Effect of Zinc Nanoparticles on Milk Yield, Milk Composition and Somatic Cell Count in Early-Lactating Barbari Does

Nano minerals have better bioavailability, efficient utilization, smaller dose rate, and stable interactions within the biological system. Efficacy of dietary supplementation of nano zinc particles on milk yield, milk composition, and somatic cell count was studied in periparturient Barbari does. Twenty-four Barbari goats (mean body weight 35 ± 1.5 kg) of about 4 months of pregnancy were divided into four groups (Gr I, Gr II, Gr III, and Gr IV) of six animals each. All the does were fed a common basal diet (containing 38.96 mg Zn/kg DM) of concentrate pellet and Bengal gram (Cicer arietinum) straw. No zinc was supplemented in does of Gr I (control group), while Gr II, Gr III, and Gr IV does were supplemented with 20 ppm inorganic zinc oxide, 10 ppm of nano zinc, and 20 ppm of nano zinc respectively. The experimental feeding was done for 75 days (30 days before kidding to 45 days after kidding). Results showed that yield and composition of milk in different groups of lactating does were not significantly (P < 0.05) affected by zinc supplementation. The percentages of solid-nonfat, fat, protein, lactose, and total solid were comparable (P > 0.05) among different groups of lactating does. The milk mineral levels of Zn, Cu, Na, Ca, and K were statistically similar (P > 0.05) in all the groups of goats. There was significantly (P < 0.05) lower somatic cell count (SCC) in zinc-supplemented groups (Gr II, Gr III, and Gr IV) as compared with the control (Gr I) group of does. SCC was lowest in Gr IV followed by Gr III, Gr II, and Gr I. The present study concluded that supplementation of inorganic zinc @ 20 ppm and nano zinc @ 10 and 20 ppm had no significant effect on milk yield/composition but reduced milk somatic cell count. The efficacy of nano zinc was found to be better as compared with normal inorganic form.

The effect of terebinth (Pistacia terebinthus L.) coffee addition on the chemical and physical characteristics, colour values, organic acid profiles, mineral compositions and sensory properties of ice creams

The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of terebinth (Pistacia terebinthus L.) coffee addition (0.5, 1 and 2 %) on the chemical and physical properties, colour values, organic acid profiles, mineral contents and sensory characteristics of ice creams. The total solids, fat, titratable acidity, viscosity, first dripping time and complete melting time values, a (*) and b (*) colour properties, citric, lactic, acetic and butyric acid levels and Ca, Cu, Mg, Fe, K, Zn and Na concentrations of ice creams showed an increase with the increment of terebinth coffee amount, while protein, pH, L (*), propionic acid and orotic acid values decreased. However, Al and malic acid were not detected in any of the samples. The overall acceptability scores of the sensory properties showed that the addition of 1 % terebinth coffee to the ice cream was more appreciated by the panellists.

Influence of diet and rennet on the composition of goats’ milk and cheese

Dry matter, protein, fat, pH, mineral (Na, K, Ca and Mg) and trace elements (Fe, Cu, Zn and Se) concentrations were determined in samples of goats’ milk and in fresh, semi-hard and hard cheeses to study the effect of the goats’ diet and the type of rennet used for the cheese processing of the Palmero Protected Designation of Origin cheeses. Two groups of 20 Palmero goats were fed 2 different diets: a Palmero diet (PD supplied by native forages adapted to subhumid areas, which had a high ratio of long fibre to concentrates (65:35), and an actual diet (AD), the most commonly used by goat farmers, with a low ratio of long fibre to concentrates (35:65). In general, the cheese samples from goats fed with PD had higher mean Ca, Zn, Cu and Se concentrations than the samples obtained from AD fed goats. The diet exhibited a greater influence on the chemical composition of the cheeses than the rennet used in their production. Applying a stepwise linear discriminant analysis a complete percentage of correct classifications of the three types of cheeses according to the diet of the goats was observed.

The influence of supplementation of different forms of zinc in goats on the zinc concentration in blood plasma and milk

The aim of the experiment was to study zinc concentration in goat's milk during a short-term oral supplementation of three organic and one inorganic form of zinc and the influence of Zn supplementation on the concentration of Zn and Cu in blood plasma. The experiment involved 31 lactating goats. The group C was the control, group L received zinc lactate, group A received zinc chelate, group T received amino acid-polypeptidic complex with zinc, and group O received zinc oxide. Zinc preparations were administered orally in 500 mg Zn per animal for 28 days. In the course of the experiment, Zn concentration in plasma increased significantly in all experimental groups and in the control group was unchanged. The concentration of zinc in milk during the experiment fluctuated in individual groups, but there were no significant differences between groups. After 28 days of Zn supplementation, Zn concentration in milk of goats was similar as at the start of the experiment in all groups. According to our results, the supplementation of different forms of zinc did not influence the concentration of Zn in milk, but significantly influenced the Zn concentration in blood plasma. The efficiency of different organic and inorganic forms of zinc was similar.

Monitoring of changes in selenium concentration in goat milk during short-term supplementation of various forms of selenium

The goal of the experiment was to monitor the changes in the selenium concentration in goat milk during short-term oral supplementation of three different forms of selenium. The experiment involved 24 lactating goats of white shorthaired breed. Group C was the control; group S received selenium in the form of selenium-enriched yeast, group L in the form of lactate, and group B in the form of proteinate. Individual selenium preparations were administered individually orally in 250 microg Se dose per animal for 20 days. After the beginning of selenium supplementation, the selenium concentration in milk during the first 5 days grew gradually in group S. Between days 7 and 20 of Se supplementation, the mean Se concentrations in milk in groups were 12.53 +/- 3.69 microg l(-1) (C), 25.90 +/- 6.30 microg l(-1) (S), 13.14 +/- 3.54 microg l(-1) (L), 11.70 +/- 3.69 microg l(-1) (B). Differences between group S and other groups (C, B, L) were highly significant (p < 0.0001). Based on our results, selenium in the form of lactate and proteinate was excreted into the milk similarly, but selenium in the form of yeast, which contains high amount of selenomethionine, was excreted by milk in the highest amounts.

Mineral Retention in Three-Week-Old Piglets Fed Goat and Cow Milk Infant Formulas

Goat milk and cow milk are commonly used in infant formula preparations and, as such, understanding the nutritional characteristics of infant formulas made from these milks is important. In this study, a goat milk infant formula was compared with an adapted (whey-enhanced) cow milk infant formula with respect to mineral absorption and deposition using the 3-wk-old piglet as a model for the 3-mo-old infant. Equal numbers of piglets (n = 8) were fed either the goat milk formula or the cow milk formula. The mineral composition of the prepared goat milk formula was higher than that of the prepared cow milk formula for most minerals, including calcium (75.1 vs. 56.7 mg/100 mL) but excluding iron, which was higher in the prepared cow milk formula (0.92 vs. 0.74 mg/100 mL). The amounts of calcium, phosphorus, and manganese absorbed by the piglets were significantly higher for the goat milk formula, whereas the amounts of zinc, iron, and magnesium absorbed were significantly higher for the cow milk formula. Apparent mineral absorption, relative to intake, was statistically higher in the cow milk formula for calcium and phosphorus, although the actual differences were very small (less than 1.3%). For copper, zinc, iron, and magnesium there was no significant difference between treatments in apparent mineral absorption, whereas for manganese, absorption was higher for the goat milk infant formula. The absolute mineral deposition was higher in piglets fed the goat milk formula for calcium, phosphorus, and manganese, whereas iron deposition was higher in the piglets fed cow milk formula. For all other minerals tested, there were no significant differences between treatments. The goat milk infant formula provided a pattern of mineral retention in the 3-wk-old piglet very similar to that of the adapted cow milk infant formula. The minor differences observed between the 2 appeared to be due to the different mineral contents of the 2 formulas.