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Conservation and Divergence of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase Gene Family in Cotton. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11111482. [PMID: 35684256 PMCID: PMC9182757 DOI: 10.3390/plants11111482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) is an important enzyme in plants, which regulates carbon flow through the TCA cycle and controls protein and oil biosynthesis. Although it is important, there is little research on PEPC in cotton, the most important fiber crop in the world. In this study, a total of 125 PEPCs were identified in 15 Gossypium genomes. All PEPC genes in cotton are divided into six groups and each group generally contains one PEPC member in each diploid cotton and two in each tetraploid cotton. This suggests that PEPC genes already existed in cotton before their divergence. There are additional PEPC sub-groups in other plant species, suggesting the different evolution and natural selection during different plant evolution. PEPC genes were independently evolved in each cotton sub-genome. During cotton domestication and evolution, certain PEPC genes were lost and new ones were born to face the new environmental changes and human being needs. The comprehensive analysis of collinearity events and selection pressure shows that genome-wide duplication and fragment duplication are the main methods for the expansion of the PEPC family, and they continue to undergo purification selection during the evolutionary process. PEPC genes were widely expressed with temporal and spatial patterns. The expression patterns of PEPC genes were similar in G. hirsutum and G. barbadense with a slight difference. PEPC2A and 2D were highly expressed in cotton reproductive tissues, including ovule and fiber at all tested developmental stages in both cultivated cottons. However, PEPC1A and 1D were dominantly expressed in vegetative tissues. Abiotic stress also induced the aberrant expression of PEPC genes, in which PEPC1 was induced by both chilling and salinity stresses while PEPC5 was induced by chilling and drought stresses. Each pair (A and D) of PEPC genes showed the similar response to cotton development and different abiotic stress, suggesting the similar function of these PEPCs no matter their origination from A or D sub-genome. However, some divergence was also observed among their origination, such as PEPC5D was induced but PEPC5A was inhibited in G. barbadense during drought treatment, suggesting that a different organized PEPC gene may evolve different functions during cotton evolution. During cotton polyploidization, the homologues genes may refunction and play different roles in different situations.
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Ansari MA, Bano N, Kumar A, Dubey AK, Asif MH, Sanyal I, Pande V, Pandey V. Comparative transcriptomic analysis and antioxidant defense mechanisms in clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.) genotypes with contrasting drought tolerance. Funct Integr Genomics 2022; 22:625-642. [PMID: 35426545 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-022-00860-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
To understand drought tolerance mechanism(s) in clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba), we conducted physiological, biochemical, and de novo comparative transcriptome analysis of drought-tolerant (RGC-1002) and drought-sensitive (RGC-1066) genotypes subjected to 30 days of drought stress. Relative water content (RWC) was maintained in tolerant genotype but was reduced in sensitive genotype. Leaf pigment concentrations were higher in tolerant genotype. Net photosynthesis was significantly decreased in sensitive genotype but insignificant reduction was found in tolerant genotype. Enzymatic antioxidant (GR, APX, DHAR) activities were enhanced in tolerant genotype, while there were insignificant changes in these enzymes in sensitive genotype. The ratios of antioxidant molecules (ASC/DHA and GSH/GSSG) were higher in tolerant genotype as compared to sensitive genotype. In sensitive genotype, 6625 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were upregulated and 5365 genes were downregulated. In tolerant genotype, 5206 genes were upregulated and 2793 genes were downregulated. In tolerant genotype, transketolase family protein, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase 3, temperature-induced lipocalin, and cytochrome oxidase were highly upregulated. Moreover, according to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, the drought tolerance may be attributed to upregulated starch and sucrose metabolism-related genes in tolerant genotype. Finally, quantitative real-time PCR confirmed the reproducibility of the RNA-seq data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Akram Ansari
- Plant Ecology and Climate Change Science Division, CSIR-NBRI, Lucknow, India. .,Department of Biotechnology, Bhimtal Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, India.
| | - Nasreen Bano
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-NBRI, Lucknow, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhimtal Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, India.,Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-NBRI, Lucknow, India
| | - Arvind Kumar Dubey
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhimtal Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, India.,Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-NBRI, Lucknow, India
| | - Mehar Hasan Asif
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-NBRI, Lucknow, India
| | - Indraneel Sanyal
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-NBRI, Lucknow, India
| | - Veena Pande
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhimtal Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, India
| | - Vivek Pandey
- Plant Ecology and Climate Change Science Division, CSIR-NBRI, Lucknow, India.
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Waititu JK, Zhang X, Chen T, Zhang C, Zhao Y, Wang H. Transcriptome Analysis of Tolerant and Susceptible Maize Genotypes Reveals Novel Insights about the Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Drought Responses in Leaves. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6980. [PMID: 34209553 PMCID: PMC8268334 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most essential food crop in the world. However, maize is highly susceptible to drought stress, especially at the seedling stage, and the molecular mechanisms underlying drought tolerance remain elusive. In this study, we conducted comparative transcriptome and physiological analyses of drought-tolerant (CML69) and susceptible (LX9801) inbred lines subjected to drought treatment at the seedling stage for three and five days. The tolerant line had significantly higher relative water content in the leaves, as well as lower electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde levels, than the susceptible line. Using an RNA-seq-based approach, we identified 10,084 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with 6906 and 3178 DEGs been annotated and unannotated, respectively. Two critical sets of drought-responsive DEGs, including 4687 genotype-specific and 2219 common drought-responsive genes, were mined out of the annotated DEGs. The tolerant-line DEGs were predominantly associated with the cytoskeleton, cell wall modification, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, transport, osmotic regulation, drought avoidance, ROS scavengers, defense, and transcriptional factors. For the susceptible line, the DEGs were highly enriched in the photosynthesis, histone, and carbon fixation pathways. The unannotated DEGs were implicated in lncRNAs, including 428 previously reported and 22% putative TE-lncRNAs. There was consensus on both the physiological response and RNA-seq outcomes. Collectively, our findings will provide a comprehensive basis of the molecular networks mediating drought stress tolerance of maize at the seedling stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joram Kiriga Waititu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xingen Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Tianci Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Chunyi Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China
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Prokaryotic Expression of Phospho enolpyruvate Carboxylase Fragments from Peanut and Analysis of Osmotic Stress Tolerance of Recombinant Strains. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10020365. [PMID: 33672856 PMCID: PMC7917721 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) is a ubiquitous cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the irreversible β-carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) in presence of HCO3− to produce oxaloacetate (OAA) during carbon fixation and photosynthesis. It is well accepted that PEPC genes are expressed in plants upon stress. PEPC also supports the biosynthesis of biocompatible osmolytes in many plant species under osmotic stress. There are five isoforms of PEPC found in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), namely, AhPEPC1, AhPEPC2, AhPEPC3, AhPEPC4, and AhPEPC5. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that the gene expression patterns of these AhPEPC genes were different in mature seeds, stems, roots, flowers, and leaves. The expression of all the plant type PEPC (PTPCs) (AhPEPC1, AhPEPC2, AhPEPC3, and AhPEPC4) was relatively high in roots, while the bacterial type PEPC (BTPC) (AhPEPC5) showed a remarkable expression level in flowers. Principal component analysis (PCA) result showed that AhPEPC3 and AhPEPC4 are correlated with each other, indicating comparatively associations with roots, and AhPEPC5 have a very close relationship with flowers. In order to investigate the function of these AhPEPCs, the fragments of these five AhPEPC cDNA were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli). The recombinant proteins contained a conserved domain with a histidine site, which is important for enzyme catalysis. Results showed that protein fragments of AhPEPC1, AhPEPC2, and AhPEPC5 had remarkable expression levels in E. coli. These three recombinant strains were more sensitive at pH 9.0, and recombinant strains carrying AhPEPC2 and AhPEPC5 fragments exhibited more growth than the control strain with the presence of PEG6000. Our findings showed that the expression of the AhPEPC fragments may enhance the resistance of transformed E. coli to osmotic stress.
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Waseem M, Ahmad F. The phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene family identification and expression analysis under abiotic and phytohormone stresses in Solanum lycopersicum L. Gene 2019; 690:11-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Liu X, Li X, Dai C, Zhou J, Yan T, Zhang J. Improved short-term drought response of transgenic rice over-expressing maize C 4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase via calcium signal cascade. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 218:206-221. [PMID: 28888162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To understand the link between long-term drought tolerance and short-term drought responses in plants, transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants over-expressing the maize C4-pepc gene encoding phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PC) and wild-type (WT) rice plants were subjected to PEG 6000 treatments to simulate drought stress. Compared with WT, PC had the higher survival rate and net photosynthetic rate after 16days of drought treatment, and had higher relative water content in leaves after 2h of drought treatment as well, conferring drought tolerance. WT accumulated higher amounts of malondialdehyde, superoxide radicals, and H2O2 than PC under the 2-h PEG 6000 treatment, indicating greater damages in WT. Results from pretreatments with a Ca2+ chelator and/or antagonist showed that the regulation of the early drought response in PC was Ca2+-dependent. The NO and H2O2 levels in PC lines were also up-regulated via Ca2+ signals, indicating that Ca2+ in PC lines also reacted upstream of NO and H2O2. 2-h drought treatment increased the transcripts of CPK9 and CPK4 in PC via positive up-regulation of Ca2+. The transcripts of NAC6 [NACs (NAM, ATAF1, ATAF2, and CUC2)] and bZIP60 (basic leucine zipper, bZIP) were up-regulated, but those of DREB2B (dehydration-responsive element-binding protein, DREB) were down-regulated, both via Ca2+ signals in PC. PEPC activity, expressions of C4-pepc, and the antioxidant enzyme activities in PC lines were up-regulated via Ca2+. These results indicated that Ca2+ signals in PC lines can up-regulate the NAC6 and bZIP60 and the downstream targets for early drought responses, conferring drought tolerance for the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Liu
- Institute of Food Crops, Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu High Quality Rice R and D Center, Nanjing Branch, China National Center for Rice Improvement, Nanjing 210014, PR China; College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xia Li
- Institute of Food Crops, Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu High Quality Rice R and D Center, Nanjing Branch, China National Center for Rice Improvement, Nanjing 210014, PR China; College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Chuanchao Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Jiayu Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Ting Yan
- Institute of Food Crops, Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu High Quality Rice R and D Center, Nanjing Branch, China National Center for Rice Improvement, Nanjing 210014, PR China; College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jinfei Zhang
- Institute of Food Crops, Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu High Quality Rice R and D Center, Nanjing Branch, China National Center for Rice Improvement, Nanjing 210014, PR China
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Liu X, Li X, Zhang C, Dai C, Zhou J, Ren C, Zhang J. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase regulation in C4-PEPC-expressing transgenic rice during early responses to drought stress. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2017; 159:178-200. [PMID: 27592839 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC; EC 4.1.1.31) has important functions in C4 photosynthesis and biosynthesis of intermediate metabolites. In this study, the drought resistance of C4-PEPC-expressing transgenic rice (Oryza sativa, line PC) plants was assessed using simulated drought conditions [i.e. polyethylene glycol (PEG)-6000 treatment]. The dry weight of PC plants was higher than that of wild-type (WT) plants following treatment with 15% PEG-6000 for 16 days. Furthermore, the water use efficiency, relative water content and proline content in PC plants were higher than those of WT plants, as were C4-PEPC activity and transcript levels following treatment with 5% PEG-6000 for 2 h. The protein kinase activities and transcript levels of sucrose non-fermenting-1-related protein kinases (SnRKs) genes, such as SnRK1a, OsK24 and OsK35 were also higher in PC plants than in WT plants following treatment with 5% PEG-6000 for 2 h. Additionally, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase (PPCK, EC 4.1.1.32) activities and transcript levels (e.g. PPCK1 and PPCK2) increased following drought treatment. These changes were regulated by signaling molecules, such as calcium, nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide. Furthermore, the -1095 to -416 region of the C4-PEPC promoter in PC plants was demethylated following exposure to drought conditions for 1 h. The demethylation coincided with an increase in C4-PEPC expression. Our data suggest that the demethylation of the C4-PEPC promoter and the phosphorylation catalyzed by PPCK have key roles in conferring drought tolerance to the transgenic rice plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Liu
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu High Quality Rice Research and Development Center, Nanjing Branch, China National Center for Rice Improvement, Nanjing, 210014, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xia Li
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu High Quality Rice Research and Development Center, Nanjing Branch, China National Center for Rice Improvement, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu High Quality Rice Research and Development Center, Nanjing Branch, China National Center for Rice Improvement, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Chuanchao Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jiayu Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chenggang Ren
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu High Quality Rice Research and Development Center, Nanjing Branch, China National Center for Rice Improvement, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Jinfei Zhang
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu High Quality Rice Research and Development Center, Nanjing Branch, China National Center for Rice Improvement, Nanjing, 210014, China
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Wang N, Zhong X, Cong Y, Wang T, Yang S, Li Y, Gai J. Genome-wide Analysis of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase Gene Family and Their Response to Abiotic Stresses in Soybean. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38448. [PMID: 27924923 PMCID: PMC5141416 DOI: 10.1038/srep38448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) plays an important role in assimilating atmospheric CO2 during C4 and crassulacean acid metabolism photosynthesis, and also participates in various non-photosynthetic processes, including fruit ripening, stomatal opening, supporting carbon-nitrogen interactions, seed formation and germination, and regulation of plant tolerance to stresses. However, a comprehensive analysis of PEPC family in Glycine max has not been reported. Here, a total of ten PEPC genes were identified in soybean and denominated as GmPEPC1-GmPEPC10. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of the PEPC proteins from 13 higher plant species including soybean, PEPC family could be classified into two subfamilies, which was further supported by analyses of their conserved motifs and gene structures. Nineteen cis-regulatory elements related to phytohormones, abiotic and biotic stresses were identified in the promoter regions of GmPEPC genes, indicating their roles in soybean development and stress responses. GmPEPC genes were expressed in various soybean tissues and most of them responded to the exogenously applied phytohormones. GmPEPC6, GmPEPC8 and GmPEPC9 were significantly induced by aluminum toxicity, cold, osmotic and salt stresses. In addition, the enzyme activities of soybean PEPCs were also up-regulated by these treatments, suggesting their potential roles in soybean response to abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement/National Center for Soybean Improvement/Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General, Ministry of Agriculture)/Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Xiujuan Zhong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement/National Center for Soybean Improvement/Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General, Ministry of Agriculture)/Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Yahui Cong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement/National Center for Soybean Improvement/Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General, Ministry of Agriculture)/Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement/National Center for Soybean Improvement/Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General, Ministry of Agriculture)/Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Songnan Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement/National Center for Soybean Improvement/Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General, Ministry of Agriculture)/Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Yan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement/National Center for Soybean Improvement/Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General, Ministry of Agriculture)/Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Junyi Gai
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement/National Center for Soybean Improvement/Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General, Ministry of Agriculture)/Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
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Feria AB, Bosch N, Sánchez A, Nieto-Ingelmo AI, de la Osa C, Echevarría C, García-Mauriño S, Monreal JA. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and PEPC-kinase (PEPC-k) isoenzymes in Arabidopsis thaliana: role in control and abiotic stress conditions. PLANTA 2016; 244:901-13. [PMID: 27306451 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2556-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis ppc3 mutant has a growth-arrest phenotype and is affected in phosphate- and salt-stress responses, showing that this protein is crucial under control or stress conditions. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and its dedicated kinase (PEPC-k) are ubiquitous plant proteins implicated in many physiological processes. This work investigates specific roles for the three plant-type PEPC (PTPC) and the two PEPC-k isoenzymes in Arabidopsis thaliana. The lack of any of the PEPC isoenzymes reduced growth parameters under optimal growth conditions. PEPC activity was decreased in shoots and roots of ppc2 and ppc3 mutants, respectively. Phosphate starvation increased the expression of all PTPC and PPCK genes in shoots, but only PPC3 and PPCK2 in roots. The absence of any of these two proteins was not compensated by other isoforms in roots. The effect of salt stress on PTPC and PPCK expression was modest in shoots, but PPC3 was markedly increased in roots. Interestingly, both stresses decreased root growth in each of the mutants except for ppc3. This mutant had a stressed phenotype in control conditions (reduced root growth and high level of stress molecular markers), but was unaffected in their response to high salinity. Salt stress increased PEPC activity, its phosphorylation state, and L-malate content in roots, all these responses were abolished in the ppc3 mutant. Our results highlight the importance of the PPC3 isoenzyme for the normal development of plants and for root responses to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B Feria
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes no. 6, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Nadja Bosch
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes no. 6, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Alfonso Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes no. 6, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Ana I Nieto-Ingelmo
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes no. 6, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Clara de la Osa
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes no. 6, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Cristina Echevarría
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes no. 6, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Sofía García-Mauriño
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes no. 6, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Monreal
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes no. 6, 41012, Seville, Spain.
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Cao J, Lv XY, Chen L, Xing JJ, Lan HY. Effects of salinity on the growth, physiology and relevant gene expression of an annual halophyte grown from heteromorphic seeds. AOB PLANTS 2015; 7:plv112. [PMID: 26386128 PMCID: PMC4612296 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plv112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Seed heteromorphism provides plants with alternative strategies for survival in unfavourable environments. However, the response of descendants from heteromorphic seeds to stress has not been well documented. Suaeda aralocaspica is a typical annual halophyte, which produces heteromorphic seeds with disparate forms and different germination characteristics. To gain an understanding of the salt tolerance of descendants and the impact of seed heteromorphism on progeny of this species, we performed a series of experiments to investigate the plant growth and physiological parameters (e.g. osmolytes, oxidative/antioxidative agents and enzymes), as well as expression patterns of corresponding genes. Results showed that osmolytes (proline and glycinebetaine) were significantly increased and that excess reactive oxygen species ([Formula: see text] H2O2) produced under high salinity were scavenged by increased levels of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase) and corresponding antioxidants (ascorbic acid and glutathione). Moreover, enhancement of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity at high salt intensity had a positive effect on photosynthesis. The descendants from heteromorphic seeds presented no significant difference in performance with or without salinity. In conclusion, we found that high salinity induced the same active physiological responses in plants from heteromorphic seeds of S. aralocaspica, there was no carry-over of seed heteromorphism to plants: all the descendants required salinity for optimal growth and adaptation to their natural habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cao
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Xiu Yun Lv
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Jia Jia Xing
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Hai Yan Lan
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
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Cui J, He P, Liu F, Tan J, Chen L, Fenn J. 60 years of development of the journal of integrative plant biology. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 54:682-702. [PMID: 22966769 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2012.01163.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In celebration of JIPB's 60(th) anniversary, this paper summarizes and reviews the development process of the journal. To start, we offer our heartfelt thanks to JIPB's pioneer Editors-in-Chief who helped get the journal off the ground and make it successful. Academic achievement is the soul of academic journals, and this paper summarizes JIPB's course of academic development by analyzing it in four stages: the first two stages are mostly qualitative analyses, and the latter two stages are dedicated to quantitative analyses. Most-cited papers were statistically analyzed. Improvements in editing, publication, distribution and online accessibility--which are detailed in this paper--contribute to JIPB's sustainable development. In addition, JIPB's evaluation index and awards are provided with accompanying pictures. At the end of the paper, JIPB's milestones are listed chronologically. We believe that JIPB's development, from a national journal to an international one, parallels the development of the Chinese plant sciences.
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The remarkable diversity of plant PEPC (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase): recent insights into the physiological functions and post-translational controls of non-photosynthetic PEPCs. Biochem J 2011; 436:15-34. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20110078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PEPC [PEP (phosphoenolpyruvate) carboxylase] is a tightly controlled enzyme located at the core of plant C-metabolism that catalyses the irreversible β-carboxylation of PEP to form oxaloacetate and Pi. The critical role of PEPC in assimilating atmospheric CO2 during C4 and Crassulacean acid metabolism photosynthesis has been studied extensively. PEPC also fulfils a broad spectrum of non-photosynthetic functions, particularly the anaplerotic replenishment of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates consumed during biosynthesis and nitrogen assimilation. An impressive array of strategies has evolved to co-ordinate in vivo PEPC activity with cellular demands for C4–C6 carboxylic acids. To achieve its diverse roles and complex regulation, PEPC belongs to a small multigene family encoding several closely related PTPCs (plant-type PEPCs), along with a distantly related BTPC (bacterial-type PEPC). PTPC genes encode ~110-kDa polypeptides containing conserved serine-phosphorylation and lysine-mono-ubiquitination sites, and typically exist as homotetrameric Class-1 PEPCs. In contrast, BTPC genes encode larger ~117-kDa polypeptides owing to a unique intrinsically disordered domain that mediates BTPC's tight interaction with co-expressed PTPC subunits. This association results in the formation of unusual ~900-kDa Class-2 PEPC hetero-octameric complexes that are desensitized to allosteric effectors. BTPC is a catalytic and regulatory subunit of Class-2 PEPC that is subject to multi-site regulatory phosphorylation in vivo. The interaction between divergent PEPC polypeptides within Class-2 PEPCs adds another layer of complexity to the evolution, physiological functions and metabolic control of this essential CO2-fixing plant enzyme. The present review summarizes exciting developments concerning the functions, post-translational controls and subcellular location of plant PTPC and BTPC isoenzymes.
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Testerink C, Munnik T. Molecular, cellular, and physiological responses to phosphatidic acid formation in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:2349-61. [PMID: 21430291 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidic acid (PA) is an essential phospholipid involved in membrane biosynthesis and signal transduction in all eukaryotes. This review focuses on its role as lipid second messenger during plant stress, metabolism, and development. The contribution of different individual isoforms of enzymes that generate and break down PA will be discussed and the downstream responses highlighted, with particular focus on proteins that bind PA. Through characterization of several of these PA targets, a molecular and genetic basis for PA's role in plant stress and development is emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Testerink
- University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Plant Physiology, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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