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Dong G, Liu H, Chen Y, Bao D, Xu W, Zhou J. Hydrogen-Rich Gas Enhanced Sprint-Interval Performance: Metabolomic Insights into Underlying Mechanisms. Nutrients 2024; 16:2341. [PMID: 39064785 PMCID: PMC11280464 DOI: 10.3390/nu16142341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The diversity of blood biomarkers used to assess the metabolic mechanisms of hydrogen limits a comprehensive understanding of its effects on improving exercise performance. This study evaluated the impact of hydrogen-rich gas (HRG) on metabolites following sprint-interval exercise using metabolomics approaches, aiming to elucidate its underlying mechanisms of action. (2) Methods: Ten healthy adult males participated in the Wingate Sprint-interval test (SIT) following 60 min of HRG or placebo (air) inhalation. Venous blood samples were collected for metabolomic analysis both before and after gas inhalation and subsequent to completing the SIT. (3) Results: Compared with the placebo, HRG inhalation significantly improved mean power, fatigue index, and time to peak for the fourth sprint and significantly reduced the attenuation values of peak power, mean power, and time to peak between the first and fourth. Metabolomic analysis highlighted the significant upregulation of acetylcarnitine, propionyl-L-carnitine, hypoxanthine, and xanthine upon HRG inhalation, with enrichment pathway analysis suggesting that HRG may foster fat mobilization by enhancing coenzyme A synthesis, promoting glycerophospholipid metabolism, and suppressing insulin levels. (4) Conclusions: Inhaling HRG before an SIT enhances end-stage anaerobic sprint capabilities and mitigates fatigue. Metabolomic analysis suggests that HRG may enhance ATP recovery during interval stages by accelerating fat oxidation, providing increased energy replenishment for late-stage sprints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengxin Dong
- School of Sport Medicine and Physical Therapy, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Haiyan Liu
- School of Huangjiu, Zhejiang Industry Polytechnic College, Shaoxing 312000, China;
| | - Yunji Chen
- College of Military and Political Basic Education, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410072, China;
| | - Dapeng Bao
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wentao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Junhong Zhou
- Hebrew Senior Life Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02131, USA;
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Meihua S, Jiahui J, Yujia L, Shuang Z, Jingjing Z. Research on sweat metabolomics of athlete's fatigue induced by high intensity interval training. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1269885. [PMID: 38033334 PMCID: PMC10684900 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1269885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Sweat is an important specimen of human metabolism, which can simply and non-invasively monitor the metabolic state of the body, and its metabolites can be used as biomarkers for disease diagnosis, while the changes of sweat metabolites before and after exercise-induced fatigue are still unclear. Methods: In this experiment, high-performance chemical isotope labeling liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to metabolomic 28 sweat samples before and after exercise-induced fatigue of 14 long-distance runners, also IsoMS PRO and SPSS22.0 software were used to analyze the metabolite changes and differential metabolic pathways. Results: A total of 446 metabolites with high confidence were identified, and the sweat metabolome group before and after high-intensity interval exercise-induced fatigue was obvious, among which the upregulated differential metabolites mainly included hypoxanthine, pyruvate, several amino acids, etc., while the downregulated differential metabolites mainly included amino acid derivatives, vitamin B6, theophylline, etc. Conclusion: The change of hypoxanthine concentration in sweat can be used as a good biomarker for the diagnosis of exercise-induced fatigue, while the change of pyruvate content in sweat can be used as a discriminant index for the energy metabolism mode of the body before and after exercise. The main metabolic pathways involved in differential metabolites produced before and after HIIT exercise-induced fatigue are purine metabolism and amino acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Meihua
- School of Physical Education, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jin Jiahui
- School of Physical Education, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Li Yujia
- School of Physical Education, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zhao Shuang
- Xiamen Meliomics Technology Co., Ltd., Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zhan Jingjing
- Xiamen Meliomics Technology Co., Ltd., Xiamen, Fujian, China
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Potential Role of Oxidative Stress in the Production of Volatile Organic Compounds in Obesity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12010129. [PMID: 36670991 PMCID: PMC9854577 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with numerous health issues such as sleep disorders, asthma, hepatic dysfunction, cancer, renal dysfunction, diabetes, cardiovascular complications, and infertility. Previous research has shown that the distribution of excess body fat, rather than excess body weight, determines obesity-related risk factors. It is widely accepted that abdominal fat is a serious risk factor for illnesses associated with obesity and the accumulation of visceral fat promotes the release of pro-oxidants, pro-inflammatory, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The metabolic process in the human body produces several volatile organic compounds (VOCs) via urine, saliva, breath, blood, skin secretions, milk, and feces. Several studies have shown that VOCs are released by the interaction of ROS with underlying cellular components leading to increased protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, or DNA damage. These VOCs released via oxidative stress in obese individuals may serves as a biomarker for obesity-related metabolic alterations and disease. In this review, we focus on the relationship between oxidative stress and VOCs in obesity.
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Kosaki K, Kumamoto S, Tokinoya K, Yoshida Y, Sugaya T, Murase T, Akari S, Nakamura T, Nabekura Y, Takekoshi K, Maeda S. Xanthine Oxidoreductase Activity in Marathon Runners: Potential Implications for Marathon-Induced Acute Kidney Injury. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 133:1-10. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00669.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess activation of circulating xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) may contribute to the pathogenesis of widespread remote organ injury, including kidney injury. The purpose of this study was to determine the acute impact of marathon running on plasma XOR activity and to examine whether plasma XOR activity is associated with marathon-induced elevations in biomarkers of acute kidney injury (AKI). Twenty-three young men (aged 20-25 years) who participated in the 38th Tsukuba Marathon were included. Blood and urine samples were collected before, immediately, 2 h (only blood sample), and 24 h after a full marathon run. Plasma XOR activity was evaluated using a highly sensitive assay utilizing a combination of [13C2,15N2] xanthine and liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. The levels of several AKI biomarkers, such as serum creatinine and urinary liver-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) were measured in each participant. Marathon running caused a transient elevation in plasma XOR activity and levels of purine degradation products (hypoxanthine, xanthine, and uric acid) as well as serum creatinine, urinary albumin, and urinary L-FABP levels. Immediately after the marathon, individual relative changes in plasma XOR activity were independently correlated with corresponding changes in serum creatinine and urinary L-FABP levels. In addition, the magnitude of marathon-induced elevation in plasma XOR activity and levels of purine degradation products were higher in individuals who developed AKI. These findings collectively suggest that marathon running substantially influences the purine metabolism pathway including XOR activity. Moreover, activated circulating XOR can be partly associated with elevated biomarkers of AKI after marathon running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisei Kosaki
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shota Kumamoto
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Tokinoya
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Human Health Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuko Yoshida
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tsukuba International University, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sugaya
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Seigo Akari
- Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., Mie, Japan
| | | | - Yoshiharu Nabekura
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Takekoshi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Seiji Maeda
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
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Sellami M, Bragazzi N, Prince MS, Denham J, Elrayess M. Regular, Intense Exercise Training as a Healthy Aging Lifestyle Strategy: Preventing DNA Damage, Telomere Shortening and Adverse DNA Methylation Changes Over a Lifetime. Front Genet 2021; 12:652497. [PMID: 34421981 PMCID: PMC8379006 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.652497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise training is one of the few therapeutic interventions that improves health span by delaying the onset of age-related diseases and preventing early death. The length of telomeres, the 5'-TTAGGG n -3' tandem repeats at the ends of mammalian chromosomes, is one of the main indicators of biological age. Telomeres undergo shortening with each cellular division. This subsequently leads to alterations in the expression of several genes that encode vital proteins with critical functions in many tissues throughout the body, and ultimately impacts cardiovascular, immune and muscle physiology. The sub-telomeric DNA is comprised of heavily methylated, heterochromatin. Methylation and histone acetylation are two of the most well-studied examples of the epigenetic modifications that occur on histone proteins. DNA methylation is the type of epigenetic modification that alters gene expression without modifying gene sequence. Although diet, genetic predisposition and a healthy lifestyle seem to alter DNA methylation and telomere length (TL), recent evidence suggests that training status or physical fitness are some of the major factors that control DNA structural modifications. In fact, TL is positively associated with cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity level (sedentary, active, moderately trained, or elite) and training intensity, but is shorter in over-trained athletes. Similarly, somatic cells are vulnerable to exercise-induced epigenetic modification, including DNA methylation. Exercise-training load, however, depends on intensity and volume (duration and frequency). Training load-dependent responses in genomic profiles could underpin the discordant physiological and physical responses to exercise. In the current review, we will discuss the role of various forms of exercise training in the regulation of DNA damage, TL and DNA methylation status in humans, to provide an update on the influence exercise training has on biological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Sellami
- Physical Education Department (PE), College of Education (CEdu), Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nicola Bragazzi
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Postgraduate School of Public Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mohammad Shoaib Prince
- Physical Education Department (PE), College of Education (CEdu), Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Division of Sports and Wellness, Department of Students Affairs, College of North Atlantic Qatar (CNAQ), Doha, Qatar
| | - Joshua Denham
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Wang LL, Chen AP, Li JY, Sun Z, Yan SL, Xu KY. Mechanism of the Effect of High-Intensity Training on Urinary Metabolism in Female Water Polo Players Based on UHPLC-MS Non-Targeted Metabolomics Technique. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:381. [PMID: 33915709 PMCID: PMC8067095 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9040381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the changes in urine metabolism in female water polo players before and after high-intensity training by using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and to explore the biometabolic characteristics of urine after training and competition. METHODS Twelve young female water polo players (except goalkeepers) from Shanxi Province were selected. A 4-week formal training was started after 1 week of acclimatization according to experimental requirements. Urine samples (5 mL) were collected before formal training, early morning after 4 weeks of training, and immediately after 4 weeks of training matches, and labeled as T1, T2, and T3, respectively. The samples were tested by LC-MS after pre-treatment. XCMS, SIMCA-P 14.1, and SPSS16.0 were used to process the data and identify differential metabolites. RESULTS On comparing the immediate post-competition period with the pre-training period (T3 vs. T1), 24 differential metabolites involved in 16 metabolic pathways were identified, among which niacin and niacinamide metabolism and purine metabolism were potential post-competition urinary metabolic pathways in the untrained state of the athletes. On comparing the immediate post-competition period with the post-training period (T3 vs. T2), 10 metabolites involved in three metabolic pathways were identified, among which niacin and niacinamide metabolism was a potential target urinary metabolic pathway for the athletes after training. Niacinamide, 1-methylnicotinamide, 2-pyridone, L-Gln, AMP, and Hx were involved in two metabolic pathways before and after the training. CONCLUSION Differential changes in urine after water polo games are due to changes in the metabolic pathways of niacin and niacinamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei-lei Wang
- College of Physicial Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; (L.-l.W.); (S.-l.Y.); (K.-y.X.)
| | - An-ping Chen
- College of Physicial Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; (L.-l.W.); (S.-l.Y.); (K.-y.X.)
| | - Jian-ying Li
- College of Physicial Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; (L.-l.W.); (S.-l.Y.); (K.-y.X.)
| | - Zhuo Sun
- Department of health and Natural Sciences, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Shi-liang Yan
- College of Physicial Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; (L.-l.W.); (S.-l.Y.); (K.-y.X.)
| | - Kai-yuan Xu
- College of Physicial Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; (L.-l.W.); (S.-l.Y.); (K.-y.X.)
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Okuyama T, Shirakawa J, Nakamura T, Murase T, Miyashita D, Inoue R, Kyohara M, Togashi Y, Terauchi Y. Association of the plasma xanthine oxidoreductase activity with the metabolic parameters and vascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3768. [PMID: 33580173 PMCID: PMC7881005 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83234-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine, and of xanthine to uric acid. XOR also enhances the production of reactive oxygen species and causes endothelial dysfunction. In this study, we evaluated the association of XOR and its substrate with the vascular complications in 94 Japanese inpatients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The plasma XOR activity and plasma xanthine levels were positively correlated with the body mass index, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), γ-GTP, fasting plasma insulin, and the homeostasis model of assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and negatively correlated with the high density lipoprotein cholesterol. The plasma XOR activity also showed a positive correlation with the serum triglyceride. Multivariate analyses identified AST, ALT, fasting plasma insulin and HOMA-IR as being independently associated with the plasma XOR activity. The plasma XOR activity negatively correlated with the duration of diabetes, and positively correlated with the coefficient of variation of the R-R interval and sensory nerve conduction velocity. Furthermore, the plasma XOR activity was significantly decreased in patients with coronary artery disease. Thus, the plasma XOR activity might be a surrogate marker for the development of vascular complications, as well as liver dysfunction and insulin resistance, in T2DM. Trial registration: This study is registered at the UMIN Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN000029970; https://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/index-j.htm). The study was conducted from Nov 15, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Okuyama
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Jun Shirakawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan. .,Laboratory and Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation (IMCR), Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, 371-8512, Japan.
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Mie Research Laboratories, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., Inabe, Mie, Japan
| | - Takayo Murase
- Mie Research Laboratories, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., Inabe, Mie, Japan
| | - Daisuke Miyashita
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ryota Inoue
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.,Laboratory and Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation (IMCR), Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Mayu Kyohara
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yu Togashi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yasuo Terauchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
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González NT, Otali E, Machanda Z, Muller MN, Wrangham R, Thompson ME. Urinary markers of oxidative stress respond to infection and late-life in wild chimpanzees. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238066. [PMID: 32916689 PMCID: PMC7486137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) plays a marked role in aging and results from a variety of stressors, making it a powerful measure of health and a way to examine costs associated with life history investments within and across species. However, few urinary OS markers have been examined under field conditions, particularly in primates, and their utility to non-invasively monitor the costs of acute stressors versus the long-term damage associated with aging is poorly understood. In this study, we examined variation in 5 urinary markers of oxidative damage and protection under 5 validation paradigms for 37 wild, chimpanzees living in the Kibale National Park, Uganda. We used 924 urine samples to examine responses to acute immune challenge (respiratory illness or severe wounding), as well as mixed-longitudinal and intra-individual variation with age. DNA damage (8-OHdG) correlated positively with all other markers of damage (F-isoprostanes, MDA-TBARS, and neopterin) but did not correlate with protection (total antioxidant capacity). Within individuals, all markers of damage responded to at least one if not both types of acute infection. While OS is expected to increase with age, this was not generally true in chimpanzees. However, significant changes in oxidative damage were detected within past-prime individuals and those close to death. Our results indicate that OS can be measured using field-collected urine and integrates short- and long-term aspects of health. They further suggest that more data are needed from long-lived, wild animals to illuminate if common age-related increases in inflammation and OS damage are typical or recently aberrant in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Thompson González
- University of New Mexico, Department of Anthropology, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
- University of New Mexico, Academic Science Education and Research Training Program, Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Emily Otali
- Kibale Chimpanzee Project, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Zarin Machanda
- Kibale Chimpanzee Project, Fort Portal, Uganda
- Tufts University, Department of Anthropology, Medford, MA, United States of America
| | - Martin N. Muller
- University of New Mexico, Department of Anthropology, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
- Kibale Chimpanzee Project, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Richard Wrangham
- Kibale Chimpanzee Project, Fort Portal, Uganda
- Harvard University, Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Melissa Emery Thompson
- University of New Mexico, Department of Anthropology, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
- Kibale Chimpanzee Project, Fort Portal, Uganda
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Furuhashi M, Koyama M, Higashiura Y, Murase T, Nakamura T, Matsumoto M, Sakai A, Ohnishi H, Tanaka M, Saitoh S, Moniwa N, Shimamoto K, Miura T. Differential regulation of hypoxanthine and xanthine by obesity in a general population. J Diabetes Investig 2020; 11:878-887. [PMID: 31916414 PMCID: PMC7378426 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Uric acid is synthesized by oxidation of hypoxanthine and xanthine using a catalyzing enzyme, xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), which can be a source of reactive oxygen species. Plasma XOR activity is a metabolic biomarker associated with obesity, hyperuricemia, liver dysfunction and insulin resistance. However, it has recently been reported that XOR activity in fat tissue is low in humans, unlike in rodents, and that hypoxanthine is secreted from human fat tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS The associations of obesity with hypoxanthine, xanthine and plasma XOR activity were investigated in 484 participants (men/women: 224/260) of the Tanno-Sobetsu Study. RESULTS Levels of hypoxanthine, xanthine and plasma XOR activity were significantly higher in men than in women. In 59 participants with hyperuricemia, 11 (men/women: 11/0) participants were being treated with an XOR inhibitor and had a significantly higher level of xanthine, but not hypoxanthine, than that in participants without treatment. In all of the participants, hypoxanthine concentration in smokers was significantly higher than that in non-smokers. Stepwise and multivariate regression analyses showed that body mass index, smoking habit and xanthine were independent predictors of hypoxanthine after adjustment of age, sex and use of antihyperuricemic drugs. Whereas, alanine transaminase, hypoxanthine and plasma XOR activity were independent predictors for xanthine, and alanine transaminase, triglycerides and xanthine were independent predictors for plasma XOR activity. CONCLUSIONS The concentration of hypoxanthine, but not that of xanthine, is independently associated with obesity and smoking habit, indicating differential regulation of hypoxanthine and xanthine in a general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Furuhashi
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic MedicineSapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
- Department of General MedicineSapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Masayuki Koyama
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic MedicineSapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
- Department of Public HealthSapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Yukimura Higashiura
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic MedicineSapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | | | | | - Megumi Matsumoto
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic MedicineSapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Akiko Sakai
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic MedicineSapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Hirofumi Ohnishi
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic MedicineSapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
- Department of Public HealthSapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Marenao Tanaka
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic MedicineSapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Shigeyuki Saitoh
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic MedicineSapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
- Division of Medical and Behavioral SubjectsDepartment of NursingSapporo Medical University School of Health SciencesSapporoJapan
| | - Norihito Moniwa
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic MedicineSapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | | | - Tetsuji Miura
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic MedicineSapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
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Mahanty A, Xi L. Utility of cardiac biomarkers in sports medicine: Focusing on troponin, natriuretic peptides, and hypoxanthine. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2020; 2:65-71. [PMID: 35784176 PMCID: PMC9219314 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence-based consensus suggests that physical activity and regular exercise training can reduce modifiable risk factors as well as rate of mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, obesity and cancer. Conversely, long-term exercise training and drastic increase in vigorous physical activity may also cause acute cardiovascular events (e.g. acute myocardial infarction) and deleterious cardiac remodeling, particularly when exercise is performed by unfit or susceptible individuals. There is a reversed J-shaped hormesis-like curve between the duration and intensity of exercise and level of CVD risks. Therefore, it is important for an early detection of cardiac injuries in professional and amateur athletes. Under this context, this article focuses on the use of biomarker testing, an indispensable component in the current clinical practices especially in Cardiology and Oncology. We attempt to justify the importance of using circulating biomarkers in routine practices of Sports Medicine for an objective assessment of CVD events following exercise. Special attentions are dedicated to three established or emerging cardiac biomarkers (i.e. cardiac troponins, natriuretic peptides, hypoxanthine) for myocardial tissue hypoxia/ischemia events, muscle stress, and the consequent cellular necrotic injury. Based on these focused analyses, we propose use of circulating biomarker testing in both laboratory and point-of-care settings with an increasingly broader involvement or participation of team physicians, trainers, coaches, primary care doctors, as well as educated athlete community. This diagnostic approach may improve the quality of medical surveillance and preventive measures on exercise-related CVD risks/outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lei Xi
- Corresponding author. Division of Cardiology, Box 980204, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 East Marshall Street, Room 7-020C, Richmond, VA, 23298-0204, USA.
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Pala R, Sari MA, Erten F, Er B, Tuzcu M, Orhan C, Deeh PBD, Sahin N, Cinar V, Komorowski JR, Sahin K. The effects of chromium picolinate on glucose and lipid metabolism in running rats. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2020; 58:126434. [PMID: 31778961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.126434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromium picolinate (CrPic) is commonly used to reduce muscle fatigue after exercise. We aimed to elucidate the effects of CrPic on glucose and lipid metabolism and the expression of glucose transporters in exercised rats. METHODS Forty-two male Wistar rats (8-week-old) were distributed into six groups (n = 7) as follows: Control, CrPic, Chronic Exercise (CEx), CEx + CrPic, Acute Exercise (AEx), and AEx + CrPic. CEx consists of 30 m/min, 30 min/day, and 5 days/week for 6 weeks. CrPic was supplemented at 400 μg elemental Cr/kg of diet for 6 weeks. In the AEx groups, animals were run on the treadmill at 30 m/min until exhaustion. RESULTS CEx significantly lowered blood glucose (BG), total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels, but elevated insulin concentration (IC), compared with control (P < 0.05). CEx significantly decreased the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the serum, liver, and muscle while AEx elevated it (P < 0.001 for all). CrPic significantly decreased BG, TC, TG levels, and increased IC with a remarkable effect in CEx rats (P < 0.01). CrPic also significantly reduced serum, liver, and muscle MDA levels (P < 0.001). Both AEx and CEx increased the expression of liver glucose transporter 2 (GLUT-2) and muscle GLUT-4 with the highest level in CEx rats (P < 0.05). Moreover, CrPic supplementation significantly elevated GLUT-2 and GLUT-4 expressions in the liver and muscle of sedentary and exercise-treated rats (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION CrPic improves various metabolic parameters and reduces oxidative stress in CEx and AEx rats by decreasing BG, TC, TG, MDA levels in serum and elevating GLUT-2 and GLUT-4 expression in the liver and muscle samples. The efficacy of CrPic was more pronounced in CEx rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragip Pala
- Department of Movement and Training Science, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Akif Sari
- Department of Movement and Training Science, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Fusun Erten
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Besir Er
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Tuzcu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Cemal Orhan
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig 23119, Turkey
| | | | - Nurhan Sahin
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig 23119, Turkey
| | - Vedat Cinar
- Department of Movement and Training Science, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - James R Komorowski
- Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, Nutrition 21 Inc, New York, United States of America
| | - Kazim Sahin
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig 23119, Turkey.
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Miller IJ, Peters SR, Overmyer KA, Paulson BR, Westphall MS, Coon JJ. Real-time health monitoring through urine metabolomics. NPJ Digit Med 2019; 2:109. [PMID: 31728416 PMCID: PMC6848197 DOI: 10.1038/s41746-019-0185-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Current healthcare practices are reactive and based on limited physiological information collected months or years apart. By enabling patients and healthy consumers access to continuous measurements of health, wearable devices and digital medicine stand to realize highly personalized and preventative care. However, most current digital technologies provide information on a limited set of physiological traits, such as heart rate and step count, which alone offer little insight into the etiology of most diseases. Here we propose to integrate data from biohealth smartphone applications with continuous metabolic phenotypes derived from urine metabolites. This combination of molecular phenotypes with quantitative measurements of lifestyle reflect the biological consequences of human behavior in real time. We present data from an observational study involving two healthy subjects and discuss the challenges, opportunities, and implications of integrating this new layer of physiological information into digital medicine. Though our dataset is limited to two subjects, our analysis (also available through an interactive web-based visualization tool) provides an initial framework to monitor lifestyle factors, such as nutrition, drug metabolism, exercise, and sleep using urine metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J. Miller
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Sean R. Peters
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | | | - Brett R. Paulson
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Michael S. Westphall
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Joshua J. Coon
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
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Purine metabolism in sprint- vs endurance-trained athletes aged 20‒90 years. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12075. [PMID: 31427706 PMCID: PMC6700101 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48633-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purine metabolism is crucial for efficient ATP resynthesis during exercise. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of lifelong exercise training on blood purine metabolites in ageing humans at rest and after exhausting exercise. Plasma concentrations of hypoxanthine (Hx), xanthine (X), uric acid (UA) and the activity of erythrocyte hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) were measured in 55 sprinters (SP, 20‒90 years), 91 endurance runners (ER, 20‒81 years) and 61 untrained participants (UT, 21‒69 years). SP had significantly lower levels of plasma purine metabolites and higher erythrocyte HGPRT activity than ER and UT. In all three groups, plasma purine levels (except UA in UT) significantly increased with age (1.8‒44.0% per decade). HGPRT activity increased in SP and ER (0.5‒1.0%), while it remained unchanged in UT. Hx and X concentrations increased faster with age than UA and HGPRT levels. In summary, plasma purine concentration increases with age, representing the depletion of skeletal muscle adenine nucleotide (AdN) pool. In highly-trained athletes, this disadvantageous effect is compensated by an increase in HGPRT activity, supporting the salvage pathway of the AdN pool restoration. Such a mechanism is absent in untrained individuals. Lifelong exercise, especially speed-power training, limits the age-related purine metabolism deterioration.
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Comparison of human erythrocyte purine nucleotide metabolism and blood purine and pyrimidine degradation product concentrations before and after acute exercise in trained and sedentary subjects. J Physiol Sci 2017; 68:293-305. [PMID: 28432611 PMCID: PMC5887001 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-017-0536-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at evaluating the concentration of erythrocyte purine nucleotides (ATP, ADP, AMP, IMP) in trained and sedentary subjects before and after maximal physical exercise together with measuring the activity of purine metabolism enzymes as well as the concentration of purine (hypoxanthine, xanthine, uric acid) and pyrimidine (uridine) degradation products in blood. The study included 15 male elite rowers [mean age 24.3 ± 2.56 years; maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) 52.8 ± 4.54 mL/kg/min; endurance and strength training 8.2 ± 0.33 h per week for 6.4 ± 2.52 years] and 15 sedentary control subjects (mean age 23.1 ± 3.41 years; VO2max 43.2 ± 5.20 mL/kg/min). Progressive incremental exercise testing until refusal to continue exercising was conducted on a bicycle ergometer. The concentrations of ATP, ADP, AMP, IMP and the activities of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT), hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase (PRPP-S) were determined in erythrocytes. The concentrations of hypoxanthine, xanthine, uric acid and uridine were determined in the whole blood before exercise, after exercise, and 30 min after exercise testing. The study demonstrated a significantly higher concentration of ATP in the erythrocytes of trained subjects which, in part, may be explained by higher metabolic activity on the purine re-synthesis pathway (significantly higher PRPP-S, APRT and HGPRT activities). The ATP concentration, just as the ATP/ADP ratio, as well as an exercise-induced increase in this ratio, correlates with the VO2max level in these subjects which allows them to be considered as the important factors characterising physical capacity and exercise tolerance. Maximal physical exercise in the group of trained subjects results not only in a lower post-exercise increase in the concentration of hypoxanthine, xanthine and uric acid but also in that of uridine. This indicates the possibility of performing high-intensity work with a lower loss of not only purine but also pyrimidine.
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Gwozdzinski K, Pieniazek A, Tabaczar S, Jegier A, Brzeszczynska J. Investigation of oxidative stress parameters in different lifespan erythrocyte fractions in young untrained men after acute exercise. Exp Physiol 2017; 102:190-201. [DOI: 10.1113/ep085930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Pieniazek
- Department of Medical Biophysics; University of Lodz; Lodz Poland
| | - Sabina Tabaczar
- Department of Molecular Biophysics; University of Lodz; Lodz Poland
| | - Anna Jegier
- Department of Sport Medicine; Medical University of Lodz; Lodz Poland
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Abstract
Purpose The glutathione (GSH) antioxidant system has been shown to play an important role in the maintenance of good health and disease prevention. Various approaches have been used to enhance GSH availability including diet, nutritional supplementation, and drug administration, with minor to moderate success. Exercise training has evolved as a new approach. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise training (AET), circuit weight training (CWT), and combined training (AET + CWT) on general adaptations, and resistance to acutely induced oxidative stress, as assessed by changes in the GSH antioxidant system. Methods Eighty healthy sedentary volunteers participated in the study who were randomly assigned to four groups: control (no exercise); AET, CWT, and AET + CWT. Exercise training programs were designed to simulate outpatient cardiac rehabilitation (40 min × 3 days × 6 weeks). Venous blood sampling was taken at rest and post maximal graded exercise test (GXT). A new improved spectrophotometric venous assay analysis technique was used. A mixed model repeated measures analysis of variance design was used with t-tests for preplanned comparisons evaluated at Bonferroni-adjusted α levels. Results Effectiveness of the exercise training programs was demonstrated by significant between-group (exercise group versus control) comparisons. AET, CWT, and AET + CWT showed significant pretraining-posttraining increases in resting GSH and glutathione-glutathione disulfide ratio (GSH:GSSG), and significant decreases in GSSG levels ( P <0.005). AET + CWT showed the most pronounced effect compared with AET or CWT alone ( P <0.025). Conclusion This study represents the first longitudinal investigation involving the effects of multiple modes of exercise training on the GSH antioxidant system with evidence, suggesting the GHS:GSSG ratio as the most sensitive change marker. The significant findings of this study have potential clinical implications to individuals involved in cardiac and pulmonary rehabilitation. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 14:630-637 © 2007 The European Society of Cardiology
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Zieliński J, Kusy K. Hypoxanthine: A Universal Metabolic Indicator of Training Status in Competitive Sports. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2016. [PMID: 26196868 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiorespiratory and biochemical indicators typically used by contemporary elite athletes seem to have limited applicability. According to some recent studies, purine metabolism better reflects exercise response and muscle adaptation in this group. We propose using purine derivatives, especially plasma hypoxanthine concentration, as indicators of training status in consecutive training phases in highly trained athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Zieliński
- Department of Athletics, Faculty of Physical Education, Sport and Rehabilitation, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
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19
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MAJERCZAK J, DUDA K, CHLOPICKI S, BARTOSZ G, ZAKRZEWSKA A, BALCERCZYK A, 5, R. T. SMOLEŃSKI, ZOLADZ JA. Endothelial Glycocalyx Integrity Is Preserved in Young, Healthy Men During a Single Bout of Strenuous Physical Exercise. Physiol Res 2016; 65:281-91. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study we aimed to evaluate whether oxidative stress and inflammation induced by strenuous exercise affect glycocalyx integrity and endothelial function. Twenty one young, untrained healthy men performed a maximal incremental cycling exercise – until exhaustion. Markers of glycocalyx shedding (syndecan-1, heparan sulfate and hyaluronic acid), endothelial status (nitric oxide and prostacyclin metabolites – nitrate, nitrite, 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α), oxidative stress (8-oxo-2’-deoxyguanosine) and antioxidant capacity (uric acid, non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity) as well as markers of inflammation (sVCAM-1 and sICAM-1) were analyzed in venous blood samples taken at rest and at the end of exercise. The applied strenuous exercise caused a 5-fold increase in plasma lactate and hypoxanthine concentrations (p<0.001), a fall in plasma uric acid concentration and non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity (p<10−4), accompanied by an increase (p=0.003) in sVCAM-1 concentration. Plasma 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α concentration increased (p=0.006) at exhaustion, while nitrate and nitrite concentrations were not affected. Surprisingly, no significant changes in serum syndecan-1 and heparan sulfate concentrations were observed. We have concluded, that a single bout of severe-intensity exercise is well accommodated by endothelium in young, healthy men as it neither results in evident glycocalyx disruption nor in the impairment of nitric oxide and prostacyclin production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - J. A. ZOLADZ
- Department of Muscle Physiology, Chair of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Rehabilitation, University School of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland
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Attenuated Oxidative Stress following Acute Exhaustive Swimming Exercise Was Accompanied with Modified Gene Expression Profiles of Apoptosis in the Skeletal Muscle of Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:8381242. [PMID: 27143996 PMCID: PMC4842079 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8381242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of acute exhaustive swimming exercise on apoptosis in the skeletal muscle of mice. Method. C57BL/6 mice were averagely divided into seven groups. One group was used as control (C), while the remaining six groups went through one-time exhaustive swimming exercise and were terminated at 0 h, 2 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h upon completion of exercise. Result. ABTS was significantly lowered at 12 h and 48 h after exercise. The MDA level was significantly decreased at any time points sampled following exercise. Total SOD activity was significantly decreased at 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h after exercise. Neither mRNA of Bax nor Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was significantly altered by exercise. mRNA of Bcl-2 was significantly decreased since 6 h after exercise. mRNA and protein expressions of PGC-1α were significantly increased at different time points following exercise. Conclusion. Cellular oxidative stress level was decreased following low intensity, long duration acute exhaustive swimming exercise in mice, and the enzymatic antioxidant capacity was compromised. Apoptosis of the skeletal muscle was inhibited, which could partially be explained by the enhanced level of PGC-1α.
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21
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Katz A. Role of reactive oxygen species in regulation of glucose transport in skeletal muscle during exercise. J Physiol 2016; 594:2787-94. [PMID: 26791627 DOI: 10.1113/jp271665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose derived from extracellular sources serves as an energy source in virtually all eukaryotic cells, including skeletal muscle. Its contribution to energy turnover increases with exercise intensity up to moderately heavy workloads. However, at very high workloads, the contribution of extracellular glucose to energy turnover is negligible, despite the high rate of glucose transport. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the stimulation of glucose transport in isolated skeletal muscle preparations during intense repeated contractions. Consistent with this observation, heavy exercise is associated with significant production of ROS. However, during more mild to moderate stimulation or exercise conditions (in vitro, in situ and in vivo) antioxidants do not affect glucose transport. It is noteworthy that the production of ROS is limited or not observed under these conditions and that the concentration of the antioxidant used was extremely low. The results to date suggest that ROS involvement in activation of glucose transport occurs primarily during intense short-term exercise and that other mechanisms are involved during mild to moderate exercise. What remains puzzling is why ROS-mediated activation of glucose transport would occur under conditions where glucose transport is highest and utilization (i.e. phosphorylation of glucose by hexokinase) is low. Possibly ROS production is involved in priming glucose transport during heavy exercise to accelerate glycogen biogenesis during the initial recovery period after exercise, as well as altering other aspects of intracellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abram Katz
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, 40700, Israel
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22
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Ammar A, Chtourou H, Hammouda O, Trabelsi K, Chiboub J, Turki M, AbdelKarim O, El Abed K, Ben Ali M, Hoekelmann A, Souissi N. Acute and delayed responses of C-reactive protein, malondialdehyde and antioxidant markers after resistance training session in elite weightlifters: Effect of time of day. Chronobiol Int 2015; 32:1211-22. [DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2015.1079215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Sanchis-Gomar F, Pareja-Galeano H, Perez-Quilis C, Santos-Lozano A, Fiuza-Luces C, Garatachea N, Lippi G, Lucia A. Effects of allopurinol on exercise-induced muscle damage: new therapeutic approaches? Cell Stress Chaperones 2015; 20:3-13. [PMID: 25181966 PMCID: PMC4255256 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-014-0543-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intensive muscular activity can trigger oxidative stress, and free radicals may hence be generated by working skeletal muscle. The role of the enzyme xanthine oxidase as a generating source of free radicals is well documented and therefore is involved in the skeletal muscle damage as well as in the potential transient cardiovascular damage induced by high-intensity physical exercise. Allopurinol is a purine hypoxanthine-based structural analog and a well-known inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. The administration of the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol may hence be regarded as promising, safe, and an economic strategy to decrease transient skeletal muscle damage (as well as heart damage, when occurring) in top-level athletes when administered before a competition or a particularly high-intensity training session. Although continuous administration of allopurinol in high-level athletes is not recommended due to its possible role in hampering training-induced adaptations, the drug might be useful in non-athletes. Exertional rhabdomyolysis is the most common form of rhabdomyolysis and affects individuals participating in a type of intense exercise to which they are not accustomed. This condition can cause exercise-related myoglobinuria, thus increasing the risk of acute renal failure and is also associated with sickle cell trait. In this manuscript, we have reviewed the recent evidence about the effects of allopurinol on exercise-induced muscle damage. More research is needed to determine whether allopurinol may be useful for preventing not only exertional rhabdomyolysis and acute renal damage but also skeletal muscle wasting in critical illness as well as in immobilized, bedridden, sarcopenic or cachectic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sanchis-Gomar
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez, 15, Valencia, 46010, Spain,
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Dudzinska W, Lubkowska A, Dolegowska B, Suska M, Janiak M. Uridine--an indicator of post-exercise uric acid concentration and blood pressure. Physiol Res 2014; 64:467-77. [PMID: 25470512 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that uridine concentration in plasma may be an indicator of uric acid production in patients with gout. It has been also postulated that uridine takes part in blood pressure regulation. Since physical exercise is an effective tool in treatment and prevention of cardio-vascular diseases that are often accompanied by hyperuricemia and hypertension, it seemed advisable to attempt to evaluate the relationship between oxypurine concentrations (Hyp, Xan and UA) and that of Urd and BP after physical exercise in healthy subjects. Sixty healthy men (17.2+/-1.71 years, BMI 23.2+/-2.31 kg m(-2), VO(2max) 54.7+/-6.48 ml kg(-1) min(-1)) took part in the study. The subjects performed a single maximal physical exercise on a bicycle ergometer. Blood for analyses was sampled three times: immediately before exercise, immediately after exercise, and in the 30th min of rest. Concentrations of uridine and hypoxanthine, xanthine and uric acid were determined in whole blood using high-performance liquid chromatography. We have shown in this study that the maximal exercise-induced increase of uridine concentration correlates with the post-exercise increase of uric acid concentration and systolic blood pressure. The results of our study show a relationship between uridine concentration in blood and uric acid concentration and blood pressure. We have been the first to demonstrate that a maximal exercise-induced increase in uridine concentration is correlated with the post-exercise and recovery-continued increase of uric acid concentration in healthy subjects. Thus, it appears that uridine may be an indicator of post-exercise hyperuricemia and blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Dudzinska
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland.
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Pittaluga M, Sgadari A, Tavazzi B, Fantini C, Sabatini S, Ceci R, Amorini AM, Parisi P, Caporossi D. Exercise-induced oxidative stress in elderly subjects: the effect of red orange supplementation on the biochemical and cellular response to a single bout of intense physical activity. Free Radic Res 2013; 47:202-11. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2012.761696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Zieliński J, Kusy K, Słomińska E. Alterations in purine metabolism in middle-aged elite, amateur, and recreational runners across a 1-year training cycle. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 113:763-73. [PMID: 22965897 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2488-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Changes in purine derivatives may be considered as signs of training-induced metabolic adaptations. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of a 1-year training cycle on the response of hypoxanthine (Hx) concentration and Hx-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) activity. Three groups of middle-aged male runners were examined: 11 elite master runners (EL; 46.0 ± 3.8 years), 9 amateur runners (AM; 45.1 ± 4.7 years), and 10 recreational runners (RE; 45.9 ± 6.1 years). Plasma Hx concentration and erythrocyte HGPRT activity were measured in three characteristic training phases of the annual cycle. Significant differences in post-exercise Hx concentration and resting HGPRT activity were demonstrated between the EL, AM, and RE groups across consecutive training phases. The EL group showed lowest Hx concentration and highest HGPRT activity compared to the AM and RE groups. Analogous differences were observed between the AM and RE groups during specific preparation. For the EL group, the changes were observed across all examinations and the lowest Hx concentration and highest HGPRT activity were found in the competition phase. Significant change was also revealed in the AM group between the general and specific preparation, but not in the competition phase. No significant changes were found in the RE runners who did not use anaerobic exercise in their training. In conclusion, a long-lasting endurance training, incorporating high-intensity exercise, results in significant changes in purine metabolism, whereas training characterized by constant low-intensity exercise does not. Plasma Hx concentration and erythrocyte HGPRT activity may be sensitive indicators of training adaptation and training status in middle-aged athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Zieliński
- Department of Athletics, Eugeniusz Piasecki University School of Physical Education, ul. Królowej Jadwigi 27/39, 61-871 Poznań, Poland.
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Biomarkers of antioxidant status, inflammation, and cartilage metabolism are affected by acute intense exercise but not superoxide dismutase supplementation in horses. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:920932. [PMID: 22919442 PMCID: PMC3423952 DOI: 10.1155/2012/920932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Objectives were to evaluate effects of (1) repetitive arthrocentesis on biomarkers of inflammation (prostaglandin E(2), PGE(2)) and aggrecan synthesis (chondroitin sulfate-846; CS) in synovial fluid (SF); (2) exercise and superoxide dismutase (SOD) supplementation on biomarkers of inflammation, antioxidant status, and aggrecan synthesis, in horses. Preliminary trial. Standardbreds underwent four arthrocentesis procedures within 48 h and exhibited elevated CS and no changes in PGE(2). Exercise trial. this randomized crossover design used twelve Standardbred mares which received either treatment (3000 IU d(-1) oral SOD powder) or placebo (cellulose powder) for 6 wks which culminated with them running a repeated sprint exercise test (RSET). Samples were collected before (PRE), during (PEAK), and following exercise (POST). Exercise resulted in increased (P < 0.05) antioxidant defenses including erythrocyte SOD, total glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, gene transcripts for interferon-gamma, interleukin-10, and interleukin-1β in blood, and decreased plasma nitric oxide. Exercise increased (P < 0.05) SF CS and adjusted-PGE(2), and higher (P < 0.05) CS and PGE(2) were found in hock versus carpus joints. No treatment effects were detected. Results suggest normal adaptive responses likely due to exercise-induced tissue microdamage and oxidative stress. Additional research is needed to identify benefit(s) of SOD supplementation in horses.
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Olek RA, Safranow K, Jakubowska K, Olszewska M, Chlubek D, Laskowski R. Allopurinol intake does not modify the slow component of V(.)O(2) kinetics and oxidative stress induced by severe intensity exercise. Physiol Res 2011; 61:89-96. [PMID: 22188105 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that allopurinol ingestion modifies the slow component of V(.)O(2) kinetics and changes plasma oxidative stress markers during severe intensity exercise. Six recreationally active male subjects were randomly assigned to receive a single dose of allopurinol (300 mg) or a placebo in a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design, with at least 7 days washout period between the two conditions. Two hours following allopurinol or placebo intake, subjects completed a 6-min bout of cycle exercise with the power output corresponding to 75 % V(.)O(2)max. Blood samples were taken prior to commencing the exercise and then 5 minutes upon completion. Allopurinol intake caused increase in resting xanthine and hypoxanthine plasma concentrations, however it did not affect the slow component of oxygen uptake during exercise. Exercise elevated plasma inosine, hypoxanthine, and xanthine. Moreover, exercise induced a decrease in total antioxidant status, and sulfhydryl groups. However, no interaction treatment x time has been observed. Short term severe intensity exercise induces oxidative stress, but xanthine oxidase inhibition does not modify either the kinetics of oxygen consumption or reactive oxygen species overproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Olek
- Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
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Zielinski J, Kusy K. Training-induced adaptation in purine metabolism in high-level sprinters vs. triathletes. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 112:542-51. [PMID: 22162524 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01292.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of training loads on metabolic response of purine derivatives in highly trained sprinters (10 men, age range 20-29 yr) in a 1-yr cycle, compared with endurance-training mode in triathletes (10 men, age range 21-28 yr). A four-time measurement of respiratory parameters, plasma hypoxanthine (Hx) concentration, and erythrocyte hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) activity was administered in four characteristic training phases (general, specific, competition, and transition). A considerably lower postexercise plasma concentration of Hx in sprinters (8.1-18.0 μmol/l) than in triathletes (14.1-24.9 μmol/l) was demonstrated in all training phases. In both groups, a significant decrease in plasma Hx concentration in the competition phase and a considerable increase in the transition phase were observed. It was found that the resting erythrocyte HGPRT activity increased in the competition period and declined in the transition phase. Sprinters showed higher HGPRT activity (58.5-71.8 nmol IMP·mg Hb(-1)·h(-1)) than triathletes (55.8-66.6 nmol IMP·mg Hb(-1)·h(-1)) in all examinations. The results suggest a more effective use of anaerobic metabolic energy sources induced by sprint training characterized by higher amount of exercise in the anaerobic lactacid and the nonlactacid zone. The changes in plasma Hx concentration and erythrocyte HGPRT activity might serve as sensitive metabolic indicators in the training control, especially in sprint-trained athletes. These parameters may provide information about the energetic status of the muscles in highly trained athletes in which no significant adaptation changes are detected by means of commonly acknowledged biochemical and physiological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Zielinski
- Department of Athletics, University School of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland.
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Laitano O, Kalsi KK, Pearson J, Lotlikar M, Reischak-Oliveira A, González-Alonso J. Effects of graded exercise-induced dehydration and rehydration on circulatory markers of oxidative stress across the resting and exercising human leg. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:1937-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2170-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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ZIELIŃSKI JACEK, KUSY KRZYSZTOF, RYCHLEWSKI TADEUSZ. Effect of Training Load Structure on Purine Metabolism in Middle-Distance Runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011; 43:1798-807. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318215d10b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Izquierdo M, González-Izal M, Navarro-Amezqueta I, Calbet JAL, Ibañez J, Malanda A, Mallor F, Häkkinen K, Kraemer WJ, Gorostiaga EM. Effects of strength training on muscle fatigue mapping from surface EMG and blood metabolites. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011; 43:303-11. [PMID: 20581711 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181edfa96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE this study examined the effects of heavy resistance training on the relationships between power loss and surface EMG (sEMG) indices and blood metabolite concentrations on dynamic exercise-induced fatigue with the same relative load as in pretraining. METHODS twelve trained subjects performed five sets consisting of 10 repetitions in the leg press, with 2 min of rest between sets before and after a strength training period. sEMG variables (the mean average voltage, the median spectral frequency, and the Dimitrov spectral index of muscle fatigue) from vastus medialis and lateralis muscles and metabolic responses (i.e., blood lactate, uric acid, and ammonia concentrations) were measured. RESULTS the peak power loss after the posttraining protocol was greater (61%) than the decline observed in the pretraining protocol (46%). Similar sEMG changes were found for both protocols, whereas higher metabolic demand was observed during the posttraining exercise. The linear models on the basis of the relations found between power loss and changes in sEMG variables were significantly different between pretraining and posttraining, whereas the linear models on the basis of the relations between power loss and changes in blood metabolite concentrations were similar. CONCLUSIONS linear models that use blood metabolites to map acute exercise-induced peak power changes were more accurate in detecting these changes before and after a short-term training period, whereas an attempt to track peak power loss using sEMG variables may fail after a strength training period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Izquierdo
- Studies, Research and Sport Medicine Center, Government of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, SPAIN.
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33
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Plasma adenosine concentration during and after dynamic exercise in patients with chronic heart failure. Int J Angiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02042918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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34
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Barrios C, Hadala M, Almansa I, Bosch-Morell F, Palanca JM, Romero FJ. Metabolic muscle damage and oxidative stress markers in an America’s Cup yachting crew. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 111:1341-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1762-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Blood uridine concentration may be an indicator of the degradation of pyrimidine nucleotides during physical exercise with increasing intensity. J Physiol Biochem 2010; 66:189-96. [PMID: 20533099 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-010-0023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
During prolonged maximal exercise, oxygen deficits occur in working muscles. Progressive hypoxia results in the impairment of the oxidative resynthesis of ATP and increased degradation of purine nucleotides. Moreover, ATP consumption decreases the conversion of UDP to UTP, to use ATP as a phosphate donor, resulting in an increased concentration of UDP, which enhances pyrimidine degradation. Because the metabolism of pyrimidine nucleotides is related to the metabolism of purines, in particular with the cellular concentration of ATP, we decided to investigate the impact of a standardized exercise with increasing intensity on the concentration of uridine, inosine, hypoxanthine, and uric acid. Twenty-two healthy male subjects volunteered to participate in this study. Blood concentrations of metabolites were determined at rest, immediately after exercise, and after 30 min of recovery using high-performance liquid chromatography. We also studied the relationship between the levels of uridine and indicators of myogenic purine degradation. The results showed that exercise with increasing intensity leads to increased concentrations of inosine, hypoxanthine, uric acid, and uridine. We found positive correlations between blood uridine levels and indicators of myogenic purine degradation (hypoxanthine), suggesting that the blood uridine level is related to purine metabolism in skeletal muscles.
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Effects of exercise induced oxidative stress on glutathione levels in Parkinson's disease on and off medication. J Neurol 2010; 257:1648-53. [PMID: 20461398 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-010-5584-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Resting plasma glutathione (GSH) levels are lower in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) than any other neurological condition. Medications used to treat PD have also been shown to further decrease this depletion. Acute exercise has been shown to be an effective tool to produce oxidative stress in other populations as reflected in lowering levels of GSH. The purpose of this study was to determine how PD responds to acute exercise stress and how medication affects these responses. Fourteen men with PD and 14 men without PD underwent an exercise stress test. Subjects with PD performed the test once off PD medication (PD-Off-med) for 12 h then again 1 week later on PD medication (PD-On-med). GSH and glutathione disulfide (GSSG), were collected via blood draws at rest and after peak exercise along with peak VO(2). At rest and at peak exercise GSH levels and the GSH:GSSG ratio were significantly lower in the PD-On-med and PD-Off-med as compared to controls. GSSG levels were significantly higher in both medication conditions at rest and peak exercise compared to controls. When comparing PD-On-med vs. PD-Off-med at rest and peak exercise, the PD-On-med had lower GSH levels, a lower GSH:GSSG ratio and higher GSSG levels. VO(2) correlated positively with GSH levels. Subjects with PD have lower plasma GSH levels than healthy controls at rest and at peak exercise.
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Zwierko T, Czepita D, Lubiński W. The effect of physical effort on retinal activity in the human eye: rod and cone flicker electroretinogram studies. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2010; 248:659-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-010-1305-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 12/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Seifert JG, Subudhi AW, Fu MX, Riska KL, John JC, Shecterle LM, St Cyr JA. The role of ribose on oxidative stress during hypoxic exercise: a pilot study. J Med Food 2009; 12:690-3. [PMID: 19627222 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2008.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen free radicals are produced during stress, are unstable, and potentially interact with other cellular components or molecules. This reactivity can influence cellular function, including a prolongation in tissue recovery following exercise. We tested the effect of ribose (d-ribose), a pentose carbohydrate, in a double-blinded, crossover study on markers of free radical production during hypoxic exercise. Seven healthy volunteers cycled at their lactate threshold for 25 minutes while inhaling 16% O(2) with a subsequent 60-minute resting period at room air. Subjects ingested either placebo or 7 g of ribose in 250 mL of water before and after the exercise session. Urinary malondialdehyde (MDA) and plasma reduced glutathione levels increased significantly during placebo ingestion (0.2 +/- 0.03 nM/mg and 0.26 +/- 0.29 microM, respectively) but were lower with ribose supplementation (0.04 +/- 0.03 nM/mg and 0.38 +/- 0.29 microM, respectively; P < .05). Uric acid levels were similar between groups (ribose vs. placebo, 4.55 +/- 0.06 mg/dL vs. 4.67 +/- 0.06 mg/dL). Ribose demonstrated a beneficial trend in lower MDA and reduced glutathione levels during hypoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Seifert
- Department of Health and Human Development, Montana State University, Bozeman, 59717, USA.
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Choi EY, Cho YO. Effect of vitamin B(6) deficiency on antioxidative status in rats with exercise-induced oxidative stress. Nutr Res Pract 2009; 3:208-11. [PMID: 20090886 PMCID: PMC2808720 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2009.3.3.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of vitamin B6 deficiency on antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid profile in rats with exercise-induced oxidative stress. Forty eight rats were fed either a vitamin B6 deficient diet (B6-) or a control diet (control) for 4 weeks and then subdivided into 3 groups: pre-exercise (PreE); post-exercise (PostE); recess after exercise (recessE). Compared to those of control group, plasma catalase and hepatic cytosol superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) activities of B6- group were lower regardless of exercise. The ratio of reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) of B6- group was lower in PreE and there was no difference between PostE and recessE. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) of B6- was significantly higher in PreE and PostE. High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) level of B6- group was lower regardless of exercise. Atherosclerotic index of B6- group was higher in PreE and there was no difference between PostE and recessE. It is suggested that a reduction in antioxidative status caused by vitamin B6 deficiency may be aggravated under exercise-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Young Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Duksung Women's University, 419 Ssangmun-dong, Dobong-gu, Seoul 132-714, Korea
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40
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The effect of endurance training on changes in purine metabolism: a longitudinal study of competitive long-distance runners. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 106:867-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1079-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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41
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Antioxidant and redox status after maximal aerobic exercise at high altitude in acclimatized lowlanders and native highlanders. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 106:807-14. [PMID: 19466447 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1082-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exercise-induced increase in oxygen consumption leads to oxidative stress. On the contrary, hypoxia triggers oxidative stress despite decreased oxygen flux. Therefore, exercise under hypoxia may aggravate oxidative damage. Highlanders are expected to have better antioxidant capacity than lowlanders as a result of adaptation to hypoxia. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of exercise on antioxidant system in lowlanders and highlanders at high altitudes (HA). This study was conducted on active male volunteers, randomly selected and categorized into three groups, i.e., lowlanders tested at sea level (LL-SL, n = 35), lowlanders tested at altitude of 4560 m (LL-HA, n = 35) and native highlanders tested (HAN, n = 20) at the same height. Volunteers performed maximal exercise until exhaustion. Blood samples were collected before and after exercise. Both LL-SL and HAN had shown similar VO2max, which was significantly higher than LL-HA. GSH/GSSG ratio significantly increased in LL-SL and decreased in HAN after exercise. With exercise there were a decrease in superoxide dismutase and increase in glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities in HAN. Therefore, the results have suggested that HAN are more susceptible to oxidative stress when subjected to high-intensity exercise than lowlanders. The cumulative effect of higher VO2max and longer duration of exercise in hypoxia may be the reason of higher level of oxidative insult among HAN. Comparatively better management of antioxidant system observed in lowlanders at HA may be explained by the lower VO2max and shorter duration of exercise in hypoxia.
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Fisher-Wellman K, Bloomer RJ. Acute exercise and oxidative stress: a 30 year history. DYNAMIC MEDICINE : DM 2009; 8:1. [PMID: 19144121 PMCID: PMC2642810 DOI: 10.1186/1476-5918-8-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The topic of exercise-induced oxidative stress has received considerable attention in recent years, with close to 300 original investigations published since the early work of Dillard and colleagues in 1978. Single bouts of aerobic and anaerobic exercise can induce an acute state of oxidative stress. This is indicated by an increased presence of oxidized molecules in a variety of tissues. Exercise mode, intensity, and duration, as well as the subject population tested, all can impact the extent of oxidation. Moreover, the use of antioxidant supplements can impact the findings. Although a single bout of exercise often leads to an acute oxidative stress, in accordance with the principle of hormesis, such an increase appears necessary to allow for an up-regulation in endogenous antioxidant defenses. This review presents a comprehensive summary of original investigations focused on exercise-induced oxidative stress. This should provide the reader with a well-documented account of the research done within this area of science over the past 30 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Fisher-Wellman
- Cardiorespiratory/Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Health and Sport Sciences, The University of Memphis, 161F Elma Neal Roane Fieldhouse, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Richard J Bloomer
- Cardiorespiratory/Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Health and Sport Sciences, The University of Memphis, 161F Elma Neal Roane Fieldhouse, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
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Powers SK, Jackson MJ. Exercise-induced oxidative stress: cellular mechanisms and impact on muscle force production. Physiol Rev 2008; 88:1243-76. [PMID: 18923182 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00031.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1456] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The first suggestion that physical exercise results in free radical-mediated damage to tissues appeared in 1978, and the past three decades have resulted in a large growth of knowledge regarding exercise and oxidative stress. Although the sources of oxidant production during exercise continue to be debated, it is now well established that both resting and contracting skeletal muscles produce reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species. Importantly, intense and prolonged exercise can result in oxidative damage to both proteins and lipids in the contracting myocytes. Furthermore, oxidants can modulate a number of cell signaling pathways and regulate the expression of multiple genes in eukaryotic cells. This oxidant-mediated change in gene expression involves changes at transcriptional, mRNA stability, and signal transduction levels. Furthermore, numerous products associated with oxidant-modulated genes have been identified and include antioxidant enzymes, stress proteins, DNA repair proteins, and mitochondrial electron transport proteins. Interestingly, low and physiological levels of reactive oxygen species are required for normal force production in skeletal muscle, but high levels of reactive oxygen species promote contractile dysfunction resulting in muscle weakness and fatigue. Ongoing research continues to probe the mechanisms by which oxidants influence skeletal muscle contractile properties and to explore interventions capable of protecting muscle from oxidant-mediated dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott K Powers
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
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Green HJ, Duhamel TA, Holloway GP, Moule J, Ouyang J, Ranney D, Tupling AR. Muscle metabolic responses during 16 hours of intermittent heavy exercise. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2007; 85:634-45. [PMID: 17823626 DOI: 10.1139/y07-039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The alterations in muscle metabolism were investigated in response to repeated sessions of heavy intermittent exercise performed over 16 h. Tissue samples were extracted from the vastus lateralis muscle before (B) and after (A) 6 min of cycling at approximately 91% peak aerobic power at repetitions one (R1), two (R2), nine (R9), and sixteen (R16) in 13 untrained volunteers (peak aerobic power = 44.3 +/- 0.66 mL.kg-1.min-1, mean +/- SE). Metabolite content (mmol.(kg dry mass)-1) in homogenates at R1 indicated decreases (p < 0.05) in ATP (21.9 +/- 0.62 vs. 17.7 +/- 0.68) and phosphocreatine (80.3 +/- 2.0 vs. 8.56 +/- 1.5) and increases (p < 0.05) in inosine monophosphate (IMP, 0.077 +/- 0.12 vs. 3.63 +/- 0.85) and lactate (3.80 +/- 0.57 vs. 84.6 +/- 10.3). The content (micromol.(kg dry mass)-1) of calculated free ADP ([ADPf], 86.4 +/- 5.5 vs. 1014 +/- 237) and free AMP ([AMPf], 0.32 +/- 0.03 vs. 78.4 +/- 31) also increased (p < 0.05). No differences were observed between R1 and R2. By R9 and continuing to R16, pronounced reductions (p < 0.05) at A were observed in IMP (72.2%), [ADPf] (58.7%), [AMPf] (85.5%), and lactate (41.3%). The 16-hour protocol resulted in an 89.7% depletion (p < 0.05) of muscle glycogen. Repetition-dependent increases were also observed in oxygen consumption during exercise. It is concluded that repetitive heavy exercise results in less of a disturbance in phosphorylation potential, possibly as a result of increased mitochondrial respiration during the rest-to-work non-steady-state transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Green
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Choi EY, Cho YO. The effects of physical training on antioxidative status under exercise-induced oxidative stress. Nutr Res Pract 2007; 1:14-8. [PMID: 20535380 PMCID: PMC2882571 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2007.1.1.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2007] [Revised: 03/02/2007] [Accepted: 03/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of physical training and oxidative stress on the antioxidative activity and on plasma lipid profile. Forty eight rats were given either a physical training or no training for 4 weeks and were then subdivided into 3 groups: before-exercise (BE); during-exercise (DE); after-exercise (AE). The antioxidative activity was evaluated with the activities of catalase in plasma and superoxide dismutase (SOD), the ratio of reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver. The plasma concentrations of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C)) were also compared. Compared to those of non-training group, catalase activities of training group were lower before exercise but higher during and after exercise. SOD activities were higher regardless of exercise. GSH/GSSG ratio was higher before exercise but was not significantly different during exercise and even lower after exercise. There were no differences between non-training group and training group in MDA levels regardless of exercise. Compared to those of non-training group, atherosclerotic index of training group was lower after exercise and there were no significant differences before and during exercise. There were no differences between non-training group and training group in HDL-C regardless of exercise. These results suggest that moderate physical training can activate antioxidant defenses and decrease the atherosclerotic index and this beneficial effect is evident under exercise-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Young Choi
- Department of Food & Nutrition, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 132-714, Korea
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Krotkiewski M, Brzezinska Z, Liu B, Grimby G, Palm S. Prevention of muscle soreness by pretreatment with antioxidants. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.1994.tb00425.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Vollaard NBJ, Shearman JP, Cooper CE. Exercise-induced oxidative stress:myths, realities and physiological relevance. Sports Med 2006; 35:1045-62. [PMID: 16336008 DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200535120-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Although assays for the most popular markers of exercise-induced oxidative stress may experience methodological flaws, there is sufficient credible evidence to suggest that exercise is accompanied by an increased generation of free radicals, resulting in a measurable degree of oxidative modifications to various molecules. However, the mechanisms responsible are unclear. A common assumption that increased mitochondrial oxygen consumption leads per se to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is not supported by in vitro and in vivo data. The specific contributions of other systems (xanthine oxidase, inflammation, haem protein auto-oxidation) are poorly characterised. It has been demonstrated that ROS have the capacity to contribute to the development of muscle fatigue in situ, but there is still a lack of convincing direct evidence that ROS impair exercise performance in vivo in humans. It remains unclear whether exercise-induced oxidative modifications have little significance, induce harmful oxidative damage, or are an integral part of redox regulation. It is clear that ROS play important roles in numerous physiological processes at rest; however, the detailed physiological functions of ROS in exercise remain to be elucidated.
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Choi EY, Cho YO. Allium vegetable diet can reduce the exercise-induced oxidative stress but does not alter plasma cholesterol profile in rats. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2006; 50:132-8. [PMID: 16391468 DOI: 10.1159/000090634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2005] [Accepted: 08/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS AND METHODS This study investigated the effect of Allium vegetable intake on the antioxidative activity and on the plasma cholesterol profile during exercise in rats. Ninety rats were fed either a control diet or a diet with added Allium sativum (AS), Allium cepa (AC), Allium fistulosum (AF), or Allium tuberosum (AT) for 4 weeks and were then subdivided into three groups: before exercise (BE), during exercise (DE), and after exercise (AE). The DE group was exercised on a treadmill for 1 h immediately before being sacrificed. Animals in the AE group were allowed to take a rest for 2 h after having been exercised like the DE group. The antioxidative activity of the Allium vegetables was evaluated with the activities of catalase in plasma and superoxide dismutase (SOD), the ratio of reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver. The plasma concentrations of triglyceride, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were also compared. RESULTS In AS, AC, AF and AT animals, the ratios of GSH/GSSG were significantly higher than those of the control animals in BE and AE. The level of liver MDA was lower than that of control animals in AE. Compared to control animals, catalase activity of AS animals was higher in BE but was lower in AE while SOD activity of AS animals was lower in both BE and AE. Catalase activity of AC animals was higher in BE and DE while SOD activity of AC animals was higher in DE. There were no differences between AF and control in catalase activities regardless of exercise. There were no differences between control animals and AT animals in SOD activities regardless of exercise. Plasma cholesterol profiles were not significantly different in rats fed different Allium vegetable diets. CONCLUSION It is suggested that Allium vegetable diets have antioxidative activities and can reduce the oxidative stress that results from exercise in rats but do not alter the plasma cholesterol profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Young Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
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Mercken EM, Hageman GJ, Schols AMWJ, Akkermans MA, Bast A, Wouters EFM. Rehabilitation decreases exercise-induced oxidative stress in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172:994-1001. [PMID: 16040783 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200411-1580oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of exercise at different intensities as well as the effect of intensive supervised pulmonary rehabilitation on oxidative stress were studied for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Eleven patients with COPD and 11 healthy age-matched control subjects performed a maximal and submaximal exercise cycle ergometry test at 60% of peak workload. Patients with COPD performed these tests before and after 8 wk of pulmonary rehabilitation. Measurements were done before, immediately after, and 4 h after both exercise tests. At rest, increased oxidative stress was observed in patients compared with control subjects, as measured by urinary malondialdehyde (MDA; p < 0.05) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in breath condensate (p < 0.05). In healthy control subjects, a significant increase in urinary MDA was observed 4 h after both exercise tests (p = 0.05), whereas H2O2 significantly increased immediately after maximal exercise (p < 0.05). In patients with COPD, before rehabilitation, reactive oxygen species-induced DNA damage in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, urinary MDA, and plasma uric acid were significantly increased after both exercise tests (p < 0.05), whereas no significant increase was observed in plasma MDA. In contrast, exhaled H2O2 was only significantly increased after maximal exercise (p < 0.02). Although after rehabilitation peak workload was increased by 24%, a similar oxidative stress response was found. Remarkably, a decrease in reactive oxygen species-induced DNA damage was detected after exercise at submaximal intensity despite increased exercise duration of 73%. In summary, patients with COPD had increased pulmonary and systemic oxidative stress both at rest and induced by exercise. In addition, pulmonary rehabilitation increased exercise capacity and was associated with reduced exercise-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evi M Mercken
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Elokda AS, Shields RK, Nielsen DH. Effects of a Maximal Graded Exercise Test on Glutathione as a Marker of Acute Oxidative Stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 25:215-9. [PMID: 16056068 DOI: 10.1097/00008483-200507000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Strenuous exercise in animal studies has been shown to cause acute oxidative stress due to the generation of oxygen-centered free radicals reflected in lower levels of glutathione (GSH), higher levels of glutathione disulfide (GSSG), and a drop in GSH:GSSG ratios, the maintenance of which is crucial for a variety of cell functions. Human studies on this topic are limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a maximal graded exercise test GXTmax (modified Bruce protocol) on GSH as a marker of acute oxidative stress, and whether full recovery will occur at 60 minutes postexercise. METHODS Eighty sedentary subjects were used as a sample of convenience. Venous blood samples for GSH and GSSG were collected directly before, immediately after, and 60 minutes post-GXTmax. Repeated-measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni adjusted t tests (post-GXTmax) versus resting, and 60 minutes recovery versus resting) were used for data analysis. RESULTS As an acute response to maximal exercise, the GSH levels dropped significantly from a resting baseline value of 1025.75 microM to an immediate post-GXTmax value of 893.30 microM (pooled SE = 7.17 microM). The GSSG levels significantly increased from 2.24 microM to 3.15 microM (pooled SE = 0.03 microM). The GSH:GSSG ratio levels significantly dropped from baseline 462.12 to 276.40 postexercise (pooled SE = 5.98). The blood GSH, GSSG, and GSH:GSSG ratio levels showed no significant difference at 60 minutes post-GXTmax when compared with resting values, indicating full recovery. CONCLUSION The current results indicated that in sedentary individuals, a maximal treadmill GXT is an effective technique for inducing acute oxidative stress as evidenced by GSH system responses, with full return to resting baseline levels within 60 minutes of recovery. The potential for using this model in assessing oxidative stress responses to cardiac and pulmonary rehabilitation is of clinical interest, with a need for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Elokda
- Graduate Program in Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242-1190, USA
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