such effect. Adult fibroblasts were more inherently contractile than fetal fibroblasts by cellular traction force microscopy; this contractility was increased by treatment with EGF and PDGF. CCT-eta siRNA inhibited the PDGF-induction of adult fibroblast contractility, whereas CCT-beta siRNA had no such effect. In each of these instances, the effect of downregulating CCT-eta was to modulate the behavior of adult fibroblasts so as to more closely approximate the characteristics of fetal fibroblasts. We next examined the effect of CCT-eta modulation on alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) expression, a gene product well known to play a critical role in adult wound healing. Fetal fibroblasts were found to constitutively express less alpha-SMA than adult cells. Reduction of CCT-eta with siRNA had minimal effect on cellular beta-actin but markedly decreased alpha-SMA; in contrast, reduction of CCT-beta had minimal effect on either actin isoform. Direct inhibition of alpha-SMA with siRNA reduced both basal and growth factor-induced fibroblast motility. These results indicate that CCT-eta is a specific regulator of fibroblast motility and contractility and may be a key determinant of the scarless wound healing phenotype by means of its specific regulation of alpha-SMA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latha Satish
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sandra Johnson
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James H-C. Wang
- MechanoBiology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - J. Christopher Post
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Garth D. Ehrlich
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sandeep Kathju
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Jiang H, Song W, Li A, Yang X, Sun D. Identification of genes differentially expressed in cauliflower associated with resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:621-9. [PMID: 20397055 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0148-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Black rot, caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Pammel) Dowson (Xcc), is one of the most damaging diseases of cauliflower and other crucifers. In order to investigate the molecular resistance mechanisms and to find the genes related to black rot resistance in cauliflower, a suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) cDNA library was constructed using resistant line C712 and its susceptible near-isogenic line C731 as tester and driver, respectively. A total of 280 clones were obtained from the library by reverse northern blotting. Sequencing analysis and homology searching showed that these clones represent 202 unique sequences. The library included many defense/disease-resistant related genes, such as plant defensin gene PDF1.2, lipid transfer protein, thioredoxin h. Gene expression profiles of 12 genes corresponding to different functional categories were monitored by real-time RT-PCR. The results showed that the expression induction of these genes in the susceptible line C712 in response to Xcc was quicker and more intense, while in C731 the reaction was delayed and limited. Our results imply that these up-regulated genes might be involved in cauliflower responses against Xcc infection. Information obtained from this study could be used to understand the molecular mechanisms of disease response in cauliflower under Xcc stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanmin Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
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15
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Expression of receptor for activated C kinase 1 in healing skin and mucosal wounds. Ann Plast Surg 2010; 64:238-41. [PMID: 20098113 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0b013e31819537fc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Postnatal (adult) mammalian wound healing results in the formation of scar, whereas fetal mammals are able to effect wound repair without scar. We have investigated the expression pattern of the receptor of activated C kinase 1 (RACK1), a pleiotropic G-protein-like molecule, in healing skin and mucosal wounds in a rabbit model after obtaining a full-length clone of the rabbit RACK1 cDNA. In both adult skin and mucosal wounds, RACK1 mRNA expression is decreased relative to unwounded controls. In contrast, in fetal skin wounds RACK1 expression is unaltered from fetal control. Fibroblasts derived from adult skin tissue express more RACK1 message than fetal skin fibroblasts. These observations suggest that RACK1 may play an important role in distinguishing scarless fetal wound healing from its scirrhous counterpart in adults.
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16
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Satish L, Abdulally A, Oswald D, Johnson S, Hu FZ, Post JC, Ehrlich GD, Kathju S. Differential expression of chaperonin containing T-complex polypeptide (CCT) subunits during fetal and adult skin wound healing. Cell Stress Chaperones 2008; 13:527-33. [PMID: 18465209 PMCID: PMC2673928 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-008-0040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2007] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Integumentary wound healing in early fetal life is regenerative and proceeds without scar formation. Expressomic analysis of this phenomenon by differential display has previously determined that the eta subunit of the cytosolic chaperonin containing T-complex polypeptide (CCT) is downregulated in the healing fetal wound milieu. We now report that no other CCT subunit shares this distinct pattern of gene regulation as determined by limiting dilution reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR); all seven of the remaining CCT subunits demonstrate no change in messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in healing fetal wounds compared to unwounded control tissue. The alpha subunit, however, did evidence reduced message levels in healing adult wound tissue. We herein report on the cloning and sequence of the complementary DNA (cDNA) for rabbit CCT-alpha and confirm its wound specific decrease in adult tissues through quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay. We also confirm that quantitative evaluation of CCT-alpha and CCT-zeta mRNA expression shows no change in healing fetal wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latha Satish
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA 15212 USA
| | - Adam Abdulally
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA 15212 USA
| | - Duane Oswald
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA 15212 USA
| | - Sandra Johnson
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA 15212 USA
| | - Fen Ze Hu
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA 15212 USA
| | - J. Christopher Post
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA 15212 USA
| | - Garth D. Ehrlich
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA 15212 USA
| | - Sandeep Kathju
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA 15212 USA
- Wound Healing Program, Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny–Singer Research Institute, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15212–4772 USA
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17
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Colwell AS, Longaker MT, Peter Lorenz H. Identification of differentially regulated genes in fetal wounds during regenerative repair. Wound Repair Regen 2008; 16:450-9. [PMID: 18471263 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2008.00383.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
During mammalian skin development, wounds heal with regeneration rather than scar. Genomic microarray analysis of fetal (scarless) and postnatal (scarring) cutaneous wounds was performed to identify genes with differential expression and possible proregenerative function. Differentially expressed genes between the scarless and scarring wound transcriptomes were identified with significance analysis of microarrays. At early time points, the fraction of genes with increased expression was greater in the fetal wounds. Conversely, as time after injury increased, the fraction of genes with increased expression in postnatal wounds increased from 0% at 1 hour to 67% at 24 hours. The fetal 1- and 12-hour wound transcriptomes identified genes important in DNA transcription and repair, cell cycle regulation, protein homeostasis, and intracellular signaling. The predominant expression patterns of these genes from 1 to 24 hours predominantly revealed rapid up-regulation, followed by declining expression at 24 hours. Fewer genes with differential expression between the fetal scarless and postnatal scarring wound transcriptomes were identified at 24 hours, most of which had greater expression in the postnatal wound. Our data suggest that multiple gene products may be necessary for the coordination of skin regeneration during wound repair in the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Colwell
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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18
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Yannas IV, Kwan MD, Longaker MT. Early Fetal Healing as a Model for Adult Organ Regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 13:1789-98. [PMID: 17518739 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2006.0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is provided pointing out certain basic similarities, though not an identity, between the mechanisms of early fetal regeneration and induced organ regeneration in adults. These similarities favor a model of induced organ regeneration in which biologically active scaffolds block wound contraction and scar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis V Yannas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science Engineering, and Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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Pfister D, De Mulder K, Philipp I, Kuales G, Hrouda M, Eichberger P, Borgonie G, Hartenstein V, Ladurner P. The exceptional stem cell system of Macrostomum lignano: screening for gene expression and studying cell proliferation by hydroxyurea treatment and irradiation. Front Zool 2007; 4:9. [PMID: 17349046 PMCID: PMC1828727 DOI: 10.1186/1742-9994-4-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flatworms are characterized by an outstanding stem cell system. These stem cells (neoblasts) can give rise to all cell types including germ cells and power the exceptional regenerative capacity of many flatworm species. Macrostomum lignano is an emerging model system to study stem cell biology of flatworms. It is complementary to the well-studied planarians because of its small size, transparency, simple culture maintenance, the basal taxonomic position and its less derived embryogenesis that is more closely related to spiralians. The development of cell-, tissue- and organ specific markers is necessary to further characterize the differentiation potential of flatworm stem cells. Large scale in situ hybridization is a suitable tool to identify possible markers. Distinguished genes identified in a large scale screen in combination with manipulation of neoblasts by hydroxyurea or irradiation will advance our understanding of differentiation and regulation of the flatworm stem cell system. RESULTS We have set up a protocol for high throughput large scale whole mount in situ hybridization for the flatworm Macrostomum lignano. In the pilot screen, a number of cell-, tissue- or organ specific expression patterns were identified. We have selected two stem cell- and germ cell related genes--macvasa and macpiwi--and studied effects of hydroxyurea (HU) treatment or irradiation on gene expression. In addition, we have followed cell proliferation using a mitosis marker and bromodeoxyuridine labeling of S-phase cells after various periods of HU exposure or different irradiation levels. HU mediated depletion of cell proliferation and HU induced reduction of gene expression was used to generate a cDNA library by suppressive subtractive hybridization. 147 differentially expressed genes were sequenced and assigned to different categories. CONCLUSION We show that Macrostomum lignano is a suitable organism to perform high throughput large scale whole mount in situ hybridization. Genes identified in such screens--together with BrdU/H3 labeling--can be used to obtain information on flatworm neoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pfister
- Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck. Technikerstrasse 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katrien De Mulder
- Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck. Technikerstrasse 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Biology, University of Ghent, Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Philipp
- Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck. Technikerstrasse 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Georg Kuales
- Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck. Technikerstrasse 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martina Hrouda
- Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck. Technikerstrasse 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Paul Eichberger
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Innsbruck, Medical University Innsbruck. Anichstrasse 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gaetan Borgonie
- Department of Biology, University of Ghent, Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Volker Hartenstein
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peter Ladurner
- Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck. Technikerstrasse 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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