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Mengistu BA, Getnet K, Mebratu AS, Fenta MD. Occurrence, multidrug resistance and potential risk factors for Staphylococcus aureus infection at worker-animal and working equipment interfaces: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the Ethiopian literature. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1403012. [PMID: 39220454 PMCID: PMC11363263 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1403012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infecting animals and humans via close contact, handling, or consuming contaminated products is a growing public health concern. In Ethiopia, it is important to examine the overall prevalence of S. aureus, patterns of multidrug resistance, and potential risks in human-animal interface settings. Thus, this review was conducted to estimate the pooled prevalence of S. aureus, its multidrug resistance, and potential risk factors for worker-animal-working equipment interactions. Methods This systematic review and meta-analysis were carried out by the PRISMA guidelines. The research articles were searched from PubMed, HINARI, Web of Sciences, and Google Scholar databases. Results This meta-analysis included 13 independent articles and 52 dependent studies. In total, 5,329 humans, 5,475 animals, and 5,119 samples of working equipment were analyzed. The pooled prevalence of S. aureus at the interfaces between humans, animals, and working equipment was 22%, there was a high level of heterogeneity (I2 = 94%: p < 0.01). The overall pooled prevalence of S. aureus in dairy farm sources was 23% (95% CI, 17-30%) compared to 18% in abattoirs. The pooled prevalence of S. aureus was estimated to be 25% for human sources, 23% for animal sources, and 19% for working equipment. The total multidrug resistance (MDR) rate was 27%. The present study illustrates that a predominant antimicrobials comprising ampicillin, penicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin, accounts for the development of resistance in S. aureus strains, with a prevalence of 72%. According to the qualitative assessment of potential risk factors, animal age, worker education, lactation stage, and hand washing by milkers influenced the circulation of S. aureus at animal-worker and working equipment interfaces. Conclusion The pooled prevalence of S. aureus at the interface of human,-and animal-working equipment was quantified at 22%. S. aureus was found in humans, animals, and equipment at nearly the same rate. The results of this study demonstrate that S. aureus is hazardous and circulates among animals, workers, and equipment: farmers, animal owners, employees, and the public need to be educated about S. aureus. Moreover, animals and work equipment should be included in the control and prevention of S. aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bemrew Admassu Mengistu
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Kalkidan Getnet
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Atsede Solomon Mebratu
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Melkie Dagnaw Fenta
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Gizaw F, Kekeba T, Teshome F, Kebede M, Abreham T, Berhe HH, Ayana D, Edao BM, Waktole H, Tufa TB, Abunna F, Beyi AF, Abdi RD. Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains Thrive in Dairy and Beef Production, Processing, and Supply Lines in Five Geographical Areas in Ethiopia. Vet Sci 2023; 10:663. [PMID: 38133214 PMCID: PMC10747641 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10120663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Livestock, farms, abattoirs, and food supply systems can become the source of foodborne pathogens, including S. aureus, in the absence of monitoring, general hygienic practices, and control. Studies are scarce on reservoirs (hiding places) and routes of entry of S. aureus into the food supply chain in Ethiopia. To fill these gaps, we evaluated the role of cows (milk), meat, equipment, and food handlers on the abundance and AMR of S. aureus in five geographical areas in central Oromia, Ethiopia. We isolated S. aureus from 10 different ecologies per area in 5 areas and tested their sensitivity to 14 antimicrobials of 9 different classes. We ranked the 5 areas and 10 ecologies by computing their multiple AMR index (MARI) at a cut-off value of 0.2 to determine 'high-risk' ecologies for AMR. We recorded as MDR if an isolate had resistance to ≥3 antimicrobial classes. We used a circos diagram to analyze if isolates with identical AMR patterns were shared between different ecologies. S. aureus is prevalent in central Oromia (16.1-18.3%), higher in dairy farms than in abattoirs, and varied among 10 ecologies (p < 0.001) but not among 5 areas (p > 0.05). Of the 92 isolates, 94.6% were penicillin-resistant. Their AMR prevalence was above 40% for 9 of 14 antimicrobials. All isolates (100%) had AMR in at least one antimicrobial class (range = 1-9; median = 5), indicating MDR was prevalent. The prevalence of MDR S. aureus varied (p < 0.05) among areas and 10 ecologies; the highest was in slaughter lines. All isolates had a MARI of >0.2, indicating drug overuse, and S. aureus's AMR burden is high in central Oromia. Dairy farms had higher MARI values (0.44) than abattoirs (0.39). Of 10 ecologies, the highest and lowest MARI values were in the beef supply chain, i.e., slaughter line (0.67) and butcher's hand (0.25). Of the 68 different AMR patterns by 92 isolates against 14 antimicrobials, 53 patterns (77.9%) were unique to individual isolates, indicating they were phenotypically dissimilar. MDR S. aureus was widespread in central Oromia in dairy and meat supply chains, contaminating milk, meat, equipment, and workers in farm and abattoir settings. In the absence of strict regulations and interventions, MDR S. aureus can be disseminated from these epicenters to the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fikru Gizaw
- School of Veterinary Science, Arsi University, Assella P.O. Box 193, Ethiopia;
| | - Tolera Kekeba
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (T.K.); (F.T.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (H.H.B.); (D.A.); (B.M.E.); (H.W.); (T.B.T.); (F.A.)
| | - Fikadu Teshome
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (T.K.); (F.T.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (H.H.B.); (D.A.); (B.M.E.); (H.W.); (T.B.T.); (F.A.)
| | - Matewos Kebede
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (T.K.); (F.T.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (H.H.B.); (D.A.); (B.M.E.); (H.W.); (T.B.T.); (F.A.)
| | - Tekeste Abreham
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (T.K.); (F.T.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (H.H.B.); (D.A.); (B.M.E.); (H.W.); (T.B.T.); (F.A.)
| | - Halefom Hishe Berhe
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (T.K.); (F.T.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (H.H.B.); (D.A.); (B.M.E.); (H.W.); (T.B.T.); (F.A.)
| | - Dinka Ayana
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (T.K.); (F.T.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (H.H.B.); (D.A.); (B.M.E.); (H.W.); (T.B.T.); (F.A.)
| | - Bedaso Mammo Edao
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (T.K.); (F.T.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (H.H.B.); (D.A.); (B.M.E.); (H.W.); (T.B.T.); (F.A.)
| | - Hika Waktole
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (T.K.); (F.T.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (H.H.B.); (D.A.); (B.M.E.); (H.W.); (T.B.T.); (F.A.)
| | - Takele Beyene Tufa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (T.K.); (F.T.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (H.H.B.); (D.A.); (B.M.E.); (H.W.); (T.B.T.); (F.A.)
| | - Fufa Abunna
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (T.K.); (F.T.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (H.H.B.); (D.A.); (B.M.E.); (H.W.); (T.B.T.); (F.A.)
| | - Ashenafi Feyisa Beyi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Reta Duguma Abdi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Greenvale, NY 11548, USA
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Wan Nawawi WNF, Ramoo V, Chong MC, Abdullah KL. A systematic review of the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) of food safety among street food handlers. INTERNATIONAL FOOD RESEARCH JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.47836/ifrj.29.6.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne diseases are commonly reported from various food establishments; however, little information has been obtained on this topic from the street food industry. Therefore, the present systematic review aimed to provide an overview of the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) of food safety among street food handlers to highlight relevant gaps in the safety and quality of food handling. Articles included in the present systematic review were extracted from several electronic databases based on the PRISMA protocol and CASP checklist. By applying inclusion criteria, twelve peer-reviewed studies from 2010 to 2020 were included in the present systematic review. Results revealed that the food safety KAP level among street food handlers varied across the study settings. It was also found that training plays an essential role in improving food safety practices. KAP assessment is essential as an initial diagnosis to guide and prioritise appropriate strategies based on the food safety aspect that requires the most attention. It also provides a decision-making basis for food safety authorities to develop relevant policies, and organise food safety training.
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JESÚS RLOCAÑADE, IBÁÑEZ ATGUTIÉRREZ, PUEBLA IROJAS, GARCÍA NPONCE, SICLÁN MLSALGADO, ROMERO LDCARBAJAL. Microbiological quality and presence of enteropathogenic bacteria in orange juice sold in popular markets. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.09621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Abrera GB, Sagum RS, Diano GT, Pares FO, Feliciano CP. Radiation sensitivity and inactivation of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella spp. in fresh chicken legs. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2021.109532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Haghi F, Zeighami H, Hajiloo Z, Torabi N, Derakhshan S. High frequency of enterotoxin encoding genes of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from food and clinical samples. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2021; 40:27. [PMID: 34108048 PMCID: PMC8188718 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-021-00246-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus is recognized as an important cause of food poisoning related to the consumption of raw, undercooked, or mishandled foods worldwide. METHODS A total of 90 individual meat samples and 200 clinical specimens were collected and investigated the frequency of S. aureus and classical enterotoxin genes. The samples were cultured on Baird-Parker and Mannitol salt agar and subjected for confirmatory biochemical tests and molecular detection of femA, sea, seb, sec, sed, and see genes. RESULTS A total of 31 (34.5%) meat samples and 81 (40.5%) clinical specimens were positive for the presence of S. aureus. These isolates were detected with slightly higher frequency in clinical specimens than food samples (P> 0.05). Furthermore, the frequency of S. aureus in raw meat (23.4%) was higher than that in cooked meat samples (11.1%) (P< 0.05). Staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) genes were identified in 18 (58.1%) of 31 meat isolates and 42 (51.8%) of 81 clinical isolates. The frequency of SE genes (except see) in meat isolates was slightly higher than that in clinical isolates (P> 0.05). We found sea and see genes with higher frequency than others in both meat and clinical samples. Furthermore, 55.5% of meat isolates and 38.1% of clinical isolates possessed more than one se gene. CONCLUSION Detection of enterotoxigenic S. aureus in clinical and raw meat samples shows a probable risk for public health. Therefore, intensive and continuous monitoring of potentially pathogenic S. aureus is strongly recommended in order to evaluate the human health risk arising from food consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fakhri Haghi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Habib Zeighami
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Zeynab Hajiloo
- Department of Microbiology, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Neda Torabi
- Department of Microbiology, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Safoura Derakhshan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
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HOSSEN MT, FERDAUS MJ, HASAN MM, LINA NN, DAS AK, BARMAN SK, PAUL DK, ROY RK. Food safety knowledge, attitudes and practices of street food vendors in Jashore region, Bangladesh. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.13320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rajib Kanti ROY
- Jashore University of Science and Technology, Bangladesh; Islamic University, Bangladesh
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Martínez-Vázquez AV, Guardiola-Avila IB, Flores-Magallón R, Rivera G, Bocanegra-García V. Detection of multi-drug resistance and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from retail meat in Tamaulipas, Mexico. ANN MICROBIOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s13213-021-01627-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Among the principal microorganisms transmitted to humans by foods of animal origin, Staphylococcus aureus stands out, causing a variety of diseases and with a wide potential for acquiring antimicrobial resistance. This work aimed to determine the prevalence of S. aureus, its multi-drug resistance (MDRSA), and the identification of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in retail beef and pork in the state of Tamaulipas, Mexico.
Methods
S. aureus strains isolated from retail meat were characterized by microbiological and molecular methods to determine phenotypic drug-resistance and detect MRSA strains.
Results
Of the 106 samples (54 from beef and 52 from pork) from 11 different cities, we detected a prevalence of S. aureus of 44.3% (47/106). A total of 87 S. aureus strains were identified; these presented 54 resistance patterns to different antimicrobials with a high prevalence of MDRSA (85%) and a low prevalence of MRSA strains (3%).
Conclusion
These results indicate the presence of MDRSA and MRSA in retail beef and pork in Tamaulipas, representing a high risk for consumer health.
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Yahya Ahmed M, Abdalbagi Ali H, Mohammed Taher Gorish B, Omer Ali S, Saif Aldein Abdalrhim E, Hamza Mergani M, Abass Abd Elgadir A, Khalid Mohammed S, Omer Ahmed S, Alsaeid Musa N, Saeed Ahmed A, Mohammed Abdalla W, Fadlallah Hamedelnil Y, Ibrahim Hashim A, Altayb HN. Molecular Detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxins and mecA Genes Products in Selected Food Samples Collected from Different Areas in Khartoum State. Int J Microbiol 2021; 2021:5520573. [PMID: 33828591 PMCID: PMC8004378 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5520573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal food poisoning is an intoxication that results from the consumption of improperly prepared or stored foods containing sufficient amounts of one or more preformed S. aureus enterotoxins. Nowadays, many researchers worldwide noted an emergence of resistant strains such as Staphylococci particularly for the antibiotic methicillin. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the existence of Staphylococcus aureus and its enterotoxins, mecA genes, in selected food samples. A total of 400 selected food samples were collected from different areas in Khartoum State. The selected foods included cheese, meat products, fish, and raw milk. One hundred samples from each type of food were cultivated, and the resultant growth yielded 137 (34.25%) S. aureus, 126 (31.5%) bacteria other than S. aureus, and 137 (34.25%) yielded no growth. Eighty-four of the 137 S. aureus isolates were randomly selected and tested for the presence of mecA and enterotoxin genes. The oxacillin sensitivity test showed that 15 (11%) of 137 S. aureus isolates were oxacillin resistant. The PCR assay showed that the mecA gene was detected in 15 of 84 (17%) S. aureus isolates. Simultaneously, only 2 (2.385%) out of 84 S. aureus isolates showed an enterotoxin B gene product. There was a relatively moderate prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with very low frequency of enterotoxin B gene in different kinds of selected food samples collected from Khartoum State. These findings elucidate the increased risk on public in Khartoum being affected by Staphylococcal food poisoning upon consumption of dairy or meat products prepared in unhygienic conditions that could lead to intoxication by Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Yahya Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Hashim Abdalbagi Ali
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Sara Omer Ali
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Eman Saif Aldein Abdalrhim
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mawada Hamza Mergani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Asmaa Abass Abd Elgadir
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Somaya Khalid Mohammed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Salma Omer Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Naglaa Alsaeid Musa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Alaa Saeed Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Wafaa Mohammed Abdalla
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Yousif Fadlallah Hamedelnil
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ahmed Ibrahim Hashim
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Hisham N. Altayb
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Bhutia MO, Thapa N, Tamang JP. Molecular Characterization of Bacteria, Detection of Enterotoxin Genes, and Screening of Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns in Traditionally Processed Meat Products of Sikkim, India. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:599606. [PMID: 33505372 PMCID: PMC7830132 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.599606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The lesser-known traditionally processed meat products such as beef kargyong, pork kargyong, satchu, and khyopeh are popular food items in the Himalayan state of Sikkim in India. The present study aimed to assess the microbiological safety of traditional meat products by identifying the potential spoilage or pathogenic bacteria, detecting the enterotoxins, and screening the antibiotic susceptibility patterns. The pH and moisture contents of the meat products varied from 5.3 to 5.9 and from 1.5 to 18%, respectively. The microbial loads of aerobic bacteria were 105 to 107 cfu/g, Staphylococcus 103 to 106 cfu/g, Bacillus 104 to 106 cfu/g, and total coliform 102 to 107 cfu/g, respectively. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the bacterial species isolated from traditionally processed meat products were Staphylococcus piscifermentans, Citrobacter freundii, Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus, Citrobacter werkmanii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Macrococcus caseolyticus, Klebsiella aerogenes, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Pseudocitrobacter anthropi, Citrobacter europaeus, Shigella sonnei, Escherichia fergusonii, Klebsiella grimontii, Burkholderia cepacia, and Bacillus cereus. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests detected Salmonella spp. and enterotoxins produced by B. cereus well as Staphylococcus in a few tested samples. However, the PCR method did not detect the virulence genes of B. cereus and Salmonella in the isolates. Virulence gene (sea) was detected in S. piscifermentans BSLST44 and S. piscifermentans BULST54 isolated from beef kargyong and in S. aureus PSST53 isolated from pork kargyong. No enterotoxins were detected in khyopeh samples. The antibiotic sensitivity test showed that all bacterial strains were susceptible toward gentamicin, cotrimoxazole, norfloxacin, and trimethoprim. Gram-positive bacteria showed 100% sensitivity against clindamycin and erythromycin; however, 50% of the resistance pattern was observed against oxacillin followed by penicillin (33%) and ampicillin (27%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera Ongmu Bhutia
- DAICENTER (DBT-AIST International Centre for Translational and Environmental Research) and Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim University, Gangtok, India
| | - Namrata Thapa
- Biotech Hub, Department of Zoology, Nar Bahadur Bhandari Degree College, Gangtok, India
| | - Jyoti Prakash Tamang
- DAICENTER (DBT-AIST International Centre for Translational and Environmental Research) and Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim University, Gangtok, India
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Torki Baghbaderani Z, Shakerian A, Rahimi E. Phenotypic and Genotypic Assessment of Antibiotic Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria Isolated from Retail Meat. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:1339-1349. [PMID: 32440171 PMCID: PMC7213866 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s241189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria are determined to be one of the main causes of foodborne diseases. PURPOSE This survey was done to assess the genotypic and phenotypic profiles of antibiotic resistance of S. aureus bacteria isolated from retail meat. METHODS Four-hundred and eighty-five retail meat samples were collected and examined. S. aureus bacteria were identified using culture and biochemical tests. The phenotypic profile of antibiotic resistance was examined using the disk diffusion method. The genotypic pattern of antibiotic resistance was determined using the polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Forty-eight out of 485 (9.89%) raw retail meat samples were contaminated with S. aureus. Raw retail buffalo meat (16%) had the highest incidence of S. aureus, while raw camel meat (4%) had the lowest. S. aureus bacteria exhibited the uppermost incidence of resistance toward tetracycline (79.16%), penicillin (72.91%), gentamicin (60.41%), and doxycycline (41.666%). The incidence of resistance toward chloramphenicol (8.33%), levofloxacin (22.91%), rifampin (22.91%), and azithromycin (25%) was lower than other examined antibiotics. The most routinely detected antibiotic resistance genes were blaZ (58.33%), tetK (52.08%), aacA-D (33.33%), and ermA (27.08%). Cat1 (4.16%), rpoB (10.41%), msrA (12.50%), grlA (12.50%), linA (14.58%), and dfrA1 (16.66%) had the lower incidence rate. CONCLUSION Raw meat of animals may be sources of resistant S. aureus which pose a hygienic threat about the consumption of raw meat. Nevertheless, further investigations are essential to understand supplementary epidemiological features of S. aureus in retail meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Torki Baghbaderani
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Amir Shakerian
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Rahimi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
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Jia K, Fang T, Wang X, Liu Y, Sun W, Wang Y, Ding T, Wang J, Li C, Xu D, Qiu J, Liu Q, Dong Q. Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Retail Foods in Mainland China: A Meta-Analysis. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 17:296-307. [PMID: 31800332 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2019.2686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Foodborne Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), is increasingly threatening human health. Pooled prevalence rates of S. aureus contamination have been extensively studied in retail food products in mainland China, but data regarding antibiotic resistance rates of S. aureus remain scattered. This study was designed to collect researches published between 2007 and 2017 in mainland China and to evaluate the antibiotic resistance of S. aureus from retail foods using a meta-analytic approach. We systematically searched the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Web of Science databases to identify peer-reviewed literature. A number of multilevel random-effects models were fitted to estimate mean occurrence rates of antibiotic-resistant S. aureus, and subgroup analyses were performed to compare antibiotic resistance rates of S. aureus throughout the years and among the methods to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility. Among the considered antibiotics, S. aureus showed the highest resistance rate to penicillin G (87%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 83-90%), followed by ampicillin (72%, 95% CI 62-81%) and erythromycin (41%, 95% CI 36-46%). MRSA showed the highest resistance rate to ampicillin (98%, 95% CI 89-100%), followed by oxacillin (97%, 95% CI 80-100%) and penicillin G (96%, 95% CI 89-99%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) of S. aureus was most frequently observed to three antibiotics (17%, 95% CI 12-22%), and MRSA showed the highest resistance rate to four antibiotics (24%, 95% CI 5-67%). Subgroup analyses results proved that sources of heterogeneity among studies were neither publication year nor detection method. In conclusion, the meta-analysis showed that β-lactam antibiotics resistance of S. aureus and MRSA strains isolated from retail foods remained the most serious, and MDR of S. aureus and MRSA were also observed. Therefore, it is important to monitor the antibiotic resistance of S. aureus and MRSA in food chain, and food safety measures should be taken to reduce the transmission of this bacterium from foods to human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Jia
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Taisong Fang
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangtai Liu
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanxia Sun
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yeru Wang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Ding
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Changcheng Li
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dongpo Xu
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingxuan Qiu
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Liu
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingli Dong
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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13
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Prevalence of antibiotic resistant mastitis pathogens in dairy cows in Egypt and potential biological control agents produced from plant endophytic actinobacteria. Saudi J Biol Sci 2019; 26:1492-1498. [PMID: 31762615 PMCID: PMC6864200 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dairy production is threatened by antibiotic resistant pathogens worldwide, and alternative solutions to treat mastitis are not available. The prevalence of antibiotic resistant strains is not well known in less developed countries. The prevalence of pathogenic bacteria and their resistance to 21 commercial antibiotics were studied in milk samples taken from 122 dairy cows suffering from the symptoms of mastitis in Egypt. The bacterial species were identified with molecular methods, and antibiotic resistance was studied with disc diffusion method. The prevalence of Streptococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were 30%, 17% and 3.5%, respectively. Most (90%) of the S. aureus strains showed resistance to penicillin whereas only 10% of the strains were resistant to oxacillin. Nearly half (40%) of E. coli strains showed resistance to streptomycin. Six P. aeruginosa strains showed resistance to several antibiotics, including ceftriaxone, enrofloxacin and levofloxacin. This points out that despite P. aeruginosa was not common, it should be followed up carefully. Potential biocontrol agents against antibiotic resistant mastitis bacteria were searched among 30 endophytic actinobacterial strains derived from wild medicinal plants. Three plants, namely Mentha longifolia, Malva parviflora and Pulicaria undulata were chosen for a more detailed study; their endophytic actinobacteria were used to prepare metabolic extracts. The crude metabolites of the actinobacteria were extracted with ethyl acetate. All metabolic extracts inhibited the growth of S. aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), E. coli and P. aeruginosa in vitro. The 16S rRNA sequence analysis revealed that the most efficient actinobacterial strains were two Micromonospora sp. and one Actinobacteria bacterium. We conclude that the combination of the metabolites of several endophytic actinobacteria derived from several medicinal plants would be the most efficient against pathogens. Different metabolite cocktails should be studied further in order to develop novel biocontrol agents to treat antibiotic resistant mastitis bacteria in dairy cows.
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14
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Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin genes detected in milk from various livestock species in northern pastoral region of Kenya. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Ma L, Chen H, Yan H, Wu L, Zhang W. Food safety knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of street food vendors and consumers in Handan, a third tier city in China. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1128. [PMID: 31419983 PMCID: PMC6697930 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7475-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Food safety has long been the subject of scholarly research, and street food is a weak link in food safety supervision. Street food not only provides convenience for many people, but is also the livelihood for millions of low income people, making a great contribution to the economy of many developing countries. Methods Street food safety is essential, and yet it has been rarely studied in China. Therefore, a typical city in China was selected as the research object to assess food safety knowledge, attitudes, and street food suppliers and consumer behaviors using questionnaires based on previous studies, and considering China’s particular characteristics and reasonable impacts identified in previous studies, such as increased income, work experience, licenses, and locations. The food safety knowledge and attitude questionnaire conformed with the national conditions in China. It was used to assess the food safety knowledge and attitudes toward food suppliers and consumers, where three main areas were addressed in the surveys and statistical analysis, as follows. (1) Statistical information including gender, age, education, income, food safety training, and specific elements related to the work experience of suppliers. (2) Knowledge of food safety including the awareness of consumers and suppliers regarding food poisoning pathogens, food and personal hygiene, high-risk groups, and correct cleaning. (3) A list of food handling behaviors was used to determine the behaviors and characteristics of subjects. Results The results show that street food suppliers have generally poor food handling practices, and most are operating under unsanitary conditions. Food safety knowledge of street vendors in the High-tech Industries Development Zone was the lowest, most likely because these regions are located in rural-urban fringe zones, where education levels are generally relatively low. Food safety attitudes of the youngest consumers were significantly better than those of older age groups. Their educational level was also different, with correspondingly relatively high income for younger individuals. Most vendors chose locations near schools or supermarkets. Consumers and street food vendors had good understanding of food safety, but street vendors were relatively poor in carrying out safe food handling, with only 26.7% using or being fully equipped withhand-washing facilities, although more than 60% of vendors wore clean and tidy clothes and masks. Conclusions Street food vendor training should be prioritized to improve the safety of street food. Other policies and measures should also be propagated to improve the food safety knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of vendors in Handan. Steps should be taken to improve street food stall operating conditions and facilities, including providing clean protected structures, access to potable water, and efficient waste collection and disposal systems. These findings should encourage government agencies to further promote strategies to improve street food safety. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-019-7475-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Ma
- School of Management Engineering and Business, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, People's Republic of China.,School of Management, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Chen
- School of Management, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huizhe Yan
- School of Management Engineering and Business, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lifeng Wu
- School of Management Engineering and Business, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbin Zhang
- School of Management Engineering and Business, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, People's Republic of China
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16
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Tshipamba ME, Lubanza N, Adetunji MC, Mwanza M. Molecular Characterization and Antibiotic Resistance of Foodborne Pathogens in Street-Vended Ready-to-Eat Meat Sold in South Africa. J Food Prot 2018; 81:1963-1972. [PMID: 30457389 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The consumption of food contaminated with microbial populations remains a key route of foodborne infection in
developing countries and creates a serious public health burden. This study aimed at identifying foodborne pathogens and their antibiotic resistance profiles in ready-to-eat meat sold in public eateries in the Johannesburg area. A total of 115 samples were examined for the incidence of bacteria pathogens and their antibiotic resistance profiles against commonly used antibiotics (ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, and sulphonamides) using the molecular and the disc diffusion methods. Fifteen bacteria species were detected in the samples. Staphylococcus aureus had the highest prevalence (25%), and 53.33% of the isolates exhibited multidrug resistance to the antibiotics tested. Among the isolated bacteria, S. aureus; was resistant to at least six antimicrobial agents, whereas 100% of S. aureus,Enterococcus faecalis, and Planomicrobium glaciei were resistant to streptomycin, ciprofloxacin, and chloramphenicol, respectively. This study revealed that a wide diversity of bacteria species contaminate meat sold on the street, which indicates that consumers of ready-to-eat meat sold in public eateries are at risk of food poisoning. Hence, strict intervention strategies should be put in place by government agencies to reduce the menace of food poisoning in the country. HIGHLIGHTS RTE meats were analyzed for microbial contamination. Foodborne pathogens were detected in the meat samples. Antibiotic resistance profiles were tested. RTE meats contain foodborne pathogens, and isolates exhibited antibiotic resistance. Consumers of RTE meat in the Johannesburg CBD are at risk of food poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mpinda Edoaurd Tshipamba
- 1 Department of Animal Health, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Mafikeng Campus, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, South Africa, 2735 (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6059-8532 [M.C.A.])
| | - Ngoma Lubanza
- 1 Department of Animal Health, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Mafikeng Campus, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, South Africa, 2735 (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6059-8532 [M.C.A.])
| | - Modupeade Christianah Adetunji
- 1 Department of Animal Health, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Mafikeng Campus, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, South Africa, 2735 (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6059-8532 [M.C.A.]).,2 Department of Biological Sciences, McPherson University, Seriki Sotayo, Ogun State, PMB 2094 Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Mulunda Mwanza
- 1 Department of Animal Health, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Mafikeng Campus, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, South Africa, 2735 (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6059-8532 [M.C.A.])
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17
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Achek R, Hotzel H, Cantekin Z, Nabi I, Hamdi TM, Neubauer H, El-Adawy H. Emerging of antimicrobial resistance in staphylococci isolated from clinical and food samples in Algeria. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:663. [PMID: 30208952 PMCID: PMC6134775 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3762-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The antimicrobial resistance of staphylococci rose worldwide. In total, 96 Staphylococcus isolates from food and clinical samples were collected from two provinces in Algeria. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed and resistance-associated genes were detected. Results Fifty-one strains were isolated from food samples and differentiated into 33 Staphylococcus aureus and 18 coagulase-negative staphylococci. Forty-five staphylococci were collected from hospital and community-acquired infection cases. All S. aureus isolated from food were resistant to penicillin and 45.5% were resistant to tetracycline. The resistance rates of 45 clinical Staphylococcus isolates were 86.7%, 48.9%, 37.8% and 20.0% to penicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin and kanamycin, respectively. Nine isolates were confirmed as MRSA from food and clinical isolates. One S. aureus originated from food was confirmed as vancomycin-resistant. Multidrug-resistance was observed among 25.5% and 53.3% of food and clinical staphylococci, respectively. The tetM/K, blaZ, aacA-aphD, ermC and mecA genes were detected in food and clinical isolates. ermA gene was not found. This study provided insight into the status of antimicrobial resistance of staphylococci isolated from food and clinical samples in Algeria. Further investigations and surveillance programmes are mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachid Achek
- Faculty of Sciences, Yahia Farès University, Urban Pole, Médéa, Algeria. .,High National Veterinary School, Issad Abbes Avenue, Oued Smar, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Helmut Hotzel
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Zafer Cantekin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mustafa Kemal University, Tayfur Sokmen Campus, 31000, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Nabi
- Faculty of Sciences, Yahia Farès University, Urban Pole, Médéa, Algeria
| | - Taha Mossadak Hamdi
- High National Veterinary School, Issad Abbes Avenue, Oued Smar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Hosny El-Adawy
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743, Jena, Germany. .,Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 35516, Egypt.
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18
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Gonçalves-Tenório A, Silva BN, Rodrigues V, Cadavez V, Gonzales-Barron U. Prevalence of Pathogens in Poultry Meat: A Meta-Analysis of European Published Surveys. Foods 2018; 7:E69. [PMID: 29751496 PMCID: PMC5977089 DOI: 10.3390/foods7050069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate and summarize the levels of incidence of Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Campylobacter spp. in poultry meat commercialized in Europe. After systematic review, incidence data and study characteristics were extracted from 78 studies conducted in 21 European countries. Pooled prevalence values from 203 extracted observations were estimated from random-effects meta-analysis models adjusted by pathogen, poultry type, sampling stage, cold preservation type, meat cutting type and packaging status. The results suggest that S. aureus is the main pathogen detected in poultry meat (38.5%; 95% CI: 25.4⁻53.4), followed by Campylobacter spp. (33.3%; 95% CI: 22.3⁻46.4%), while L. monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. present lower prevalence (19.3%; 95% CI: 14.4⁻25.3% and 7.10%; 95% CI: 4.60⁻10.8%, respectively). Despite the differences in prevalence, all pathogens were found in chicken and other poultry meats, at both end-processing step and retail level, in packed and unpacked products and in several meat cutting types. Prevalence data on cold preservation products also revealed that chilling and freezing can reduce the proliferation of pathogens but might not be able to inactivate them. The results of this meta-analysis highlight that further risk management strategies are needed to reduce pathogen incidence in poultry meat throughout the entire food chain across Europe, in particular for S. aureus and Campylobacter spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andiara Gonçalves-Tenório
- CIMO Mountain Research Centre, School of Agriculture, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5301-855 Bragança, Portugal.
| | - Beatriz Nunes Silva
- CIMO Mountain Research Centre, School of Agriculture, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5301-855 Bragança, Portugal.
| | - Vânia Rodrigues
- CIMO Mountain Research Centre, School of Agriculture, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5301-855 Bragança, Portugal.
| | - Vasco Cadavez
- CIMO Mountain Research Centre, School of Agriculture, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5301-855 Bragança, Portugal.
| | - Ursula Gonzales-Barron
- CIMO Mountain Research Centre, School of Agriculture, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5301-855 Bragança, Portugal.
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19
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Ulusoy BH, Çakmak Sancar B, Öztürk M. Prevalence of Staphylococcal Enterotoxins in Ready-to-Eat Foods Sold in Istanbul. J Food Prot 2017; 80:1734-1736. [PMID: 28922025 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) in ready-to-eat (RTE) foods sold in Istanbul, Turkey. A total of 5,241 samples were randomly collected from various caterers, hotels, and restaurants from 2014 to 2016. The samples were classified into four groups: (i) various cooked RTE meat and vegetable meals, (ii) various RTE salads, charcuterie, and cold appetizers, (iii) various cooked RTE bakery products (pasta, pastries, pizza, pita, ravioli, etc.), and (iv) any cooked RTE sweets and desserts (pudding, custard, cream, ashura, etc.). The samples were examined for the presence of SEs by 3M Tecra Staph Enterotoxin Visual Immunoassay method, which is a manual enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Among all samples, only 1 (0.019%) RTE meal (vegetable meal with meat) was found to be contaminated with SEs, a good result in terms of staphylococcal food poisoning risk and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beyza H Ulusoy
- 1 Near East University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Food Hygiene and Technology Department, Nicosia 99138, Turkish Republic of North Cyprus (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9278-2537 ); and
| | - Burcu Çakmak Sancar
- 2 Istanbul Esenyurt University, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Istanbul 34510, Turkey
| | - Muhsin Öztürk
- 2 Istanbul Esenyurt University, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Istanbul 34510, Turkey
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20
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Ou Q, Zhou J, Lin D, Bai C, Zhang T, Lin J, Zheng H, Wang X, Ye J, Ye X, Yao Z. A large meta-analysis of the global prevalence rates of S. aureus and MRSA contamination of milk. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:2213-2228. [PMID: 28686461 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1308916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Past reports have indicated a high prevalence of milk contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), but the pooled prevalence rates of S. aureus and MRSA in pasteurized and boiled cow's milk, raw cow's milk, and raw Caprinae milk (raw sheep's milk and raw goat's milk) and across different periods, continents, economic conditions and purchase locations remain inconsistent. We searched relevant articles published in PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science before July 2016. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement was used to evaluate the quality of 93 included studies. We observed that the pooled prevalence rates of S. aureus contamination in pasteurized and boiled cow's milk, raw cow's milk, and raw Caprinae milk were 15.4% (95% CI, 6.1-27.5%), 33.5% (95% CI, 29.5-37.7%) and 25.8% (95% CI, 17.5-35.0%), respectively. The pooled prevalence rates of MRSA contamination were 4.9% (95% CI, 0.0-15.7%), 2.3% (95% CI, 1.3-3.6%), and 1.1% (95% CI, 0.5-1.8%), respectively. The prevalence of S. aureus contamination in raw cow's milk increased over time. However, the pooled prevalence of raw cow's milk contaminated with S. aureus was lowest in European studies. These findings give an indication of the consequence of better milk regulation in Europe. High S. aureus prevalence rates in raw milk collected from farms and processing companies pose a potential threat to consumers. The implementation of good hygiene practices, appropriate health knowledge, and food safety principles at the farm level, as well as the prudent use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine and heat treatment before drinking, are necessary to reduce the potential risk of S. aureus and MRSA contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianting Ou
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Junli Zhou
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Dongxin Lin
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Chan Bai
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Ting Zhang
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jialing Lin
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Haoqu Zheng
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jiaping Ye
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Xiaohua Ye
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Zhenjiang Yao
- a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou , China
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21
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Arslan S, Özdemir F. Molecular characterization and detection of enterotoxins, methicillin resistance genes and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus from fish and ground beef. Pol J Vet Sci 2017; 20:85-94. [PMID: 28525337 DOI: 10.1515/pjvs-2017-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A total of 120 samples including 40 freshwaterfish(Oncorhynchus mykiss), 40 seawater fish (Sparus aurata) and 40 ground beef samples were examined for the presence of Staphylococcus aureus. The isolates were identified using biochemical tests and a PCR for the species-specific fragment (Sa442) and thermonuclease gene (nucA). The presence of staphylococcal enterotoxin genes (sea, seb, sec, sed and see), toxin genes (eta, etb, tsst), methicillin resistance gene (mecA) and some phenotypic virulence factors was also tested. Genotypic characterization of the isolates was analyzed by PCR-RFLP of the coa gene. Overall, 36 (30%) meat samples were contaminated with S. aureus. Of the 36 isolates, 3 (8.3%) were found to be positive for enterotoxin genes. Only 1 isolate (5.9%) from ground beef had the sea gene. In addition, 1 (12.5%) of the freshwater fish and 1 (9.1%) of the seawater fish carried both the sea and sed genes. The presence of seb, sec, see, eta, etb and tsst was not detected among the isolates of S. aureus. The amplified coa gene revealed five different clusters. Seven and six distinct RFLP patterns were obtained with AluI and HaeIII digestion, respectively. All isolates were found to be positive for slime, hemolytic and DNase activity while 41.7% of them were beta-lactamase positive. The presence of methicillin resistance was neither detected by PCR nor the disk diffusion method. A total of 94.4% of the isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial while 44.4% of them were resistant to at least two or more antimicrobials.
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22
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Ou Q, Peng Y, Lin D, Bai C, Zhang T, Lin J, Ye X, Yao Z. A Meta-Analysis of the Global Prevalence Rates of Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus Contamination of Different Raw Meat Products. J Food Prot 2017; 80:763-774. [PMID: 28358261 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has indicated that raw meats are frequently contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus, but data regarding the pooled prevalence rates of S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) contamination in different types of raw meat products (beef, chicken, and pork) and across different periods, regions, and purchase locations remain inconsistent. We systematically searched the PubMed, EMBASE, Ovid, Web of Science, and HighWire databases to identify studies published up to June 2016. The STROBE guidelines were used to assess the quality of the 39 studies included in this meta-analysis. We observed no significant differences in the pooled prevalence rates of S. aureus and MRSA contamination identified in various raw meat products, with overall pooled prevalence rates of 29.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 22.8 to 35.9%) and 3.2% (95% CI, 1.8 to 4.9%) identified for the two contaminants, respectively. In the subgroup analyses, the prevalence of S. aureus contamination in chicken products was highest in Asian studies and significantly decreased over time worldwide. In European studies, the prevalence rates of S. aureus contamination in chicken and pork products were lower than those reported on other continents. The pooled prevalence rates of S. aureus contamination in chicken and pork products and MRSA contamination in beef and pork products were significantly higher in samples collected from retail sources than in samples collected from slaughterhouses and processing plants. These results highlight the need for good hygiene during transportation to and manipulation at retail outlets to reduce the risk of transmission of S. aureus and MRSA from meat products to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianting Ou
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Yang Peng
- Centre for Chronic Diseases, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dongxin Lin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Chan Bai
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Jialing Lin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Xiaohua Ye
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Zhenjiang Yao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health School, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, People's Republic of China; and
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23
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Samapundo S, Cam Thanh T, Xhaferi R, Devlieghere F. Food safety knowledge, attitudes and practices of street food vendors and consumers in Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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24
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L KM, Z AK, R WO, R F, Rosette KAM, Koto. Microbiological quality of food sold by street vendors in Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5897/ajfs2015.1263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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25
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Species Diversity and Pheno- and Genotypic Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Staphylococci Isolated from Retail Ground Meats. J Food Sci 2015; 80:M1291-8. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Syne SM, Ramsubhag A, Adesiyun AA. Microbial quality of popular locally processed meats sold in retail outlets in Trinidad, West Indies. J Food Prot 2015; 78:333-9. [PMID: 25710148 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A total of 480 samples of locally produced processed meats, including chicken franks, chicken bologna, and bacon from brands A and B, was collected from 8 supermarkets across the island of Trinidad over a 1-year period and subjected to a range of microbiological analyses. The results showed that 54.2, 0.4, and 1.7% of the samples exceeded recommended limits for aerobic bacteria, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. Listeria spp. were detected in 19.4% of samples, whereas L. monocytogenes was present at a prevalence rate of 7.5%. Brand A products had lower microbiological quality, accounting for 100% of samples positive for L. monocytogenes, E. coli, and S. aureus; and 75% for Listeria spp. and coliforms. Bacon was the product that most frequently exceeded microbiological limits, and accounted for 100% of samples positive for E. coli, 83.3% for L. monocytogenes, 72% for Listeria spp., 62.5% for S. aureus, and 61.9% for coliforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey-Marie Syne
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Adash Ramsubhag
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
| | - Abiodun A Adesiyun
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
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27
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Hao D, Xing X, Li G, Wang X, Zhang M, Zhang W, Xia X, Meng J. Prevalence, toxin gene profiles, and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from quick-frozen dumplings. J Food Prot 2015; 78:218-23. [PMID: 25581200 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in quick-frozen dumplings and to characterize these strains. A total of 120 dumpling samples, including lamb (n = 13), vegetarian (n = 14), seafood (n = 12), and pork (n = 81) stuffing, were collected in Shaanxi province in China and screened for S. aureus. All S. aureus isolates were characterized by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and detection of genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins, exfoliative toxins A and B (eta and etb), toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (tsst-1), and resistance to methicillin-oxacillin (mecA). In all, 60.0% of all samples were positive for S. aureus, and 117 S. aureus isolates, including seven mecA-positive strains, were recovered from these positive samples. In addition, all mecA-positive S. aureus isolates were recovered from products of animal origin. In these S. aureus isolates, resistance was observed most frequently to ampicillin (92.3%) and penicillin (86.3%), followed by clarithromycin, erythromycin, midecamycin, tetracycline, and kanahemycin (from 53.8 to 28.2%). All isolates were sensitive to cefoperazone, minocycline, vancomycin, and ofloxacin. The predominant toxin gene was sec (38.5%), followed by seg (19.7%), sej (16.2%), see (12.8%), sea (11.1%), and seb (10.3%), whereas eta, etb, and tsst-1 genes were not detected. These findings indicate that S. aureus was present commonly in quick-frozen dumplings, accompanied by multiple antimicrobial resistance and toxin genes. Our findings highlight the urgency for stricter hygiene strategies in food production and the prudent use of antibiotics in the breeding industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Hao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaonan Xing
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghui Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Weisong Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Xia
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Jianghong Meng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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28
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M. Hassan G, Meshref AM, Gomaa SM. Microbiological Quality and Safety of Fluid Milk Marketed in Cairo and Giza Governorates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3923/crds.2015.18.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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29
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Tang J, Zhang R, Chen J, Zhao Y, Tang C, Yue H, Li J, Wang Q, Shi H. Incidence and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from food markets. ANN MICROBIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-014-0859-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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30
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Manguiat LS, Fang TJ. Microbiological quality of chicken- and pork-based street-vended foods from Taichung, Taiwan, and Laguna, Philippines. Food Microbiol 2013; 36:57-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Revised: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Martins PD, de Almeida TT, Basso AP, de Moura TM, Frazzon J, Tondo EC, Frazzon APG. Coagulase-positive staphylococci isolated from chicken meat: pathogenic potential and vancomycin resistance. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:771-6. [PMID: 23841655 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2013.1492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS) cause staphylococcal food poisoning. Recently, these bacteria have received increasing attention due to their potential role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance markers. The present study aimed to evaluate coagulase-positive staphylococci counts, species distribution, enterotoxin genes prevalence, and the antibiotic resistance profile of CPS isolated from in natura chicken meat. Fifteen frozen and 15 chilled industrialized, uncooked chicken parts or entire carcasses were used. Staphylococcal counts revealed that frozen chicken meat samples displayed the lowest CPS count compared with chilled chicken meat samples (p<0.01). Staphylococcus aureus (62%) was the most common species, followed by S. intermedius, S. delphini, and S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans (10% each) and S. hyicus (8%). The polymerase chain reaction identification of sea, seb, sec, sed, and see genes revealed that 70% of the isolates harbored at least one enterotoxin gene, with sea and sed being the most frequently encountered ones. Two of the 50 investigated strains harbored three different enterotoxin genes. A high frequency of isolates resistant to penicillin, teicoplanin, oxacillin, and clindamycin was observed, and 80% of CPS were found to be resistant to at least one of the 11 tested antimicrobials. Vancomycin-resistant S. aureus and S. intermedius showed minimum inhibitory concentrations of 512 and 64 μg/mL, respectively. These isolates might indicate the dissemination of vancomycin resistance in the community and imply food safety hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Dalcin Martins
- Graduate Program in Environmental Microbiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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32
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Rajkovic A. Incidence, growth and enterotoxin production of Staphylococcus aureus in insufficiently dried traditional beef ham “govedja pršuta” under different storage conditions. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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33
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Aydin A, Sudagidan M, Muratoglu K. Prevalence of staphylococcal enterotoxins, toxin genes and genetic-relatedness of foodborne Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated in the Marmara Region of Turkey. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 148:99-106. [PMID: 21652103 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major foodborne pathogen and it has the ability to produce a number of extracellular toxins. We analyzed 1070 food samples obtained from retail markets and dairy farms in the Marmara Region of Turkey for the presence of S. aureus. Out of 147 isolates, 92 (62.6%) were enterotoxigenic. PCR was used to investigate the presence of staphylococcal enterotoxin genes (sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, seh, sei, sej, sek, sel, sem, sen, seo, sep, seq and seu), exfoliative toxin genes (eta and etb) and the toxic-shock syndrome toxin gene (tst). The PCR results showed that 53.3% of the isolates contained staphylococcal enterotoxin-like (SEl) toxin genes (seg, seh, sei, sej, sek, sel, sem, sen, seo, sep, seq and seu) which were more frequent than classical enterotoxin genes (sea to see). Furthermore, seo, sei, sem, seg, seu and sec were found in 37.0, 32.7, 30.4, 29.3, 29.3 and 27.2% of the isolates, respectively. The tst gene was detected and confirmed by DNA sequencing in 9 isolates. The presence of eta and etb were not found in the isolates. Enterotoxigenic capabilities of isolates with SEA-SEE were investigated by ELISA. Enterotoxigenic S. aureus isolates produced one to three enterotoxins, with the most frequently produced types being enterotoxin A and C. There was a correlation of 72.1% between production of a specific toxin and the presence of the respective genes. PFGE analysis was used to identify genetic-relatedness of enterotoxigenic S. aureus isolates and the results revealed that 13 groups of isolates from different or the same origin that contained the same genes showed 100% homology with indistinguishable band patterns. The other enterotoxigenic isolates showed related band patterns with 72-86% homology in sea-, 61-90% homology in sec-, 80-96% homology in seh-, and 69-96% homology in sep-positive isolates. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine enterotoxins and related gene contents of S. aureus food isolates in the Marmara Region of Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Aydin
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University, Avcilar 34320, Istanbul, Turkey.
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34
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Aydin A, Muratoglu K, Sudagidan M, Bostan K, Okuklu B, Harsa S. Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance of Foodborne Staphylococcus aureus Isolates in Turkey. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011; 8:63-9. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Aydin
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Karlo Muratoglu
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mert Sudagidan
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Central Research Laboratory, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Kamil Bostan
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Burcu Okuklu
- Department of Food Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sebnem Harsa
- Department of Food Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
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