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Nagy SA, Ivic I, Tóth P, Komoly S, Kiss T, Pénzes M, Málnási-Csizmadia A, Dóczi T, Perlaki G, Orsi G. Post-reperfusion acute MR diffusion in stroke is a potential predictor for clinical outcome in rats. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5598. [PMID: 37019923 PMCID: PMC10076321 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32679-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) models show substantial variability in outcome, introducing uncertainties in the evaluation of treatment effects. Early outcome predictors would be essential for prognostic purposes and variability control. We aimed to compare apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) MRI data obtained during MCAO and shortly after reperfusion for their potentials in acute-phase outcome prediction. Fifty-nine male rats underwent a 45-min MCAO. Outcome was defined in three ways: 21-day survival; 24 h midline-shift and neurological scores. Animals were divided into two groups: rats surviving 21 days after MCAO (survival group, n = 46) and rats dying prematurely (non-survival/NS group, n = 13). At reperfusion, NS group showed considerably larger lesion volume and lower mean ADC of the initial lesion site (p < 0.0001), while during occlusion there were no significant group differences. At reperfusion, each survival animal showed decreased lesion volume and increased mean ADC of the initial lesion site compared to those during occlusion (p < 10-6), while NS group showed a mixed pattern. At reperfusion, lesion volume and mean ADC of the initial lesion site were significantly associated with 24 h midline-shift and neurological scores. Diffusion MRI performed soon after reperfusion has a great impact in early-phase outcome prediction, and it works better than the measurement during occlusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Anett Nagy
- ELKH-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, Ret Str. 2, 7623, Pecs, Hungary.
- Pecs Diagnostic Centre, Rét Street 2, 7623, Pecs, Hungary.
- Structural Neurobiology Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Ifjúság Street 20, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.
- Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Pecs, Rét Street 2, 7623, Pecs, Hungary.
| | - Ivan Ivic
- Pecs Diagnostic Centre, Rét Street 2, 7623, Pecs, Hungary
- Selvita d.o.o., Prilaz Baruna Filipovića 29, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Péter Tóth
- ELKH-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, Ret Str. 2, 7623, Pecs, Hungary
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pecs, Rét Street 2, 7623, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Sámuel Komoly
- Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Pecs, Rét Street 2, 7623, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Kiss
- Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Ifjúság Street 20, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Máté Pénzes
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/C, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
- Motorpharma Ltd., Szilágyi E. Fasor 27, 1026, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Málnási-Csizmadia
- Motorpharma Ltd., Szilágyi E. Fasor 27, 1026, Budapest, Hungary
- ELKH-ELTE Motor Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/C, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Dóczi
- Pecs Diagnostic Centre, Rét Street 2, 7623, Pecs, Hungary
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pecs, Rét Street 2, 7623, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Gábor Perlaki
- ELKH-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, Ret Str. 2, 7623, Pecs, Hungary
- Pecs Diagnostic Centre, Rét Street 2, 7623, Pecs, Hungary
- Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Pecs, Rét Street 2, 7623, Pecs, Hungary
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pecs, Rét Street 2, 7623, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Gergely Orsi
- ELKH-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, Ret Str. 2, 7623, Pecs, Hungary
- Pecs Diagnostic Centre, Rét Street 2, 7623, Pecs, Hungary
- Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Pecs, Rét Street 2, 7623, Pecs, Hungary
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pecs, Rét Street 2, 7623, Pecs, Hungary
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Neuroprotection by remote ischemic conditioning in the setting of acute ischemic stroke: a preclinical two-centre study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16874. [PMID: 33037284 PMCID: PMC7547701 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74046-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Reperfusion is the only existing strategy for patients with acute ischemic stroke, however it causes further brain damage itself. A feasible therapy targeting reperfusion injury is remote ischemic conditioning (RIC). This was a two-centre, randomized, blinded international study, using translational imaging endpoints, aimed to examine the neuroprotective effects of RIC in ischemic stroke model. 80 male rats underwent 90-min middle cerebral artery occlusion. RIC consisted of 4 × 5 min cycles of left hind limb ischemia. The primary endpoint was infarct size measured on T2-weighted MRI at 24 h, expressed as percentage of the area-at-risk. Secondary endpoints were: hemispheric space-modifying edema, infarct growth between per-occlusion and 24 h MRI, neurofunctional outcome measured by neuroscores. 47 rats were included in the analysis after applying pre-defined inclusion criteria. RIC significantly reduced infarct size (median, interquartile range: 19% [8%; 32%] vs control: 40% [17%; 59%], p = 0.028). This effect was still significant after adjustment for apparent diffusion coefficient lesion size in multivariate analysis. RIC also improved neuroscores (6 [3; 8] vs control: 9 [7; 11], p = 0.032). Other secondary endpoints were not statistically different between groups. We conclude that RIC in the setting of acute ischemic stroke in rats is safe, reduces infarct size and improves functional recovery.
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Basalay MV, Davidson SM, Yellon DM. Neuroprotection in Rats Following Ischaemia-Reperfusion Injury by GLP-1 Analogues-Liraglutide and Semaglutide. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2019; 33:661-667. [PMID: 31721014 PMCID: PMC6994526 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-019-06915-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A substantial number of ischaemic stroke patients who receive reperfusion therapy in the acute phase do not ever fully recover. This reveals the urgent need to develop new adjunctive neuroprotective treatment strategies alongside reperfusion therapy. Previous experimental studies demonstrated the potential of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) to reduce acute ischaemic damage in the brain. Here, we examined the neuroprotective effects of two GLP-1 analogues, liraglutide and semaglutide. METHODS A non-diabetic rat model of acute ischaemic stroke involved 90, 120 or 180 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Liraglutide or semaglutide was administered either i.v. at the onset of reperfusion or s.c. 5 min before the onset of reperfusion. Infarct size and functional status were evaluated after 24 h or 72 h of reperfusion. RESULTS Liraglutide, administered as a bolus at the onset of reperfusion, reduced infarct size by up to 90% and improved neuroscore at 24 h in a dose-dependent manner, following 90-min, but not 120-min or 180-min ischaemia. Semaglutide and liraglutide administered s.c. reduced infarct size by 63% and 48%, respectively, and improved neuroscore at 72 h following 90-min MCAO. Neuroprotection by semaglutide was abolished by GLP1-R antagonist exendin(9-39). CONCLUSION Infarct-limiting and functional neuroprotective effects of liraglutide are dose-dependent. Neuroprotection by semaglutide is at least as strong as by liraglutide and is mediated by GLP-1Rs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryna V Basalay
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Sean M Davidson
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Derek M Yellon
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK.
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Davidson SM, Arjun S, Basalay MV, Bell RM, Bromage DI, Bøtker HE, Carr RD, Cunningham J, Ghosh AK, Heusch G, Ibanez B, Kleinbongard P, Lecour S, Maddock H, Ovize M, Walker M, Wiart M, Yellon DM. The 10th Biennial Hatter Cardiovascular Institute workshop: cellular protection-evaluating new directions in the setting of myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke, and cardio-oncology. Basic Res Cardiol 2018; 113:43. [PMID: 30310998 PMCID: PMC6182684 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-018-0704-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Due to its poor capacity for regeneration, the heart is particularly sensitive to the loss of contractile cardiomyocytes. The onslaught of damage caused by ischaemia and reperfusion, occurring during an acute myocardial infarction and the subsequent reperfusion therapy, can wipe out upwards of a billion cardiomyocytes. A similar program of cell death can cause the irreversible loss of neurons in ischaemic stroke. Similar pathways of lethal cell injury can contribute to other pathologies such as left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure caused by cancer therapy. Consequently, strategies designed to protect the heart from lethal cell injury have the potential to be applicable across all three pathologies. The investigators meeting at the 10th Hatter Cardiovascular Institute workshop examined the parallels between ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), ischaemic stroke, and other pathologies that cause the loss of cardiomyocytes including cancer therapeutic cardiotoxicity. They examined the prospects for protection by remote ischaemic conditioning (RIC) in each scenario, and evaluated impasses and novel opportunities for cellular protection, with the future landscape for RIC in the clinical setting to be determined by the outcome of the large ERIC-PPCI/CONDI2 study. It was agreed that the way forward must include measures to improve experimental methodologies, such that they better reflect the clinical scenario and to judiciously select combinations of therapies targeting specific pathways of cellular death and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Davidson
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Sapna Arjun
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Maryna V Basalay
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Robert M Bell
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Daniel I Bromage
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, James Black Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Hans Erik Bøtker
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Richard D Carr
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
- MSD A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John Cunningham
- Centre for Nephrology, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Arjun K Ghosh
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Gerd Heusch
- West German Heart and Vascular Center, Institute for Pathophysiology, University of Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany
| | - Borja Ibanez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades CardioVasculares, Madrid, Spain
- IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Petra Kleinbongard
- West German Heart and Vascular Center, Institute for Pathophysiology, University of Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany
| | - Sandrine Lecour
- Cardioprotection Group, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Helen Maddock
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Michel Ovize
- INSERM U1060, CarMeN Laboratory, Université de Lyon and Service d'explorations Fonctionnelles Cardiovasculaires Groupement Hospitalier Est, 59 Boulevard Pinel, 69500, Bron, France
| | - Malcolm Walker
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Marlene Wiart
- INSERM U1060, CarMeN Laboratory, Université de Lyon and Service d'explorations Fonctionnelles Cardiovasculaires Groupement Hospitalier Est, 59 Boulevard Pinel, 69500, Bron, France
- CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Derek M Yellon
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK.
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Cuccione E, Versace A, Cho TH, Carone D, Berner LP, Ong E, Rousseau D, Cai R, Monza L, Ferrarese C, Sganzerla EP, Berthezène Y, Nighoghossian N, Wiart M, Beretta S, Chauveau F. Multi-site laser Doppler flowmetry for assessing collateral flow in experimental ischemic stroke: Validation of outcome prediction with acute MRI. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:2159-2170. [PMID: 27466372 PMCID: PMC5464709 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16661567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
High variability in infarct size is common in experimental stroke models and affects statistical power and validity of neuroprotection trials. The aim of this study was to explore cerebral collateral flow as a stratification factor for the prediction of ischemic outcome. Transient intraluminal occlusion of the middle cerebral artery was induced for 90 min in 18 Wistar rats. Cerebral collateral flow was assessed intra-procedurally using multi-site laser Doppler flowmetry monitoring in both the lateral middle cerebral artery territory and the borderzone territory between middle cerebral artery and anterior cerebral artery. Multi-modal magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess acute ischemic lesion (diffusion-weighted imaging, DWI), acute perfusion deficit (time-to-peak, TTP), and final ischemic lesion at 24 h. Infarct volumes and typology at 24 h (large hemispheric versus basal ganglia infarcts) were predicted by both intra-ischemic collateral perfusion and acute DWI lesion volume. Collateral flow assessed by multi-site laser Doppler flowmetry correlated with the corresponding acute perfusion deficit using TTP maps. Multi-site laser Doppler flowmetry monitoring was able to predict ischemic outcome and perfusion deficit in good agreement with acute MRI. Our results support the additional value of cerebral collateral flow monitoring for outcome prediction in experimental ischemic stroke, especially when acute MRI facilities are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Cuccione
- 1 Department of Medicine and Surgery, Laboratory of Experimental Stroke Research, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,2 PhD Program in Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Alessandro Versace
- 1 Department of Medicine and Surgery, Laboratory of Experimental Stroke Research, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Tae-Hee Cho
- 3 Université de Lyon, CREATIS; CNRS UMR5220; Inserm U1044; INSA-Lyon; Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,4 Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Davide Carone
- 1 Department of Medicine and Surgery, Laboratory of Experimental Stroke Research, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Lise-Prune Berner
- 3 Université de Lyon, CREATIS; CNRS UMR5220; Inserm U1044; INSA-Lyon; Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,4 Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Elodie Ong
- 3 Université de Lyon, CREATIS; CNRS UMR5220; Inserm U1044; INSA-Lyon; Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,4 Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - David Rousseau
- 3 Université de Lyon, CREATIS; CNRS UMR5220; Inserm U1044; INSA-Lyon; Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Ruiyao Cai
- 1 Department of Medicine and Surgery, Laboratory of Experimental Stroke Research, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Laura Monza
- 1 Department of Medicine and Surgery, Laboratory of Experimental Stroke Research, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Carlo Ferrarese
- 1 Department of Medicine and Surgery, Laboratory of Experimental Stroke Research, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,5 Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMi), Milan, Italy
| | - Erik P Sganzerla
- 1 Department of Medicine and Surgery, Laboratory of Experimental Stroke Research, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,5 Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMi), Milan, Italy
| | - Yves Berthezène
- 3 Université de Lyon, CREATIS; CNRS UMR5220; Inserm U1044; INSA-Lyon; Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,4 Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Norbert Nighoghossian
- 3 Université de Lyon, CREATIS; CNRS UMR5220; Inserm U1044; INSA-Lyon; Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,4 Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Marlène Wiart
- 3 Université de Lyon, CREATIS; CNRS UMR5220; Inserm U1044; INSA-Lyon; Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Simone Beretta
- 1 Department of Medicine and Surgery, Laboratory of Experimental Stroke Research, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,5 Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMi), Milan, Italy
| | - Fabien Chauveau
- 6 Université de Lyon, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, BioRaN team; CNRS UMR5292; Inserm U1028; Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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Wen Z, Xu X, Xu L, Yang L, Xu X, Zhu J, Wu L, Jiang Y, Liu X. Optimization of behavioural tests for the prediction of outcomes in mouse models of focal middle cerebral artery occlusion. Brain Res 2017; 1665:88-94. [PMID: 28435084 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) is the most widely used model of stroke. We aimed to predict the outcome of MCAO using a combination of fine behavioural tests for the prediction of unsuccessful surgery in mice leading to no infarction, haemorrhage and unexpected death. MCAO was performed on adult mice under the guidance of laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF) to warrant a decrease in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the MCA territory. Four outcomes of MCAO were defined according to histological analysis: infarction, no infarction, haemorrhage and unexpected death (death within 24h post-surgery). Fine behavioural tests including the rotarod, modified neurological severity score (mNSS), Clark general and Clark focal tests were performed separately at 6h, 12h and 24h post-stroke. A total of 94 mice were included in the analysis. The infarction rate associated with MCAO was 58.5% (55/94). After optimization of the timing and behavioural tests, we found that higher Clark focal (>17.5) or higher mNSS scores (>10) were markedly related to early death, whereas a lower mNSS score (<3.5) was indicative of a tendency to show no infarction at 6h post-stroke. After 24h post-stroke, there was a positive correlation between the infarct volume and Clark focal results. Behavioural tests could help to predict the outcomes in the MCAO mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyu Wen
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaomeng Xu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lili Xu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lian Yang
- Department of Neurology, Central Hospital of Shaoyang, Shaoyang, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juehua Zhu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Wu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongjun Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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7
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Zhang P, Huang Z, Yan HQ, Su LL, Gui YK, Lv HX, Zhu B, Li T. Improvement of the suture-occluded method in rat models of focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. Exp Ther Med 2014; 7:657-662. [PMID: 24520263 PMCID: PMC3919944 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to provide a simple method of establishing a rat model for focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (FCIR). The suture-occluded method was used to establish FCIR in male Sprague-Dawley rats. An incision was made over the bifurcation of the common carotid artery (CCA), through which a suture was inserted up to the internal carotid artery (ICA). The suture remained in the skin subsequent to model establishment and was withdrawn to the CCA to enable reperfusion. The reliability of the rat model was assessed via analysis of nerve function, tetrazolium (TTC) staining and pathological examination. Following FCIR in rats, the resulting neurological impairments were observed. TTC staining revealed infarcts and pathological examination revealed typical pathological changes. This modified method was simple, reliable and, therefore, may be used to investigate FCIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Huang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Qing Yan
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, P.R. China
| | - Lin-Lin Su
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Kun Gui
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Xia Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, P.R. China
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, P.R. China
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