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Kersh AE, Ng S, Chang YM, Sasaki M, Thomas SN, Kissick HT, Lesinski GB, Kudchadkar RR, Waller EK, Pollack BP. Targeted Therapies: Immunologic Effects and Potential Applications Outside of Cancer. J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 58:7-24. [PMID: 29136276 PMCID: PMC5972536 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Two pharmacologic approaches that are currently at the forefront of treating advanced cancer are those that center on disrupting critical growth/survival signaling pathways within tumor cells (commonly referred to as "targeted therapies") and those that center on enhancing the capacity of a patient's immune system to mount an antitumor response (immunotherapy). Maximizing responses to both of these approaches requires an understanding of the oncogenic events present in a given patient's tumor and the nature of the tumor-immune microenvironment. Although these 2 modalities were developed and initially used independently, combination regimens are now being tested in clinical trials, underscoring the need to understand how targeted therapies influence immunologic events. Translational studies and preclinical models have demonstrated that targeted therapies can influence immune cell trafficking, the production of and response to chemokines and cytokines, antigen presentation, and other processes relevant to antitumor immunity and immune homeostasis. Moreover, because these and other effects of targeted therapies occur in nonmalignant cells, targeted therapies are being evaluated for use in applications outside of oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E. Kersh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Spencer Ng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yun Min Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Susan N. Thomas
- Emory University Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Haydn T. Kissick
- Emory University Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gregory B. Lesinski
- Emory University Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ragini R. Kudchadkar
- Emory University Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Edmund K. Waller
- Emory University Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brian P. Pollack
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory University Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Kersh AE, Sasaki M, Cooper LA, Kissick HT, Pollack BP. Understanding the Impact of ErbB Activating Events and Signal Transduction on Antigen Processing and Presentation: MHC Expression as a Model. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:327. [PMID: 27729860 PMCID: PMC5052536 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in molecular pathology have changed the landscape of oncology. The ability to interrogate tissue samples for oncogene amplification, driver mutations, and other molecular alterations provides clinicians with an enormous level of detail about their patient's cancer. In some cases, this information informs treatment decisions, especially those related to targeted anti-cancer therapies. However, in terms of immune-based therapies, it is less clear how to use such information. Likewise, despite studies demonstrating the pivotal role of neoantigens in predicting responsiveness to immune checkpoint blockade, it is not known if the expression of neoantigens impacts the response to targeted therapies despite a growing recognition of their diverse effects on immunity. To realize the promise of 'personalized medicine', it will be important to develop a more integrated understanding of the relationships between oncogenic events and processes governing anti-tumor immunity. One area of investigation to explore such relationships centers on defining how ErbB/HER activation and signal transduction influences antigen processing and presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Kersh
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Lee A Cooper
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University School of MedicineAtlanta, GA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA, USA
| | - Haydn T Kissick
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brian P Pollack
- Atlanta VA Medical CenterDecatur, GA, USA; Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of MedicineAtlanta, GA, USA
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Bradley SD, Chen Z, Melendez B, Talukder A, Khalili JS, Rodriguez-Cruz T, Liu S, Whittington M, Deng W, Li F, Bernatchez C, Radvanyi LG, Davies MA, Hwu P, Lizée G. BRAFV600E Co-opts a Conserved MHC Class I Internalization Pathway to Diminish Antigen Presentation and CD8+ T-cell Recognition of Melanoma. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 3:602-9. [PMID: 25795007 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Oncogene activation in tumor cells induces broad and complex cellular changes that contribute significantly to disease initiation and progression. In melanoma, oncogenic BRAF(V600E) has been shown to drive the transcription of a specific gene signature that can promote multiple mechanisms of immune suppression within the tumor microenvironment. We show here that BRAF(V600E) also induces rapid internalization of MHC class I (MHC-I) from the melanoma cell surface and its intracellular sequestration within endolysosomal compartments. Importantly, MAPK inhibitor treatment quickly restored MHC-I surface expression in tumor cells, thereby enhancing melanoma antigen-specific T-cell recognition and effector function. MAPK pathway-driven relocalization of HLA-A*0201 required a highly conserved cytoplasmic serine phosphorylation site previously implicated in rapid MHC-I internalization and recycling by activated immune cells. Collectively, these data suggest that oncogenic activation of BRAF allows tumor cells to co-opt an evolutionarily conserved MHC-I trafficking pathway as a strategy to facilitate immune evasion. This link between MAPK pathway activation and the MHC-I cytoplasmic tail has direct implications for immunologic recognition of tumor cells and provides further evidence to support testing therapeutic strategies combining MAPK pathway inhibition with immunotherapies in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherille D Bradley
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Zeming Chen
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Brenda Melendez
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Amjad Talukder
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jahan S Khalili
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Tania Rodriguez-Cruz
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Shujuan Liu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mayra Whittington
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Wanleng Deng
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Fenge Li
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Chantale Bernatchez
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Laszlo G Radvanyi
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael A Davies
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Patrick Hwu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gregory Lizée
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of Immunology, Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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Cheng WF, Hung CF, Lin KY, Ling M, Juang J, He L, Lin CT, Wu TC. CD8+ T cells, NK cells and IFN-gamma are important for control of tumor with downregulated MHC class I expression by DNA vaccination. Gene Ther 2003; 10:1311-20. [PMID: 12883527 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
One of the major hurdles facing cancer immunotherapy is that cancers may downregulate expression of MHC class I molecules. The development of a suitable tumor model with downregulated MHC class I expression is critical for designing vaccines and immunotherapeutic strategies to control such tumors. We developed an E7-expressing murine tumor model with downregulated MHC class I expression, TC-1 P3 (A15). Using this model, we tested DNA and vaccinia vaccines for their ability to control tumors with downregulated MHC class I expression. We found that vaccination with DNA encoding E7 linked to Mycobacterial heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) generated a significant antitumor effect against TC-1 P3 (A15), while vaccination with E7/HSP70 vaccinia did not generate an appreciable antitumor effect. Lymphocyte depletion experiments revealed that both CD8+ T cells and NK cells were essential for the antitumor effect generated by E7/HSP70 DNA against TC-1 P3 (A15). Furthermore, tumor protection experiments using IFN-gamma knockout mice revealed that IFN-gamma was essential for the antitumor effect generated by E7/HSP70 DNA against TC-1 P3 (A15). Our results demonstrate that vaccination with E7/HSP70 DNA results in a significant antitumor effect against a neoplasm with downregulated MHC class I expression and the importance of CD8+ T cells, NK cells, and IFN-gamma in generating this antitumor effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Hallermalm K, Seki K, Wei C, Castelli C, Rivoltini L, Kiessling R, Levitskaya J. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces coordinated changes in major histocompatibility class I presentation pathway, resulting in increased stability of class I complexes at the cell surface. Blood 2001; 98:1108-15. [PMID: 11493458 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.4.1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is demonstrated that similar to interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) induces coordinated changes at different steps of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I processing and presentation pathway in nonprofessional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). TNF-alpha up-regulates the expression of 3 catalytic immunoproteasome subunits--LMP2, LMP7, and MECL-1--the immunomodulatory proteasome activator PA28 alpha, the TAP1/TAP2 heterodimer, and the total pool of MHC class I heavy chain. It was also found that in TNF-alpha--treated cells, MHC class I molecules reconstitute more rapidly and have an increased average half-life at the cell surface. Biochemical changes induced by TNF-alpha in the MHC class I pathway were translated into increased sensitivity of TNF-alpha--treated targets to lysis by CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells, demonstrating improved presentation of at least certain endogenously processed MHC class I--restricted peptide epitopes. Significantly, it was demonstrated that the effects of TNF-alpha observed in this experimental system were not mediated through the induction of IFN-gamma. It appears to be likely that TNF-alpha--mediated effects on MHC class I processing and presentation do not involve any intermediate messengers. Collectively, these data demonstrate the existence of yet another biologic activity exerted by TNF-alpha, namely its capacity to act as a coordinated multi-step modulator of the MHC class I pathway of antigen processing and presentation. These results suggest that TNF-alpha may be useful when a concerted up-regulation of the MHC class I presentation machinery is required but cannot be achieved by IFN-gamma. (Blood. 2001;98:1108-1115)
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hallermalm
- Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Seliger B, Harders C, Lohmann S, Momburg F, Urlinger S, Tampé R, Huber C. Down-regulation of the MHC class I antigen-processing machinery after oncogenic transformation of murine fibroblasts. Eur J Immunol 1998; 28:122-33. [PMID: 9485192 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199801)28:01<122::aid-immu122>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Malignant transformation is often associated with genetic alterations providing tumor cells with mechanisms for escape from immune surveillance. Human and murine tumors of various origin as well as in vitro models of viral and oncogenic transformation express reduced levels of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigens resulting in decreased sensitivity to MHC class I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated lysis. We here investigate whether the suppressed MHC class I surface expression of ras-transformed fibroblasts is due to dysregulation of the genes of the antigen-processing machinery, the peptide transporters TAP-1 and TAP-2 and the proteasome subunits LMP-2 and LMP-7, and whether it can be restored by gene transfer. In comparison to parental NIH3T3 cells, the ras oncogenic transformants revealed reduced TAP and LMP mRNA expression and impaired function of these genes, leading to deficient peptide transport and peptide loading of MHC class I molecules resulting in instable expression of the MHC class I complex on the cell surface. Enhanced H-2 surface expression due to stabilization of the MHC class I complex could be achieved by culturing ras transformants at low, unphysiological temperature (26 degrees C) or by loading these cells with either exogenous human beta2-microglobulin or MHC class I-binding peptide alone or in combination. Furthermore, interferon-gamma treatment was capable to enhance the expression of TAP, LMP and MHC class I molecules in both parental as well as ras-transformed fibroblasts. Stable transfection of the human TAP-1 cDNA into ras transformants caused a partial reconstitution of the peptide transport and an enhancement of the MHC class I surface expression, whereas the level of MHC class I biosynthesis was not affected by TAP-1 overexpression in parental cells. Together these results point to the existence of an association between oncogenic transformation and deficiencies in the MHC class I antigen-restricted immunosurveillance, suggesting intervention strategies involving specific MHC class I-binding peptides or transfection of the LMP and/or TAP genes to overcome the expression of the immune escape phenotype.
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MESH Headings
- 3T3 Cells/metabolism
- 3T3 Cells/pathology
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 2
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 3
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/biosynthesis
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation
- Antigens, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Cold Temperature
- Cysteine Endopeptidases/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, MHC Class I
- Genes, ras
- Genetic Complementation Test
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Mice
- Multienzyme Complexes/metabolism
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex
- Protein Biosynthesis
- Proteins/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Rats
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Proteins
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic
- Transfection
- beta 2-Microglobulin/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- B Seliger
- Johannes Gutenberg University, III. Medical Clinic, Mainz, Germany
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Griffioen M, Peltenburg LT, van Oorschot DA, Schrier PI. C-myc represses transiently transfected HLA class I promoter sequences not locus-specifically. Immunobiology 1995; 193:238-47. [PMID: 8530149 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-2985(11)80549-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of the c-myc oncogene is frequently accompanied by downregulation of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC, HLA in humans) class I antigens. In human melanoma c-myc overexpression downmodulates HLA-B expression, whereas HLA-A is hardly affected. Repression of HLA-B is mediated through the core promoter, containing a CAAT-box and a non-conventional TATA-box. We show evidence that in transient transfection assays the HLA-A2 and HLA-B7 promoters are repressed by c-myc to the same extent. Therefore, other sequences of the HLA-A and HLA-B genes, possibly intron/exon sequences, should contribute to the locus B-specificity of the downregulation. Furthermore, c-myc does not seem to alter binding of protein complexes to the CAAT- or TATA-box of HLA-B7 or HLA-A2 in gel retardation assays. Comparison of promoters repressed by c-myc reveals a weak consensus sequence of the initiator (Inr) element: TCA(+1)YYYNY. The presence of a TCA sequence in the initiator region of the MHC class I promoter makes downregulation by c-myc through the Inr likely. We speculate that the Inr contributes to MHC class I promoter activity by stimulating recruitment of TFIID to the weak, non-conventional TATA-box, thereby making it susceptible to repression by c-myc through the Inr.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Griffioen
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University Hospital, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Schrier PI, Peltenburg LT. Relationship between myc oncogene activation and MHC class I expression. Adv Cancer Res 1992; 60:181-246. [PMID: 8417500 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60826-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P I Schrier
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University Hospital, Leiden, The Netherlands
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