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Bak SH, Kim JH, Kim SU, Lee DS, Song YS, Lee HJ. Established Immortalized Cavernous Endothelial Cells Improve Erectile Dysfunction in Rats with Cavernous Nerve Injury. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16010123. [PMID: 36678621 PMCID: PMC9866507 DOI: 10.3390/ph16010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The main cause of erectile dysfunction (ED) is the damage in penile cavernous endothelial cells (EC). Murine primary ECs have a limited growth potential, and the easy availability of murine ECs will facilitate the study of cavernous endothelial dysfunction in rats. This study was performed to establish immortalized rat penile cavernous ECs (rEC) and investigate how they could repair erectile dysfunction in rats with cavernous nerve injury (CNI). rEC was isolated enzymatically by collagenase digestion and were cultured. An amphotropic replication-incompetent retroviral vector encoding v-myc oncogene was used to transfect rEC for immortalization (vREC). Morphological and immunohistochemical properties of vREC were examined. Eight-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups of five rats each, including group 1 = sham operation, group 2 = bilateral CN injury, group 3 = vREC (1 × 106 cells) treatment after CNI. Erectile response was assessed at 2, 4 weeks after transplantation of vREC., Penile tissue were harvested at 4 weeks after transplantation and immune−histochemical examination was performed. vREC showed the expression of CD31, vWF, cell type-specific markers for EC by RT-PCR and flowcytometry. At 2, 4 weeks after transplantation, rats with CNI had significantly lower erectile function than control group (p < 0.05). The group transplanted with vREC showed higher erectile function than the group without vRECs (p < 0.05). vREC was established and repaired erectile dysfunction in rats with CNI. This cell line may be useful for studying mechanisms and drug screening of erectile dysfunction of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hong Bak
- Research Institute, Humetacell Inc., Bucheon 14786, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Heon Kim
- Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine, Seoul 04401, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung U. Kim
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, UBC Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Dong-Seok Lee
- BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Seob Song
- Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine, Seoul 04401, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.S.S.); or (H.J.L.); Tel.: +82-2-709-9114 (Y.S.S.)
| | - Hong J. Lee
- Research Institute, Humetacell Inc., Bucheon 14786, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
- Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.S.S.); or (H.J.L.); Tel.: +82-2-709-9114 (Y.S.S.)
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Choe HM, Gao K, Paek HJ, Liu XY, Li ZY, Quan BH, Yin XJ. Silencing myostatin increases area fraction of smooth muscle in the corpus cavernosum of pigs. Anim Reprod Sci 2022; 247:107077. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2022.107077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Comerma-Steffensen S, Prat-Duran J, Mogensen S, Fais R, Pinilla E, Simonsen U. Erectile Dysfunction and Altered Contribution of KCa1.1 and KCa2.3 Channels in the Penile Tissue of Type-2 Diabetic db/db Mice. J Sex Med 2022; 19:697-710. [PMID: 37057569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2022.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of endothelial small conductance calcium-activated K+ channels (KCa2.3) and intermediate conductance calcium-activated K+ channels (KCa3.1) leads to vascular relaxation. We found endothelial KCa2.3 down-regulation in the corpus cavernosum diminishes erectile function. AIM We hypothesized that in type-2 diabetic mice, the function of KCa2.3 and KCa1.1 channels is impaired in erectile tissue. METHODS Erectile function was measured, and corpus cavernosum strips were mounted for functional studies and processed for qPCR and immunoblotting. OUTCOMES Effects of type 2 diabetes on erectile function, expression and function of calcium-activated potassium channels. RESULTS In anesthetized diabetic db/db mice, erectile function was markedly decreased compared to non-diabetic heterozygous db/+ mice, and the impairment was even more pronounced compared to normal C57BL/6 mice. qPCR revealed KCa2.3 and KCa1.1α channel expressions were upregulated in corpus cavernosum from db/db mice. Immunoblotting showed down-regulation of KCa2.3 channels in the corpus cavernosum from db/db mice. Acetylcholine relaxations were impaired while relaxations induced by the nitric oxide, donor SNP were unaltered in corpus cavernosum from db/db compared to C57BL/6 and db/+ mice. Apamin, a blocker of KCa2 channels, inhibited acetylcholine relaxation in corpus cavernosum from all experimental groups. In the presence of apamin, acetylcholine relaxation was markedly decreased in corpus cavernosum from db/db vs C57BL/6 and db/+ mice. An opener of KCa2 and KCa3.1 channels, NS309, potentiated acetylcholine relaxations in corpus cavernosum from db/+ and db/db mice. Iberiotoxin, a blocker of KCa1.1 channels, inhibited acetylcholine relaxation in corpus cavernosum from db/+ mice, while there was no effect in tissue from db/db mice. CLINICAL TRANSLATION Erectile function in diabetic db/db mice was severely affected compared to heterozygous and control mice, findings suggesting the non-diabetic db/+ and diabetic db/db mice for translational purpose can be used for drug testing on, respectively, moderate and severe erectile dysfunction. The altered expressions and impaired acetylcholine relaxation in the presence of apamin compared to C57BL/6 mice may suggest decreased KCa1.1 channel function may underpin impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation and erectile dysfunction in diabetic db/db mice. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS The present study provides a mouse model for type 2 diabetes to test moderate and severe erectile dysfunction drugs. Decreased KCa1.1 channel function contributes to erectile dysfunction, and it is a limitation that it is not supported by electrophysiological measurements. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the contribution of iberiotoxin-sensitive KCa1.1 channels to relaxation is reduced in the corpus cavernosum, while apamin-sensitive KCa2.3 channels appear upregulated. The impaired KCa1.1 channel function may contribute to the impaired erectile function in diabetic db/db mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Comerma-Steffensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences/Animal Physiology, Veterinary Faculty, Central University of Venezuela, Maracay, Aragua, Venezuela
| | | | - Susie Mogensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rafael Fais
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Pharmacology Department, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Sao Paulo University, Brasil
| | | | - Ulf Simonsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Kharazi U, Badalzadeh R. A review on the stem cell therapy and an introduction to exosomes as a new tool in reproductive medicine. Reprod Biol 2020; 20:447-459. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Potential Therapeutic Role of Dietary Supplementation with Spirulina platensis on the Erectile Function of Obese Rats Fed a Hypercaloric Diet. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:3293065. [PMID: 32685091 PMCID: PMC7345966 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3293065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Spirulina platensis, an important source of bioactive compounds, is a multicellular, filamentous cyanobacterium rich in high-quality proteins, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. Due to its nutrient composition, the alga is considered a complete food and is recognized for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiobesity, and reproprotective effects. All of which are important for prevention and treatment of organic and metabolic disorders such as obesity and erectile dysfunction. The aim of this study was to investigate the modulatory role of Spirulina platensis food supplementation and the mechanisms of action involved in reversing the damage caused by a hypercaloric diet on the erectile function of rats. The animals were divided into a standard diet group (SD, n = 5); a hypercaloric diet group (HCD, n = 5); a hypercaloric diet group supplemented with S. platensis at doses of 25 (HCD+SP25, n = 5), 50 (HCD+SP50, n = 5), and 100 mg/kg (HCD+SP100, n = 5); and a hypercaloric diet group subsequently fed a standard diet (HCD+SD, n = 5). In the rats fed a hypercaloric diet, dietary supplementation with S. platensis effectively increased the number of erections while decreasing latency to initiate penile erection. Additionally, S. platensis increases NO bioavailability, reduces inflammation by reducing the release of contractile prostanoids, enhances the relaxation effect promoted by acetylcholine (ACh), restores contractile reactivity damage and cavernous relaxation, reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS), and increases cavernous total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Food supplementation with S. platensis thus restores erectile function in obese rats, reduces production of contractile prostanoids, reduces oxidative stress, and increases NO bioavailability. Food supplementation with S. platensis thus emerges as a promising new therapeutic alternative for the treatment of erectile dysfunction as induced by obesity.
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Yang J, Zhang Y, Zang G, Wang T, Yu Z, Wang S, Tang Z, Liu J. Adipose-derived stem cells improve erectile function partially through the secretion of IGF-1, bFGF, and VEGF in aged rats. Andrology 2018; 6:498-509. [PMID: 29603682 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Yang
- Department of Urology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
- Institute of Urology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Y. Zhang
- Department of Urology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
- Institute of Urology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - G. Zang
- Department of Urology; Xuzhou City Centre Hospital; Xuzhou China
| | - T. Wang
- Department of Urology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
- Institute of Urology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Z. Yu
- Department of Urology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
- Institute of Urology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - S. Wang
- Department of Urology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
- Institute of Urology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Z. Tang
- Department of Urology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
- Institute of Urology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - J. Liu
- Department of Urology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
- Institute of Urology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
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Abstract
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is one of the most common disorders in male and is often associated with other age-related comorbidities. The aging process affects the structural organization and function of penile erectile components such as smooth muscle cell and vascular architecture. These modifications affect penile hemodynamics by impairing cavernosal smooth muscle cell relaxation, reducing penile elasticity, compliance and promoting fibrosis. This review aims to identify the mechanisms of ED in the penile aging process in experimental and clinical data. It also highlights areas that are in need of more research. The search strategies yielded total records screened from PubMed. Clarification of the molecular mechanisms that accompanies corpus cavernosum aging and aging-associated ED will aid new perspectives in the development of novel mechanism-based therapeutic approaches. Age is not a limiting factor for ED medical management, and it is never too late to treat. Hypogonadism should be managed regardless of age, and synergistic effects have been found during testosterone (T) replacement therapy when used along with oral phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors. Therefore, the clinical management of ED related to aging can be done by therapeutic interventions that include PDE-5 inhibitors, and other pharmacological treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ecem Kaya
- a Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology , Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University , Ankara , Turkey and
| | - Suresh C Sikka
- b Department of Urology and Pharmacology , Tulane University Health Sciences Center , New Orleans , LA , USA
| | - Philip J Kadowitz
- b Department of Urology and Pharmacology , Tulane University Health Sciences Center , New Orleans , LA , USA
| | - Serap Gur
- a Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology , Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University , Ankara , Turkey and
- b Department of Urology and Pharmacology , Tulane University Health Sciences Center , New Orleans , LA , USA
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Effects of prolonged ingestion of epigallocatechin gallate on diabetes type 1-induced vascular modifications in the erectile tissue of rats. Int J Impot Res 2016; 28:133-8. [PMID: 27169491 DOI: 10.1038/ijir.2016.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes Mellitus type 1 is a metabolic disease that predisposes to erectile dysfunction, partly owing to structural and molecular changes in the corpus cavernosum (CC) vessels. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of early treatment with the antioxidant epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in cavernous diabetes-induced vascular modifications. Diabetes was induced in two groups of young Wistar rats; one group was treated with EGCG for 10 weeks. A reduction in smooth muscle content was observed in the CC of diabetic rats, which was significantly attenuated with EGCG consumption. No differences were observed among groups, neither in the expression of VEGF assayed by western blotting nor in the immunofluorescent labeling of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors (VEGFR1 and VEGFR2). VEGFR2 was restricted to the endothelium, whereas VEGF and VEGFR1 co-localized in the smooth muscle layer. With regard to the Angiopoietin/Tie-2 system, no quantitative differences in Angiopoietin 1 were observed among the experimental groups. Ang1 localization was restricted to the smooth muscle layer, and receptor Tie2 and Angiopoietin 2 were both expressed in the endothelium. In brief, our results suggest that EGCG consumption prevented diabetes-induced loss of cavernous smooth muscle but does not affect vascular growth factor expression in young rats.
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Smooth muscle cells of penis in the rat: noninvasive quantification with shear wave elastography. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:595742. [PMID: 26550573 PMCID: PMC4624877 DOI: 10.1155/2015/595742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) of cavernosum play an important role in erection. It is of great significance to quantitatively analyze the level of SMCs in penis. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of shear wave elastography (SWE) on evaluating the level of SMCs in penis quantitatively. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty healthy male rats were selected. The SWE imaging of penis was carried out and then immunohistochemistry analysis of penis was performed to analyze the expression of alpha smooth muscle actin in penis. The measurement index of SWE examination was tissue stiffness (TS). The measurement index of immunohistochemistry analysis was positive area percentage of alpha smooth muscle actin (AP). RESULTS Sixty sets of data of TS and AP were obtained. The results showed that TS was significantly correlated with AP and the correlation coefficient was -0.618 (p < 0.001). The result of TS had been plotted against the AP measurements. The relation between the two results has been fitted with quadric curve; the goodness-of-fit index was 0.364 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The level of SMCs in penis was successfully quantified in vivo with SWE. SWE can be used clinically for evaluating the level of SMCs in penis quantitatively.
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Pereira CD, Severo M, Rafael L, Martins MJ, Neves D. Effects of natural mineral-rich water consumption on the expression of sirtuin 1 and angiogenic factors in the erectile tissue of rats with fructose-induced metabolic syndrome. Asian J Androl 2015; 16:631-8. [PMID: 24625878 PMCID: PMC4104095 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.122869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Consuming a high-fructose diet induces metabolic syndrome (MS)-like features, including endothelial dysfunction. Erectile dysfunction is an early manifestation of endothelial dysfunction and systemic vascular disease. Because mineral deficiency intensifies the deleterious effects of fructose consumption and mineral ingestion is protective against MS, we aimed to characterize the effects of 8 weeks of natural mineral-rich water consumption on the structural organization and expression of vascular growth factors and receptors on the corpus cavernosum (CC) in 10% fructose-fed Sprague-Dawley rats (FRUCT). Differences were not observed in the organization of the CC either on the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or the components of the angiopoietins/Tie2 system. However, opposing expression patterns were observed for VEGF receptors (an increase and a decrease for VEGFR1 and VEGFR2, respectively) in FRUCT animals, with these patterns being strengthened by mineral-rich water ingestion. Mineral-rich water ingestion (FRUCTMIN) increased the proportion of smooth muscle cells compared with FRUCT rats and induced an upregulatory tendency of sirtuin 1 expression compared with the control and FRUCT groups. Western blot results were consistent with the dual immunofluorescence evaluation. Plasma oxidized low-density lipoprotein and plasma testosterone levels were similar among the experimental groups, although a tendency for an increase in the former was observed in the FRUCTMIN group. The mineral-rich water-treated rats presented changes similar to those observed in rats treated with MS-protective polyphenol-rich beverages or subjected to energy restriction, which led us to hypothesize that the effects of mineral-rich water consumption may be more vast than those directly observed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cidália D Pereira
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal
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Herbal supplement extends life span under some environmental conditions and boosts stress resistance. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119068. [PMID: 25879540 PMCID: PMC4400117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic studies indicate that aging is modulated by a great number of genetic pathways. We have used Drosophila longevity and stress assays to test a multipath intervention strategy. To carry out this strategy, we supplemented the flies with herbal extracts (SC100) that are predicted to modulate the expression of many genes involved in aging and stress resistance, such as mTOR, NOS, NF-KappaB, and VEGF. When flies were housed in large cages with SC100 added, daily mortality rates of both male and female flies were greatly diminished in mid to late life. Surprisingly, SC100 also stabilized midlife mortality rate increases so as to extend the maximum life span substantially beyond the limits previously reported for D. melanogaster. Under these conditions, SC100 also promoted robust resistance to partial starvation stress and to heat stress. Fertility was the same initially in both treated and control flies, but it became significantly higher in treated flies at older ages as the fertility of control flies declined. Mean and maximum life spans of flies in vials at the same test site were also extended by SC100, but the life spans were short in absolute terms. In contrast, at an independent test site where stress was minimized, the flies exhibited much longer mean life spans, but the survival curves became highly rectangular and the effects of SC100 on both mean and maximum life spans declined greatly or were abolished. The data indicate that SC100 is a novel herbal mix with striking effects on enhancing Drosophila stress resistance and life span in some environments, while minimizing mid to late life mortality rates. They also show that the environment and other factors can have transformative effects on both the length and distribution of survivorship, and on the ability of SC100 to extend the life span.
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Fonseca J, Tomada N, Magalhães A, Rodrigues AR, Gouveia AM, Neves D. Effect of aging and cardiovascular risk factors on receptor Tie1 expression in human erectile tissue. J Sex Med 2014; 12:876-86. [PMID: 25487286 DOI: 10.1111/jsm.12794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Erectile dysfunction is highly prevalent in patients with advanced age or cardiovascular disease risk factors (CVDRFs). These conditions interfere on expression of vascular growth factors and respective receptors causing disturbance in endothelial function. AIM This study aims to assess the effect of aging and CVDRF on the expression of tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin-like and EGF-like domains (Tie) 1 in human corpus cavernosum (CC). METHODS CC fragments obtained from programmed surgeries or organ donors were divided into three groups: young, healthy aged, and aged with CVDRF. Angiopoietin (Ang) 1, Ang2, Tie1, and Tie2 mRNA and protein levels were assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, respectively. Dual-immunolabeling of Tie1 with specific markers of endothelium and smooth muscle and Ang1 and Ang2 was performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES To characterize the expression of Tie1 in human CC and elucidate its potential inhibitory effect in Ang-Tie2 system. RESULTS Analysis of mRNAs demonstrated a decrease in Tie1 expression in CVDRF individuals compared with aged or young healthy individuals. No variation for Tie2, Ang1, or Ang2 expression was observed among the studied groups. In all analyzed CC fragments, a 125 kDa band, Tie1, was detected. This protein presented a significant age-related decrease, specially in individuals with CVDRF. Immunofluorescence study revealed Tie1 expression in the endothelium of samples of all experimental groups. CONCLUSIONS Employing different methodological approaches, we show for the first time that Tie1 is expressed in human CC endothelium, and its level of expression diminishes in aged individuals, particularly those with CVDRF. This finding reinforces the view that delivery of Ang1 to the CC of erectile dysfunction affected CVDRF patients is able to activate a beneficial Tie2 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Fonseca
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Un O, Yilmaz D, Bayatli N, Kaya E, Gur S. L-arginine and tetrahydrobiopterin, but not sodium nitrite partially restored erectile dysfunction in aged rats. Aging Male 2014; 17:248-55. [PMID: 24898570 DOI: 10.3109/13685538.2014.921150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with erectile dysfunction (ED), in which nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity and NO bioavailability are reduced due to deficiencies of NOS cofactor (tetrahydrobiopterin, BH(4)) and substrate (L-arginine). We determined whether the prolonged treatment with sodium nitrite (NaNO(2)) as a storage form of NO ameliorates ED in aged rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided: younger, aged and NaNO(2)-treated (20 mg/kg per day) aged groups. The erectile (intracavernosal pressure [ICP]/mean arterial pressure [MAP]) and corpus cavernous (CC) responses were evaluated after 12 weeks. The ICP/MAP in aged rats was lower than in young controls, which was not improved by the NaNO(2) treatment. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for endothelial NOS and collagen deposition was performed. We assayed NO indirectly by measuring the level of its stable end products, nitrite/nitrate, using the Griess reagent. The relaxations to ACh and EFS in the aged group were considerably less than in the younger group, which were normalized by acute incubations of l-arginine or BH(4) of aged CC. In conclusion, NaNO(2) treatment did not restore erectile response while nitrate levels were enhanced in aged penis. The cofactor or substrate administrations, but not chronic exogenous modulation of NO system may be beneficial in aged men with ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Un
- Department of Pharmacology and
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Neves D. Advanced glycation end-products: a common pathway in diabetes and age-related erectile dysfunction. Free Radic Res 2013; 47 Suppl 1:49-69. [PMID: 23822116 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.821701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Reactive derivatives of non-enzymatic glucose-protein condensation reactions integrate a heterogeneous group of irreversible adducts called advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). Numerous studies have investigated the role of the AGEs in cardiovascular system; however, its contribution to erectile dysfunction (ED) that is an early manifestation of cardiovascular disease has been less intensively investigated. This review summarizes the most recent advances concerning AGEs effects in the cavernous tissue of the penis and in ED onset, particularly on diabetes and aging, conditions that not only favor AGEs formation, but also increase risk of developing ED. The specific contribution of AGE on intra- and extracellular deposition of insoluble complexes, interference in activity of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase, NO bioavailability, endothelial-dependent vasodilatation, as well as molecular pathways activated by receptor of AGEs are presented. Finally, the interventional actions that prevent AGEs formation, accumulation or activity in the cavernous tissue and that include nutritional pattern modulation, nutraceuticals, exercise, therapeutic strategies (statins, anti-diabetics, inhibitors of phosphodiesterase-5, anti-hypertensive drugs) and inhibitors of AGEs formation and crosslink breakers, are discussed. From this review, we conclude that despite the experiments conducted in animal models pointing to the AGE/RAGE axis as a potential interventional target with respect to ED associated with diabetes and aging, the clinical data have been very disappointing and, until now, did not provide evidence of benefits of treatments directed to AGE inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Neves
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Medicine and IBMC of Universidade do Porto, Al. Prof Hernani Monteiro, Porto, Portugal.
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Tomada N, Tomada I, Botelho F, Pacheco-Figueiredo L, Lopes T, Negrão R, Pestana M, Cruz F. Endothelial function in patients with metabolic syndrome and erectile dysfunction: a question of Angiopoietin imbalance? Andrology 2013; 1:541-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-2927.2013.00102.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - R. Negrão
- Department of Biochemistry (U38/FCT); Faculty of Medicine of Universidade do Porto; Porto; Portugal
| | - M. Pestana
- Kidney, Urologic and Infectious Diseases Department; Faculty of Medicine of Universidade do Porto; Porto
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Condorelli RA, Calogero AE, Vicari E, Favilla V, Morgia G, Cimino S, La Vignera S. Vascular regenerative therapies for the treatment of erectile dysfunction: current approaches. Andrology 2013; 1:533-40. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-2927.2013.00087.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. A. Condorelli
- Section of Endocrinology; Andrology and Internal Medicine; Department of Medical and Pediatric Sciences; University of Catania; Catania; Italy
| | - A. E. Calogero
- Section of Endocrinology; Andrology and Internal Medicine; Department of Medical and Pediatric Sciences; University of Catania; Catania; Italy
| | - E. Vicari
- Section of Endocrinology; Andrology and Internal Medicine; Department of Medical and Pediatric Sciences; University of Catania; Catania; Italy
| | - V. Favilla
- Department of Urology; University of Catania; Catania; Italy
| | - G. Morgia
- Department of Urology; University of Catania; Catania; Italy
| | - S. Cimino
- Department of Urology; University of Catania; Catania; Italy
| | - S. La Vignera
- Section of Endocrinology; Andrology and Internal Medicine; Department of Medical and Pediatric Sciences; University of Catania; Catania; Italy
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Tomada I, Tomada N, Almeida H, Neves D. Androgen depletion in humans leads to cavernous tissue reorganization and upregulation of Sirt1-eNOS axis. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 35:35-47. [PMID: 22052036 PMCID: PMC3543737 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-011-9328-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Aging and physiological androgen decay leads to structural changes in corpus cavernosum (CC) that associate with erectile function impairment. There is evidence that such changes relate to nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, an endothelial compound produced by the action of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), and is regulated by sirtuin-1 (Sirt1), a NAD(+)-dependent protein deacetylase. Taking into account the reduced NO synthesis observed in aging and erectile dysfunction, we aimed to characterize human CC of androgen-deprived, young, and aged individuals postulating that androgen deprivation induces modifications similar to those observed in aging. Human penile fragments were collected from young individuals submitted to male-to-female sex reassignment procedure, who undergone an androgen deprivation chemical regimen, from young organ donors and from aged patients submitted to penile deviation surgery. They were processed for histomorphometric analysis of smooth muscle (SM) and connective tissues (CT), and dual-immunofluorescence of alpha-actin/vWf or Sirt1, and endothelin-1/eNOS. Estrogen receptors were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and semiquantification of Sirt1, eNOS, and phospho-Akt was assayed by Western blotting. Androgen withdrawal, similarly to aging, leads to a noteworthy reduction of SM-to-CT ratio in CC. However, in contrast to young and aged, a significant increase in penile Sirt1 expression accompanied by an increase in total eNOS expression was observed in androgen-depleted individuals. No changes were evidenced in phospho-Akt system and estrogen receptors were undetectable. These findings indicate that Sirt1 regulates the expression of eNOS in human CC employing mechanisms influenced by androgen depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Tomada
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Medicine of Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal.
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18
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Ryu JK, Suh JK. Therapeutic angiogenesis as a potential future treatment strategy for erectile dysfunction. World J Mens Health 2012; 30:93-8. [PMID: 23596595 PMCID: PMC3623526 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.2012.30.2.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The cavernous endothelium plays a crucial role in regulating the tone of the underlying smooth muscle and physiologic penile erection. Recently, the link between erectile dysfunction (ED) and cardiovascular disease was unveiled, and the main etiology of ED was found to be vasculogenic. Although oral phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors are generally effective for men with ED, such therapies do not cure underlying vasculopathy in the corpus cavernosum tissue. This review addresses current preclinical protein, gene, and cell or stem cell therapies for enhancing cavernous endothelial regeneration and restoring erectile function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Kan Ryu
- Department of Urology, National Research Center for Sexual Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
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Schjørring O, Kun A, Flyvbjerg A, Kirkeby HJ, Jensen JB, Simonsen U. Flow‐Evoked Vasodilation Is Blunted in Penile Arteries from Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats. J Sex Med 2012; 9:1789-800. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02743.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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20
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Wu X, Song B, Zhang J, Li L, Ji H, Lu G, Chen Z, Li W, Zhou Z. Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Transfection Reduces Apoptosis in Human Penile Smooth Muscle Cells and Slows Down Cellular Aging. J Sex Med 2012; 9:494-504. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02603.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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21
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Energy restriction and exercise modulate angiopoietins and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in the cavernous tissue of high-fat diet-fed rats. Asian J Androl 2011; 14:635-42. [PMID: 22138901 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2011.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effect of a high-fat (HF) diet, energy restriction and exercise on the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiopoietin (Ang) 1 and 2, and their receptors in rat corpus cavernosum (CC). Male Wistar rats were fed ad libitum with an HF diet for 8 or 16 weeks. After 8 weeks of the HF diet, a group of rats was subjected to energy restriction with or without exercise for 8 weeks. Control animals had free access to standard diet for the same period. After euthanasia, blood was collected and the penises removed for immunofluorescence assays (VEGF, VEGF receptor (VEGFR) 1 and 2, Ang1, Ang2 and Tie2) and semiquantification of VEGF, VEGFR1, VEGFR2, Ang1, Ang2, Tie2, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and Akt/phospho-Akt by Western blotting. HF diet-fed rats exhibited lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) levels, higher systolic blood pressure and an increased atherogenic index. A significant increase in Ang2 expression in the CC was verified and coupled to a decrease in VEGF and VEGFRs. The Akt pathway was activated by the HF diet. Energy restriction and exercise increased eNOS expression and restored most HF diet-induced modifications except for VEGFR2 expression. These results emphasize the role of diet on vascular function regulation, demonstrating that cavernous imbalance of VEGF/VEGFRs and Angs/Tie2 systems occurs before serum lipid changes and obesity onset, antedating structural atherosclerotic features.
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22
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El-Sakka AI. Alleviation of post-radical prostatectomy cavernosal fibrosis: future directions and potential utility for PDE5 inhibitors. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2011; 20:1305-9. [PMID: 21846259 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2011.609315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Reversion of cavernosal fibrosis remains a controversial issue. The relative smooth muscle cells' loss that happens with cavernosal nerve damage and their impact on deterioration of erectile function were demonstrated in several studies. Furthermore, chronic ischemia that occurs with aging and medical co-morbidities is associated with the reduction of nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate and ultimately cavernosal fibrosis. Despite the encouraging recent results of the role of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors in the prevention of post-prostatectomy erectile dysfunction, debate regarding the exact mechanism of PDE5 inhibitors in prevention, amelioration and reversion of penile fibrosis still exists. Recently, several reports suggested that PDE5 inhibitors may improve endothelial function and decrease arterial stiffness, introducing this class of compounds as potential drugs for the treatment of erectile dysfunction-associated penile fibrosis. In this editorial, we intended to address the role of PDE5 inhibitors as a promising treatment to alleviate or reverse ED associated-cavernosal fibrosis.
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Chen R, Wang T, Rao K, Yang J, Zhang S, Wang S, Liu J, Ye Z. Up-regulation of VEGF by small activator RNA in human corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells. J Sex Med 2011; 8:2773-80. [PMID: 21819543 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02412.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Functional failure of smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells in corpus cavernosum contributes to erectile dysfunction (ED) in aging men. Given that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) may improve the function of smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells through different mechanisms, it is thus expected that increasing the expression of VEGF may have beneficial effects on erectile function. AIM The aim of this article is to explore the possibility that VEGF can be induced by ribonucleic acid activation (RNAa) technology, and VEGF induction by RNAa has the potential of treating ED. METHODS Primary human corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells (CCSMCs) were isolated and cultured in vitro. The expression of α-smooth muscle actin was detected by immunohistochemistry to identify CCSMCs. A previously identified VEGF promoter-targeted small activator RNA (saRNA, double-stranded [ds]VEGF-706) and a negative control dsRNA were chemically synthesized. Cultured human CCSMCs were transfected with the saRNAs. The expression of VEGF messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein in transfected CCSMCs was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting assay, respectively. Immunofluorescent staining was also used to confirm VEGF protein expression in cultured CCSMCs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE The expression of VEGF was assessed by RT quantitative PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence assays. RESULTS After transfection, RT quantitative PCR analysis showed that the expression of VEGF mRNA was significantly induced in dsVEGF-706 transfected cells compared with cells receiving control treatments (P < 0.05). Consistent with mRNA induction, Western blotting and immunofluorescence analysis showed that VEGF protein expression was also induced by dsVEGF-706. CONCLUSION VEGF expression can be activated by RNAa in primary human CCSMCs, suggesting a potential application of RNAa-mediated VEGF activation for the treatment of ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruibao Chen
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Pu X, Zheng X, Zhang Y, Xiao H, Xu Z, Liu J, Wang H, Wen A, Zhou X, Wu Y. Higher Expression of mRNA and Protein of Insulin‐Like Growth Factor Binding Protein‐3 in Old Rat Penile Tissues: Implications for Erectile Dysfunction. J Sex Med 2011; 8:2181-90. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02318.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Reversion of penile fibrosis: Current information and a new horizon. Arab J Urol 2011; 9:49-55. [PMID: 26579268 PMCID: PMC4149188 DOI: 10.1016/j.aju.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing has a detrimental effect on cavernous tissue and the tunica albuginea of the penis. Furthermore, atherosclerosis of the penile vessels that occurs with ageing causes a decrease in penile oxygen tension. A reduction in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) was shown in relation to diminution of oxygen tension. Chronic ischaemia is therefore not only associated with fibrosis but also with nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate reduction. The sensitivity of the α-adrenoceptors on the SMCs increases with ageing. The decrease in penile elasticity and compliance are explained by the changes in the ratio of penile collagen that occur with ageing. Contradictory to the view that testosterone is only necessary for sexual desire, numerous recent studies showed that androgen deprivation produces penile tissue atrophy, alterations in dorsal nerve structure, alterations in endothelial morphology, reduction in trabecular SM content, increase in deposition of extracellular matrix and accumulation of fat-containing cells (adipocytes) in the subtunical region of corpus cavernosum. The aim of the current review is to shed some light on the underlying aetiology of corporal fibrosis especially ageing, cavernous nerve damage, androgen deprivation and tunical fibrosis. Ultimately I will address the proposed prevention of erectile dysfunction associated with penile fibrosis.
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Key Words
- (i)(e)NO(S), (inducible) (endothelial) nitric oxide (synthase)
- CVOD, corporal veno-occlusive dysfunction
- Corpora cavernosa
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- ED, erectile dysfunction
- Fibrosis
- HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α
- PD, Peyronie’s disease
- PDE5-I, phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor
- PGE, prostaglandin E
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SM(C), smooth muscle (cells)
- Tunica albuginea
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Figueiredo A, Cordeiro AL, Tomada N, Tomada I, Rodrigues A, Gouveia A, Neves D. Real-Time PCR Study of Ang1, Ang2, Tie-2, VEGF, and KDR Expression in Human Erectile Tissue during Aging. J Sex Med 2011; 8:1341-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.02116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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27
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Cordeiro AL, Figueiredo A, Tomada I, de Almeida H, Neves D. Characterization of the expression of Ang1, Ang2, and Tie2 in the Corpus Cavernosum of the rat during aging. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2010; 16:699-709. [PMID: 20969813 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927610094006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Aging is the single most significant risk factor for erectile dysfunction (ED), leading to structural modification of cavernous tissue and altering expression of vascular growth factors. The angiopoietin/Tie2 system has been recently considered as a potential target for therapy of vascular disorders, including ED. Hence, the aim of this study was to analyze expression of angiopoietin1 (Ang1), angiopoietin2 (Ang2), and their receptor Tie2 in corpus cavernosum (CC) of rat during aging (6, 12, 18, and 24 months). The expression of Ang1, Ang2, and Tie2 was studied by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence, followed by semiquantification after Western blotting. Both Ang1 and Ang2 were localized mainly in perivascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells, while Tie2 was strictly detected at the vascular endothelium. A significant decrease in Ang2's expression was observed at 12 months when compared with 6-month-old rats, a tendency that reverses in older animals. No significant differences were demonstrated for Ang1 or Tie2, which is consistent with their constitutive expression in CC. The ratios Ang1/Tie2 and Ang2/Tie2 were also calculated and both decrease during aging, while no marked variation was observed for Ang1/Ang2. Our results suggest that the angiopoietin/Tie2 system participate in the vascular maintenance and remodeling of the CC during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lúcia Cordeiro
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology of Faculty of Medicine and IBMC of Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
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