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Miwa M, Hamazaki Y, Koda H, Nakamura K. Trigger of twin-fights in captive common marmosets. Am J Primatol 2023; 85:e23528. [PMID: 37301733 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Common marmosets usually give birth to twins and form a social group consisting of a breeding couple and pairs of same-aged siblings. The twins may engage in the first agonistic fights between them, twin-fights (TFs), during adolescence. This study investigated the TFs based on records accumulated in our captive colony over 12 years to elucidate the proximate causations that trigger the TFs. We aimed to determine whether the TF onset mainly depended on internal events (such as the onset of puberty) as previously suggested or external events (such as the birth of the younger siblings and the behavioral change of the group members). Although both events usually occur simultaneously, the birth control method (i.e., manipulation of ovulation and interbirth-intervals by prostaglandin administration to females) could temporally separate these events. A comparison of the onset day and occurrence rate with or without the birth control procedure revealed that TFs were triggered by a combination of internal and external events, that is, external events were the predominant triggers of TF, under the influence of internal events. The timing of TF onset was significantly delayed when the birth of the younger siblings was delayed and the twins grew older under the birth-controlled condition, suggesting that the birth of younger siblings and related behavioral changes of group members, as well as twins' developmental maturation, could trigger TF. Higher TF rates between same-sex twins were consistent with previous studies, reflecting the characteristics of same-sex directed aggression in callitrichines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Miwa
- Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, Cognitive Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hamazaki
- Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, Cognitive Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroki Koda
- Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, Cognitive Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Katsuki Nakamura
- Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, Cognitive Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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2
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Harrison LM, Noble DWA, Jennions MD. A meta-analysis of sex differences in animal personality: no evidence for the greater male variability hypothesis. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:679-707. [PMID: 34908228 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The notion that men are more variable than women has become embedded into scientific thinking. For mental traits like personality, greater male variability has been partly attributed to biology, underpinned by claims that there is generally greater variation among males than females in non-human animals due to stronger sexual selection on males. However, evidence for greater male variability is limited to morphological traits, and there is little information regarding sex differences in personality-like behaviours for non-human animals. Here, we meta-analysed sex differences in means and variances for over 2100 effects (204 studies) from 220 species (covering five broad taxonomic groups) across five personality traits: boldness, aggression, activity, sociality and exploration. We also tested if sexual size dimorphism, a proxy for sex-specific sexual selection, explains variation in the magnitude of sex differences in personality. We found no significant differences in personality between the sexes. In addition, sexual size dimorphism did not explain variation in the magnitude of the observed sex differences in the mean or variance in personality for any taxonomic group. In sum, we find no evidence for widespread sex differences in variability in non-human animal personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Harrison
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 46 Sullivans Creek Road, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Daniel W A Noble
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 46 Sullivans Creek Road, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Michael D Jennions
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 46 Sullivans Creek Road, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
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3
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Patten MM. On Being a Monkey's Uncle: Germline Chimerism in the Callitrichinae and the Evolution of Sibling Rivalry. Am Nat 2021; 197:502-508. [PMID: 33755537 DOI: 10.1086/713110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA typical monkey of the subfamily Callitrichinae has two or more cell lineages occupying its tissues: one from "itself," and one from its co-twin(s). Chimerism originates in utero when the twin placentae fuse, vascular anastomoses form between them, and cells are exchanged between conceptuses through their shared circulation. Previously it was thought that chimerism was limited to tissues of the hematopoietic cell lineage and that the germline was clonal, but subsequent empirical work has shown that chimerism may extend to many tissues, including the germline. To explore how natural selection on chimeric organisms should shape their social behavior, I construct an inclusive fitness model of sibling interactions that permits differing degrees of chimerism in the soma and germline. The model predicts that somatic chimerism should diminish sibling rivalry but that germline chimerism should typically intensify it. A further implication of the model is the possibility for intraorganismal conflict over developing phenotypes; as tissues may differ in their extent of chimerism-for example, placenta versus brain-their respective inclusive fitness may be maximized by different phenotypes. Communication between tissues in chimeric organisms might therefore be noisy, rapidly evolving, and fraught, as is common in systems with internal evolutionary conflicts of interest.
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4
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Price E, Coleman R, Ahsmann J, Glendewar G, Hunt J, Smith T, Wormell D. Individual, social, and environmental factors affecting salivary and fecal cortisol levels in captive pied tamarins (Saguinus bicolor). Am J Primatol 2019; 81:e23033. [PMID: 31368125 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Pied tamarins (Saguinus bicolor) are endangered New World primates, and in captivity appear to be very susceptible to stress. We measured cortisol in 214 saliva samples from 36 tamarins and in 227 fecal samples from 27 tamarins, and investigated the effects of age, sex, pregnancy, rearing history, social status, weight, group composition, and enclosure type using generalized linear mixed models. There was no effect of age on either fecal or salivary cortisol levels. Female pied tamarins in late pregnancy had higher fecal cortisol levels than those in early pregnancy, or nonpregnant females, but there was no effect of pregnancy on salivary cortisol. Females had higher salivary cortisol levels than males, but there was no effect of rearing history. However, for fecal cortisol, there was an interaction between sex and rearing history. Hand-reared tamarins overall had higher fecal cortisol levels, but while male parent-reared tamarins had higher levels than females who were parent-reared, the reverse was true for hand-reared individuals. There was a trend towards lower fecal cortisol levels in subordinate individuals, but no effect of status on salivary cortisol. Fecal but not salivary cortisol levels declined with increasing weight. We found little effect of group composition on cortisol levels in either saliva or feces, suggesting that as long as tamarins are housed socially, the nature of the group is of less importance. However, animals in off-show enclosures had higher salivary and fecal cortisol levels than individuals housed on-show. We suggest that large on-show enclosures with permanent access to off-exhibit areas may compensate for the effects of visitor disturbance, and a larger number of tamarins of the same species housed close together may explain the higher cortisol levels found in tamarins living in off-show accommodation, but further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eluned Price
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Jersey, Channel Islands
| | - Rob Coleman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, UK
| | - Judith Ahsmann
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Jersey, Channel Islands.,University of Applied Sciences Van Hall Larenstein, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Gale Glendewar
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Jersey, Channel Islands
| | - Jenna Hunt
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Jersey, Channel Islands
| | - Tessa Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, UK
| | - Dominic Wormell
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Jersey, Channel Islands
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French JA, Cavanaugh J, Mustoe AC, Carp SB, Womack SL. Social Monogamy in Nonhuman Primates: Phylogeny, Phenotype, and Physiology. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2018; 55:410-434. [PMID: 28704071 PMCID: PMC6004613 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2017.1339774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Monogamy as a social system has been both a scientific puzzle and a sociocultural issue for decades. In this review, we examine social monogamy from a comparative perspective with a focus on primates, our closest genetic relatives. We break down monogamy into component elements, including pair-bonding and partner preference, mate guarding or jealousy, social attachment, and biparental care. Our survey of primates shows that not all features are present in species classified as socially monogamous, in the same way that human monogamous relationships may not include all elements-a perspective we refer to as "monogamy à la carte." Our review includes a survey of the neurobiological correlates of social monogamy in primates, exploring unique or common pathways for the elemental components of monogamy. This compilation reveals that the components of monogamy are modulated by a suite of androgenic steroids, glucocorticoid hormones, the nonapeptide hormones oxytocin and vasopressin, and other neurotransmitter systems (e.g., dopamine and opioids). We propose that efforts to understand the biological underpinnings of complex human and animal sociosexual relationships will be well served by exploring individual phenotypic traits, as opposed to pursuing these questions with the assumption that monogamy is a unitary trait or a species-specific characteristic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A French
- a Department of Psychology and Department of Biology , University of Nebraska Omaha
| | - Jon Cavanaugh
- b Department of Psychology , University of Nebraska Omaha
| | - Aaryn C Mustoe
- b Department of Psychology , University of Nebraska Omaha
| | - Sarah B Carp
- b Department of Psychology , University of Nebraska Omaha
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Finkenwirth C, Burkart JM. Long-term-stability of relationship structure in family groups of common marmosets, and its link to proactive prosociality. Physiol Behav 2017; 173:79-86. [PMID: 28115225 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cooperatively breeding, group-living common marmosets show differentiated relationships, where more strongly bonded dyads within a group engage more in affiliative interactions than less strongly bonded ones. Intriguingly, recent results suggest that strong bonds do not only occur between breeding partners but between individuals from any sex or status, and that strong-bond partners exhibit correlated oxytocin fluctuations (dyadic oxytocin synchrony, OTS) over a period of six weeks. To date, it is unclear whether such relationships are stable over time and whether they are also reflected in higher partner-specific proactive prosociality. To assess the long-term stability of the relationship structure of common marmoset family groups, we investigated whether hormonal and behavioral markers of group structure (dyadic OTS, dyadic affiliation, and individual group integration) in common marmoset families remained stable over a period of six months. We collected baseline urinary OT and social behavior of 36 dyads from three family groups in a non-reproductive period (period A), and again six months later, around the birth of new infants (period B). Patterns of dyadic OTS, dyadic affiliation, and individual group integration were consistent between the two study periods. Oxytocin data from a fourth group (10 dyads), collected in two non-reproductive periods separated by a period of more than five years, could replicate this finding. Furthermore, OTS was also correlated with proactive prosociality that was assessed experimentally for 38 dyads during an earlier study. These results suggest that differentiated relationships are stable over time, even between group members other than the breeding pair, and that more strongly bonded partners also show higher levels of proactive prosociality. Future studies are necessary to identify whether these relationships have an adaptive function, perhaps with regard to positive consequences on cooperativeness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Finkenwirth
- Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Judith M Burkart
- Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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7
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Vargas-Pinilla P, Babb P, Nunes L, Paré P, Rosa G, Felkl A, Longo D, Salzano FM, Paixão-Côrtes VR, Gonçalves GL, Bortolini MC. Progesterone Response Element Variation in the OXTR Promoter Region and Paternal Care in New World Monkeys. Behav Genet 2016; 47:77-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s10519-016-9806-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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8
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Finkenwirth C, van Schaik C, Ziegler TE, Burkart JM. Strongly bonded family members in common marmosets show synchronized fluctuations in oxytocin. Physiol Behav 2015; 151:246-51. [PMID: 26232089 PMCID: PMC5916785 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin is a key regulator of social bonding and is positively linked to affiliation and prosocial behavior in several mammal species. In chimpanzees, this link is dyad-specific as affiliative interactions only elicit high oxytocin release if they involve strongly bonded individuals. These studies involved isolated dyads and sampling events. Little is known about the role of oxytocin in affiliation and social bonding, and about potential long-term patterns of bonding-related and dyad-specific oxytocin effects within highly affiliative and cooperative social groups. Our aim was to investigate whether bonding-related oxytocin signatures linked to dyadic affiliation are present in family groups of cooperatively breeding marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus) that show high levels of cohesion and cooperation. In 30 dyads from four family groups and one pair, we measured urinary baseline oxytocin over six weeks and analyzed the link to bond strength (mean dyadic affiliation). Strongly bonded dyads showed synchronized longitudinal fluctuations of oxytocin, indicating that dyad-specific oxytocin effects can also be traced in the group context and in an interdependent species. We discuss these results in light of the potential function of differentiated relationships between marmoset dyads other than the breeding pair, and the role of oxytocin as a mediator for social bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Finkenwirth
- Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Carel van Schaik
- Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Toni E Ziegler
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Judith M Burkart
- Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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9
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Hill DL, Pillay N, Schradin C. Alternative reproductive tactics in female striped mice: heavier females are more likely to breed solitarily than communally. J Anim Ecol 2015; 84:1497-508. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Davina L. Hill
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Private Bag 3 Wits 2050 Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Neville Pillay
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Private Bag 3 Wits 2050 Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Carsten Schradin
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Private Bag 3 Wits 2050 Johannesburg South Africa
- IPHC-DEPE; Université de Strasbourg; 23 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg France
- CNRS; UMR7178; 67087 Strasbourg France
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10
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Díaz-Muñoz SL. Complex cooperative breeders: Using infant care costs to explain variability in callitrichine social and reproductive behavior. Am J Primatol 2015; 78:372-87. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L. Díaz-Muñoz
- Section of Ecology; Behavior and Evolution; University of California; San Diego California
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11
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Schradin C. Intraspecific variation in social organization by genetic variation, developmental plasticity, social flexibility or entirely extrinsic factors. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120346. [PMID: 23569294 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, it was widely believed that each species has a specific social organization, but we know now that many species show intraspecific variation in their social organization. Four different processes can lead to intraspecific variation in social organization: (i) genetic variation between individuals owing to local adaptation (between populations) or evolutionarily stable strategies within populations; (ii) developmental plasticity evolved in long-term (more than one generation) unpredictable and short-term (one generation) predictable environments, which is mediated by organizational physiological effects during early ontogeny; (iii) social flexibility evolved in highly unpredictable environments, which is mediated by activational physiological effects in adults; (iv) entirely extrinsic factors such as the death of a dominant breeder. Variation in social behaviour occurs between individuals in the case of genetic variation and developmental plasticity, but within individuals in the case of social flexibility. It is important to study intraspecific variation in social organization to understand the social systems of species because it reveals the mechanisms by which species can adapt to changing environments, offers a useful tool to study the ultimate and proximate causes of sociality, and is an interesting phenomenon by itself that needs scientific explanation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Schradin
- Université de Strasbourg, IPHC-DEPE, 23 rue Becquerel, Strasbourg 67087, France.
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony B. Rylands
- Conservation International; 2011 Crystal Drive; Arlington; Virginia; 22202; USA
| | - Gustl Anzenberger
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies; University of Zürich; Winterthurerstrasse 190; CH-8057; Zürich; Switzerland
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Jens W, Mager-Melicharek CAX, Rietkerk FE. Free-ranging New World primates in zoos: cebids at Apenheul. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1090.2012.00166.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Jens
- Apenheul Primate Park; J.C.Wilslaan 31; 7313 HK; Apeldoorn; the Netherlands
| | | | - F. E. Rietkerk
- Apenheul Primate Park; J.C.Wilslaan 31; 7313 HK; Apeldoorn; the Netherlands
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Price EC, Wormell D, Brayshaw M, Furrer S, Heer T, Steinmetz HW. Managing free-ranging callitrichids in zoos. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1090.2012.00167.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. C. Price
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust; Les Augrès Manor, Trinity; Jersey; Channel Islands; JE3 5BP; United Kingdom
| | - D. Wormell
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust; Les Augrès Manor, Trinity; Jersey; Channel Islands; JE3 5BP; United Kingdom
| | - M. Brayshaw
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust; Les Augrès Manor, Trinity; Jersey; Channel Islands; JE3 5BP; United Kingdom
| | - S. Furrer
- Zoo Zürich; Zürichbergstrasse 221; CH-8044; Zürich; Switzerland
| | - T. Heer
- Zoo Zürich; Zürichbergstrasse 221; CH-8044; Zürich; Switzerland
| | - H. W. Steinmetz
- Chester Zoo; Upton by Chester; Cheshire; CH2 1LH; United Kingdom
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