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Carob: A Sustainable Opportunity for Metabolic Health. Foods 2022; 11:foods11142154. [PMID: 35885396 PMCID: PMC9325207 DOI: 10.3390/foods11142154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) is an evergreen tree that belongs to the Leguminosae family and grows in the arid and semi-arid regions of the Mediterranean basin. The carob tree is resistant to droughts and salinity, while its deep root systems allow CO2 to sink, mitigating global warming effects. Traditionally, carob has been used to produce animal feed, but for many years, it was excluded from the human diet. Nowadays, agricultural and industrial sectors exploit carob fruit, also referred to as carob pod, and its primary products (i.e., flour, powder and syrup) to develop a variety of foods and beverages. The nutritional composition varies depending on the carob part but also on genetic, cultivar, seasonal and environmental factors. Despite the high sugar content, the carob pod is rich in insoluble fiber and microconstituents including phenolic compounds, inositols (mainly d-pinitol) and vitamins. In the present review article, we aimed to (a) highlight the role of carob cultivation in addressing climate change challenges and the need for sustainability, and (b) summarize the effects of carob consumption on obesity and related metabolic disorders.
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Antoniou C, Kyratzis A, Rouphael Y, Stylianou S, Kyriacou MC. Heat- and Ultrasound-Assisted Aqueous Extraction of Soluble Carbohydrates and Phenolics from Carob Kibbles of Variable Size and Source Material. Foods 2020; 9:E1364. [PMID: 32992938 PMCID: PMC7599798 DOI: 10.3390/foods9101364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aqueous extraction of carob kibbles is the fundamental step in the production of carob juice and carob molasses. Improving the theoretical yield in sugars during organic solvent-free aqueous extraction is of prime interest to the food industry. Collateral extraction of phenolics, however, must be monitored as it influences the sensory and functional profile of carob juice. We presently examined the impact of source material, kibble size, temperature, and duration on the efficiency of extracting sugars and phenolics aqueously by conventional heat-assisted (HAE) and ultrasound-assisted (UAE) methods. Source material was the most influential factor determining the concentration of phenolics extracted by either method. Source material also influenced the relative proportions of sucrose, glucose, and fructose, which may impact the perceived sweetness of the juice. Kibble size (medium size M = 9-13 mm; powder size P = 1-4 mm) was more influential with UAE than HAE for both sugars and phenolics but was rendered less influential with prolonged UAE duration. Increasing HAE temperature (from 25 °C to 75 °C) favored the extraction of phenolics over sugars; however, prolonging extraction at 25 °C improved sugar yield without excessive yield in phenolics. Disproportionate extraction of phenolics over sugars limits the use of heat-assisted extraction to improve sugar yield in carob juice production and may shift the product's sensory profile toward astringency. Prolonged extraction at near ambient temperature can, however, improve sugar yield, keeping collateral extraction of phenolics low. Ultrasound agitation constitutes an effective means of extracting sugars from powder-size kibbles. Industrial application of both methodologies depends on the targeted functional and sensory properties of carob juice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrystalla Antoniou
- Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 22016, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus; (C.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Angelos Kyratzis
- Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 22016, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus; (C.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Youssef Rouphael
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy;
| | | | - Marios C. Kyriacou
- Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 22016, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus; (C.A.); (A.K.)
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Quiles-Carrillo L, Mellinas C, Garrigos MC, Balart R, Torres-Giner S. Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds with Antioxidant Activity from Carob Pods. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-019-01596-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Park CY, Lee KY, Gul K, Rahman MS, Kim AN, Chun J, Kim HJ, Choi SG. Phenolics and antioxidant activity of aqueous turmeric extracts as affected by heating temperature and time. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Urine and fecal samples targeted metabolomics of carobs treated rats. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1114-1115:76-85. [PMID: 30933879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ceratonia siliqua, known as the carob, is considered to be of high nutritional value and of great economic significance due to its unique composition. The beneficial effects of carob against cancer, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, diarrhea, hyperlipidemia and gastro esophageal reflux disease are only a few of its therapeutic actions. Metabolomics-based analysis provides an ultimate tool, for the deciphering of nutritional intervention derived metabolic alterations. In the present study, 16 male Wistar rats were treated with carob powder for a 15-day period. Fecal and urine samples were collected at 5 time points (0, 1, 5, 10 and 15 days). By the applied HILIC-MS/MS method, 63 and 67 hydrophilic metabolites were detected in the fecal and urine samples, respectively, including amino acids, organic acids, sugars, vitamins and other endogenous compounds. A clear group separation based on fecal metabolome was observed after 1 day and 15 days treatment, while only a mild differentiation at day 1 was observed based on urine metabolome. Twenty-one fecal metabolites were responsible for the separation including amino acids and their derivatives, vitamins and organic acids. However, only 7 metabolites were altered in rat urine samples. Metabolic alterations in fecal samples could be attributed to physiological and biochemical adaptations derived from the nutritional intervention. Fecal targeted metabolomics were proven to be suitable for uplifting and highlighting such alterations.
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Gunel Z, Tontul İ, Dincer C, Topuz A, Sahin-Nadeem H. Influence of microwave, the combined microwave/hot air and only hot air roasting on the formation of heat-induced contaminants of carob powders. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:2332-2339. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1544720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Gunel
- Department of Food Engineering, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - İsmail Tontul
- Department of Food Engineering, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Cuneyt Dincer
- Finike Vocational School, Department of Food Processing, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
- Food Safety and Agricultural Research Center, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Topuz
- Department of Food Engineering, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Hilal Sahin-Nadeem
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
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Deans BJ, Skierka BE, Karagiannakis BW, Vuong D, Lacey E, Smith JA, Bissember AC. Siliquapyranone: A Tannic Acid Tetrahydropyran-2-one Isolated from the Leaves of Carob (Ceratonia siliqua) by Pressurised Hot Water Extraction. Aust J Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/ch18265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Studies of the phytochemistry of carob (Ceratonia siliqua) leaf material are extremely limited. This report features the second natural product isolation study of carob leaves and the first such investigation of C. siliqua grown in Australia. Investigation of leaf material from seven carob cultivars using pressurised hot water extraction (PHWE) revealed the presence of high levels of myricitrin, d-pinitol, and sucrose in addition to the previously unreported natural product siliquapyranone {(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-(((2S,4S)-2-methyl-6-oxotetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)oxy)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4-diyl bis(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate)}. Siliquapyranone represents a biosynthetic fusion of conventional 2,3-gallate esters on a β-glucose tannin with a hydroxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one-related non-tannin tetrahydropyran-2-one, parasorboside. Preliminary biological testing indicates that siliquapyranone exhibits weak activity against both tumour and normal cell lines. This suggests that, like most tannins and parasorboside, siliquapyranone may act as an antifeedant.
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Bahry H, Pons A, Abdallah R, Pierre G, Delattre C, Fayad N, Taha S, Vial C. Valorization of carob waste: Definition of a second-generation bioethanol production process. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 235:25-34. [PMID: 28351729 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to develop a strategy for second-generation ethanol production from carob solid waste issued from Lebanese food industry. The pros and cons of submerged (SF) and solid-state fermentations (SSF) using S. cerevisiae on ethanol yield and productivity were compared, including the respective roles of upstream and downstream processes, such as the size reduction, or sugar and ethanol recovery processes. The design of experiments methodology was applied. Experimental results demonstrated that SSF applied to cut carob waste from carob syrup preparation was simpler to operate and more cost-effective, maintained yield and productivity (0.458g ethanol/g consumed sugar and 4.3g/(kg waste)/h) in comparison to SF (0.450g ethanol/g consumed sugar and 5.7g/(kg waste)/h), and was able to achieve ethanol production up to 155g/(kg waste) at low water demand, while SF reached only 78g/(kg waste) due to the limitations of the sugar extraction pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Bahry
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal, Institut Pascal, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; CNRS - UMR 6602, IP, F-63178 Aubière, France; Lebanese University, AZM Centre for Research in Biotechnology and Its Applications, Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology for Biomolecules, Biotherapy and Bioprocess, El Mitein Street, Tripoli, Lebanon.
| | - Agnès Pons
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal, Institut Pascal, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; CNRS - UMR 6602, IP, F-63178 Aubière, France
| | - Rawa Abdallah
- Lebanese University, AZM Centre for Research in Biotechnology and Its Applications, Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology for Biomolecules, Biotherapy and Bioprocess, El Mitein Street, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Guillaume Pierre
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal, Institut Pascal, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; CNRS - UMR 6602, IP, F-63178 Aubière, France
| | - Cédric Delattre
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal, Institut Pascal, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; CNRS - UMR 6602, IP, F-63178 Aubière, France
| | - Nidal Fayad
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal, Institut Pascal, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; CNRS - UMR 6602, IP, F-63178 Aubière, France
| | - Samir Taha
- Lebanese University, AZM Centre for Research in Biotechnology and Its Applications, Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology for Biomolecules, Biotherapy and Bioprocess, El Mitein Street, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Christophe Vial
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal, Institut Pascal, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; CNRS - UMR 6602, IP, F-63178 Aubière, France
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Martin-Diana AB, Izquierdo N, Albertos I, Sanchez MS, Herrero A, Sanz MA, Rico D. Valorization of Carob's Germ and Seed Peel as Natural Antioxidant Ingredients in Gluten-Free Crackers. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.12770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Belen Martin-Diana
- Agrarian Technological Institute of Castilla and Leon (ITACyL).; Ctra. Burgos Km 119, Finca Zamadueñas. 47071 Valladolid Spain
| | - Nuria Izquierdo
- Agrarian Technological Institute of Castilla and Leon (ITACyL).; Ctra. Burgos Km 119, Finca Zamadueñas. 47071 Valladolid Spain
- Department of Chemistry; University of Burgos; Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n. 09001 Burgos Spain
| | - Irene Albertos
- Agrarian Technological Institute of Castilla and Leon (ITACyL).; Ctra. Burgos Km 119, Finca Zamadueñas. 47071 Valladolid Spain
| | - Maria S. Sanchez
- Department of Chemistry; University of Burgos; Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n. 09001 Burgos Spain
| | - Ana Herrero
- Department of Mathematics and Computation; University of Burgos; Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n. 09001 Burgos Spain
| | - Miguel A. Sanz
- Agrarian Technological Institute of Castilla and Leon (ITACyL).; Ctra. Burgos Km 119, Finca Zamadueñas. 47071 Valladolid Spain
| | - Daniel Rico
- Agrarian Technological Institute of Castilla and Leon (ITACyL).; Ctra. Burgos Km 119, Finca Zamadueñas. 47071 Valladolid Spain
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Mulet A, Fernández-Salguero J, García-Pérez J, Bon J. Mechanistic modeling to address process analysis: Kibbles of carob (Ceratonia siliqua, L.) pod extraction. J FOOD ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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El Bouzdoudi B, El Ansari ZN, Mangalagiu I, Mantu D, Badoc A, Lamarti A. Determination of Polyphenols Content in Carob Pulp from Wild and Domesticated Moroccan Trees. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2016.714177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Nasar-Abbas SM, E-Huma Z, Vu TH, Khan MK, Esbenshade H, Jayasena V. Carob Kibble: A Bioactive-Rich Food Ingredient. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2015; 15:63-72. [PMID: 33371575 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) is well known for its valuable locust bean gum obtained from the carob seeds. Separation of seeds from the pod leaves behind the carob kibble which is a good source of dietary fiber, sugars, and a range of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols and pinitol. Bioactive compounds present in carob kibble have been found to be beneficial in the control of many health problems such as diabetes, heart diseases, and colon cancer due to their antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Carob kibble has substantial potential to be used as a food ingredient. This article focuses on the composition, health benefits, and food applications of carob kibble.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M Nasar-Abbas
- Dept. of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Technology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Univ, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Zill- E-Huma
- Dept. of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Technology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Univ, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.,National Inst. of Food Science & Technology, Univ. of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Thi-Huong Vu
- Dept. of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Technology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Univ, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Muhammad Kamran Khan
- Dept. of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Technology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Univ, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.,Dept. of Food Science, Government College Univ. Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Vijay Jayasena
- School of Science and Health, Wrestern Sydney Univ, Parramatta NSW 2150, Australia
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Tetik N, Yüksel E. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of D-pinitol from carob pods using Response Surface Methodology. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2014; 21:860-865. [PMID: 24090831 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study reports on the optimization of the conditions of extraction of D-pinitol compound from carob pods by using ultrasonication. For this purpose, the Box-Behnken design, which is a widely used form of Response Surface Methodology, was used to investigate the effects of parameters on the ultrasound-assisted extraction. Four independent variables, temperature (°C), ultrasonic power (W), dilution rate (material:water ratio) and time (min), were studied. The results showed that the highest D-pinitol concentration of 11.98 g/L was obtained with an extraction temperature of 50 °C, ultrasonic power of 207 W, a dilution rate of 1:4 and an extraction time of 120 min. It was found that the D-pinitol concentration of carob extract increased with the effect of ultrasonication during the extraction process. Therefore, ultrasound-assisted extraction could be used as an alternative to conventional hot water extraction with respect to the recovery of D-pinitol from carob pods with the advantages of lower extraction temperatures, shorter extraction time and reduced energy consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedim Tetik
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, 07058 Antalya, Turkey.
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Chen BY, Kuo CH, Liu YC, Ye LY, Chen JH, Shieh CJ. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction of the botanical dietary supplement resveratrol and other constituents of Polygonum cuspidatum. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012; 75:1810-1813. [PMID: 23075087 DOI: 10.1021/np300392n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The roots of Polygonum cuspidatum produce several phenolic compounds, including trans-resveratrol (1), trans-piceid (2), and emodin (3), and are a commercial source of the botanical dietary supplement 1. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction technology and conventional shaking extraction procedures were compared for the extraction of 1-3 from P. cuspidatum roots, using 50% ethanol as a food grade solvent. These compounds were extracted successfully, and their mass transfer coefficients were calculated by fitting the experimental results to a model derived from Fick's second law. The results indicated that ultrasonic-assisted extraction had higher mass transfer efficacies and extraction yields for 1-3 as compared with conventional shaking extraction. Under the extraction conditions used (extraction temperature 50 °C; ultrasonic power 150 W), yields of 3.5, 9.2, and 7.8 mg/g were obtained for 1-3, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Yuan Chen
- Graduate Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Abstract
Carob syrup is a traditional product native to the Mediterranean region, containing a high concentration of sugar, phenolic compounds and minerals. d-pinitol is a bioactive component extracted from legumes and has some beneficial effects on human metabolism. In this research, the d-pinitol content and sugar profile of 10 different carob syrup samples purchased from Turkish markets were determined. Mean d-pinitol, sucrose, glucose and fructose contents of samples were found to be 84.63 ± 10.73, 385.90 ± 45.07, 152.44 ± 21.72 and 162.03 ± 21.45 g/kg dry weight, respectively. Carob syrup has a considerable amount of d-pinitol compared with the other d-pinitol-including legumes. Consequently, this study showed that carob syrup may be a suitable source of d-pinitol for medical use and d-pinitol may be an indicator for the detection of any adulteration in carob syrup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedim Tetik
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey.
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Turhan I, Bialka KL, Demirci A, Karhan M. Enhanced Lactic Acid Production from Carob Extract byLactobacillus caseiUsing Invertase Pretreatment. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/08905436.2010.524485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Manso T, Nunes C, Raposo S, Lima-Costa ME. Carob pulp as raw material for production of the biocontrol agent P. agglomerans PBC-1. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 37:1145-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-010-0762-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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