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Abstract
Women are one of the fastest growing sectors of the prison population, and have different pathways into prison and differing needs during the reentry process when compared to men (Cloyes et al. J Forensic Nurs; 6:3-14, 2010b; Herrschaft et al. J Offender Rehabil; 48:463-482, 2009). Women report higher levels of mental health problems overall, and report more severe symptomatology (Cloyes et al. J Forensic Nurs; 6:3-14, 2010a; Hyde 2012; Lynch et al. 2014). The current study focuses on the role of severe mental disorders for women released from prison. Data collected from the North Carolina Division of Adult Correction and Juvenile Justice were used to analyze the specific role of severe mental disorders in women's recidivism at eight years post-release (n = 2311). Approximately 20% of women in this sample met the criteria for diagnosis with a severe mental disorder (SMD). Logistic regression analysis indicated that there was an association between SMDs and recidivism for this sample only (p = .11). Cox regression analyses indicated that women diagnosed with SMDs were 16% more likely to have recidivated at eight years post-release compared with women who were not diagnosed with an SMD (p < .05). Implications for the recognition, role, and treatment of SMDs during reentry are discussed.
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Jonikas JA, Cook JA, Razzano LA, Steigman PJ, Hamilton MM, Swarbrick MA, Santos A. Associations Between Gender and Obesity Among Adults with Mental Illnesses in a Community Health Screening Study. Community Ment Health J 2016; 52:406-15. [PMID: 26711093 PMCID: PMC4833836 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-015-9965-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity and its associations with gender, clinical factors, and medical co-morbidities were examined among 457 adults attending public mental health programs in 4 U.S. states. BMI was measured directly and other information was gathered by interview. Over half (59%, n = 270) were obese including 18% (n = 83) who were morbidly obese. In hierarchical ordinary least squares regression analysis controlling for demographic, psychiatric, medical, smoking, and health insurance statuses, women were significantly more likely to be obese than men. Obesity also was more likely among those who were younger and not high school graduates, those with diabetes or hypertension, and those who did not smoke tobacco. Interaction effects were found between gender and diabetes, hypertension, tobacco smoking, education, race, and age. The high prevalence of obesity among women, coupled with interactions between gender and other factors, suggest that targeted approaches are needed to promote optimal physical health in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Jonikas
- Department of Psychiatry, Center on Mental Health Services Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 West Taylor Street, M/C 912, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Judith A Cook
- Department of Psychiatry, Center on Mental Health Services Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 West Taylor Street, M/C 912, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Lisa A Razzano
- Department of Psychiatry, Center on Mental Health Services Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 West Taylor Street, M/C 912, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Pamela J Steigman
- Department of Psychiatry, Center on Mental Health Services Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 West Taylor Street, M/C 912, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Marie M Hamilton
- Department of Psychiatry, Center on Mental Health Services Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 West Taylor Street, M/C 912, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Margaret A Swarbrick
- Collaborative Support Programs of New Jersey, Department of Psychiatric Rehabilitation and Counseling Professions, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 8 Spring Street, Freehold, NJ, 07728, USA
| | - Alberto Santos
- Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Georgia Regents University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
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Influence of psychiatric comorbidities in migraineurs in the emergency department. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2014; 36:533-8. [PMID: 24950915 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine how psychiatric comorbidities in migraineurs in the emergency department (ED) affect healthcare utilization and treatment tendencies. METHOD This is a cross-sectional analysis of 2872 patients who visited our ED over a 10-year period and were given a principal diagnosis of migraine. RESULTS Compared to migraineurs without a psychiatric comorbidity, migraineurs with a psychiatric comorbidity had about three times more ED visits, six times more inpatient hospital stays and four times more outpatient visits. Migraineurs with psychiatric comorbidities received narcotics in the ED more often than migraineurs without psychiatric comorbidities (P<0.0001). In addition, migraineurs with psychiatric disorders were more likely to have a computed tomography scan of the head [Risk Ratio (RR) 1.42 (95% confidence interval (CI)=1.28-1.56, P<0.001)] or a magnetic resonance image of the brain [RR 1.53 (95% CI=1.33-1.76, P<0.001)] than patients without a psychiatric disorder when visiting our hospital center. CONCLUSIONS Migraineurs with psychiatric comorbidity who visit the ED have different healthcare utilization tendencies than migraineurs without psychiatric comorbidity who visit the ED. This is seen in the frequency of ED visits, outpatient visits and inpatient stays, in the medications administered to them and in the radiology tests they undergo.
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Abrams MT, Myers CS, Feldman SM, Boddie-Willis C, Park J, McMahon RP, Kelly DL. Cervical cancer screening and acute care visits among Medicaid enrollees with mental and substance use disorders. Psychiatr Serv 2012; 63:815-22. [PMID: 22660581 PMCID: PMC3631005 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.201100301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study compared rates of cervical cancer screening and acute care (primary or gynecological) visits among women with and without a diagnosis of psychosis, substance use disorder, bipolar disorder or mania, or depression. METHODS Using data about women (N=105,681) enrolled in Maryland's Medicaid program in fiscal year 2005, the authors constructed logistic models with cancer screening and acute care visits as dependent variables and serious mental illness flags as independent variables. Covariates were age, race, geography, Medicaid eligibility category, and sexually transmitted diseases. The logistic model of cervical cancer screening outcomes was repeated with acute care visits as a covariate. RESULTS Women with psychosis (N=4,747), bipolar disorder or mania (N=3,319), or depression (N=5,014) were significantly (p<.05) more likely than women in a control group without such disorders (N=85,375) to receive cancer screening (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) range=1.46-1.78) and to have associated acute care visits (AOR range=1.45-2.15). Compared with those in the control group, women with a substance use disorder, with (N=1,104) or without (N=6,122) psychosis, demonstrated reduced odds of cancer screening (AOR=.80) but similar odds of acute care visits (AOR=1.04). Acute care visits were strongly correlated with cancer screens. Genital cancer prevalence did not significantly differ among diagnostic groups. CONCLUSIONS In Maryland Medicaid, the odds of cancer screening and related acute care visits were greater for women with major mental disorders compared with women in the control group. For women with substance use disorders, however, screening was reduced and acute care visits were similar compared with women in the control group. Providers should encourage and support their patients with substance use disorders to increase use of preventive care services by primary care physicians and gynecologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Abrams
- The Hilltop Institute, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Sondheim Bldg., Third Floor, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
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Iwasaki Y, Coyle CP, Shank JW. Leisure as a context for active living, recovery, health and life quality for persons with mental illness in a global context. Health Promot Int 2010; 25:483-94. [PMID: 20543204 PMCID: PMC2979346 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daq037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, the mental health system is being transformed into a strengths-based, recovery-oriented system of care, to which the concept of active living is central. Based on an integrative review of the literature, this paper presents a heuristic conceptual framework of the potential contribution that enjoyable and meaningful leisure experiences can have in active living, recovery, health and life quality among persons with mental illness. This framework is holistic and reflects the humanistic approach to mental illness endorsed by the United Nations and the World Health Organization. It also includes ecological factors such as health care systems and environmental factors as well as cultural influences that can facilitate and/or hamper recovery, active living and health/life quality. Unique to this framework is our conceptualization of active living from a broad-based and meaning-oriented perspective rather than the traditional, narrower conceptualization which focuses on physical activity and exercise. Conceptualizing active living in this manner suggests a unique and culturally sensitive potential for leisure experiences to contribute to recovery, health and life quality. In particular, this paper highlights the potential of leisure engagements as a positive, strengths-based and potentially cost-effective means for helping people better deal with the challenges of living with mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Iwasaki
- Department of Therapeutic Recreation, College of HealthProfessions, Temple UniversitySuite 313, 1700 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19121, USA.
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Van Den Tillaart S, Kurtz D, Cash P. Powerlessness, marginalized identity, and silencing of health concerns: voiced realities of women living with a mental health diagnosis. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2009; 18:153-63. [PMID: 19490225 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0349.2009.00599.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Using a feminist qualitative approach, this study substantiated many earlier research findings that document how women with a mental health diagnosis experience unequal access to comprehensive health care compared to the general population. Accounts of this disparity are documented in the literature, yet the literature has failed to record or attend to the voices of those living with mental health challenges. In this paper, women living with a mental health diagnosis describe their experiences as they interface with the health-care system. The participating women's stories clearly relate the organizational and interpersonal challenges commonly faced when they seek health-care services. The stories include experiences of marginalized identity, powerlessness, and silencing of voiced health concerns. The women tell of encountered gaps in access to health care and incomplete health assessment, screening, and treatment. It becomes clear that personal and societal stigmatization related to the mental health diagnosis plays a significant role in these isolating and unsatisfactory experiences. Lastly, the women offer beginning ideas for change by suggesting starting points to eliminate the institutional and interpersonal obstacles or barriers to their wellness. The concerns raised demand attention, reconsideration, and change by those in the health-care system responsible for policy and practice.
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Skouroliakou M, Giannopoulou I, Kostara C, Vasilopoulou M. Comparison of predictive equations for resting metabolic rate in obese psychiatric patients taking olanzapine. Nutrition 2009; 25:188-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2008.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2008] [Revised: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Butler T, Allnutt S, Yang B. Mentally ill prisoners in Australia have poor physical health. Int J Prison Health 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/17449200701321431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Bolton EE, Mueser KT, Rosenberg SD. Symptom correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder in clients with borderline personality disorder. Compr Psychiatry 2006; 47:357-61. [PMID: 16905397 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2005.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2005] [Revised: 06/09/2005] [Accepted: 12/21/2005] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Limited research has examined the clinical and functional impact of concurrent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in people with borderline personality disorder (BPD). Such information is particularly lacking for BPD clients with the most disabling symptoms: those who meet criteria for severe and persistent mental illness. We evaluated individuals with severe mental illness to assess whether PTSD in individuals with BPD was associated with more severe symptoms and impaired functioning than BPD alone and replicated these findings in an independent sample. In both the studies, the clients with PTSD and BPD reported significantly higher levels of general distress, physical illness, anxiety, and depression than those with BPD alone. Because individuals with both of these disorders are likely to require more intensive clinical services to reduce distress and improve functioning, work is needed to develop and evaluate interventions designed to address these comorbid conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa E Bolton
- Department of Psychiatry, New Hampshire-Dartmouth Psychiatric Research Center, Hanover, USA.
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Abstract
The management of risk is a fundamental component of the work of mental health nurses and is most commonly associated with aggressive, violent and suicidal behaviours exhibited by those suffering from mental illness. However, people with severe mental illness are increasingly at risk of experiencing a number of related and complex health problems that include obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. This group also has much higher rates of morbidity and mortality than that of the general population resulting in high social, economic and individual costs. Some of the barriers to receiving prompt and appropriate physical health care include lack of recognition by health professionals and the difficulties faced by consumers of mental health services in negotiating the health care system. Establishment of comprehensive (addressing both physical and mental health issues) programmes of care can address this need and offer additional opportunities for closer and more collaborative nurse-patient relationships. This paper explores risk factors for medical co-morbidity for people living with schizophrenia and suggests strategies that can facilitate better health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Muir-Cochrane
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, City East Campus, Adelaide, Australia.
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Compton MT, Daumit GL, Druss BG. Cigarette smoking and overweight/obesity among individuals with serious mental illnesses: a preventive perspective. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2006; 14:212-22. [PMID: 16912007 DOI: 10.1080/10673220600889256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking and lifestyle factors underlying overweight/obesity (such as unhealthy diet and physical inactivity) appear to play a major role in the excess medical morbidity and mortality among persons with serious mental illnesses. The literature on the prevalence, etiology, prevention, and treatment of these two risk factors, in the context of serious mental illnesses, are reviewed following a preventive approach. METHODS The review relied upon searches of the MEDLINE database, from 1996 through April 2006, restricted to the English language. Original research, review articles, and clinical guidelines relevant to the topics of cigarette smoking, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and overweight/obesity among individuals with serious mental illnesses were identified. RESULTS Compared to those without a mental illness, individuals with a current mental illness are more than twice as likely to smoke cigarettes and more than 50% more likely to be overweight/obese, presumably the product of unhealthy diet and physical inactivity. Various biological, iatrogenic, and social factors place psychiatric patients at risk for these and other adverse health behaviors. Studies suggest that many of the same preventive approaches developed for general medical populations are likely to be effective in persons with serious mental disorders, though specialized approaches also are needed. Domains of prevention include primary prevention (population-based strategies to reduce the incidence of these adverse health behaviors), secondary prevention (early detection and treatment), and tertiary prevention (pharmacological and psychosocial treatments to reduce the burden of illness among those with the behaviors in question). However, mental health clinicians commonly lack the training or expertise to provide these services. CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence, adverse effects, and efficaciousness of treatments for smoking and obesity in persons with serious mental illnesses suggest the importance of addressing these problems in this population. Both further research and dissemination efforts are needed to ensure that patients with serious mental illnesses receive the appropriate preventive and clinical services for these two adverse health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Compton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Family and Preventive Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, 30303 GA, USA.
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