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Surface microdialysis on small bowel serosa in monitoring of ischemia. J Surg Res 2016; 204:39-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Yakovlev AA, Gulyaeva NV. Possible role of proteases in preconditioning of brain cells to pathological conditions. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 80:163-71. [PMID: 25756531 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Preconditioning (PC) is one of the most effective strategies to reduce the severity of cell damage, in particular of nervous tissue cells. Although PC mechanisms are studied insufficiently, it is clear that proteases are involved in them, but their role has yet been not studied in detail. In this work, some mechanisms of a potential recruiting of proteases in PC are considered. Our attention is mainly focused on the protease families of caspases and cathepsins and on protease receptors. We present evidence that just these proteins are involved in the PC of brain cells. A hypothesis is proposed that secreted cathepsin B is involved in the realization of PC through activation of PAR2 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Yakovlev
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117485, Russia.
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Yi DH, Liu H, Chen Y, Li H, Xu T, Liu YF. Ischemic injury of the liver in a porcine model of cardiac death assessed by in vivo microdialysis. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:6611-8. [PMID: 25167853 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3544-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the ischemic injury of the liver in a porcine model of cardiac death assessed by in vivo microdialysis. A porcine model of cardiac death was established by the suffocation method. Metabolic indicators were monitored using the microdialysis technique during warm ischemia time (WIT) and cold ischemia time (CIT). Pathological changes in ischemic-injured livers were observed by haematoxylin-eosin staining. The predictive values of biochemical parameters regarding the liver donor were evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. All statistical analyses were conducted using the SPSS 18.0 software (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Illinois, USA). The degree of warm ischemic injury of the livers increased with prolonged WIT. Serum glucose, glycerol, pyruvate, lactic acid levels and lactate-to-pyruvate (L/P) ratio increased gradually during WIT. Results from Pearson correlation analyses indicated that serum lactate level and L/P ratio were positively associated with the degree of warm ischemic injury of the livers. The degree of cold ischemic injury of the livers gradually increased after 12 h CIT. Serum glucose, lactic acid and L/P ratio achieved a peak after 6-8 h of CIT, but gradually decreased with prolonged CIT. The peak of glycerol occurred after 8 h of CIT, while no changes were found with prolonged CIT. Serum pyruvate level exhibited an increasing trend after 12 h CIT. Our results confirmed that serum glucose and lactate levels were negatively correlated with cold ischemic injury of the liver. However, serum glycerol and pyruvate levels showed positive correlations with cold ischemic injury of the liver. The liver donor was unavailable after 30 min WIT and 24 h CIT. The cut-off value of serum lactate level for warm ischemic injury of the livers was 2.374 with a sensitivity (Sen) of 90 % and specificity (Spe) of 95 %; while the L/P radio was 0.026 (Sen = 80 %, Spe = 83 %). In addition, the cut-off values of serum glucose, lactate, glycerol and pyruvate levels for cold ischemic injury of the livers were 0.339 (Sen = 100 %, Spe = 77 %), 1.172 (Sen = 100 %, Spe = 61 %), 56.359 (Sen = 100 %, Spe = 65 %) and 0.020 (Sen = 100 %, Spe = 67 %), respectively. Our findings provide empirical evidences that serum glucose, lactate levels and L/P ratio may be good indicators for the degree of warm ischemic injury of the livers after cardiac death; while serum glucose, lactate, glycerol and pyruvate levels may be important in predicting cold ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Hui Yi
- Department of Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Nanjing Street No. 155, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Exosomes are nanovesicles released from cells through exocytosis and are known to be mediators of proximal as well as distant cell-to-cell signaling. They are surrounded by a classical bilayered membrane with an exceptionally high cholesterol/phospholipid ratio. Exosomes were first described in 1977, then named prostasomes, and in 1987 the name exosome was coined. Exosomes contain surface proteins, some of which can act as labels in order to find their target cells. Exosomes also contain messages in the form of proteins and nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) that are transferable to target cells. Little is known and written about cardiac exosomes, although Gupta and Knowlton described exosomes containing HSP60 in 2007. It is now known that exosomes from cardiomyocytes can transfect other cells and that the metabolic milieu of the parental cell decides the quality of exosomes released such that they induce differential gene expression in transfected cells. Future clinical use of exosomes in diagnosis, monitoring disease progress, and treatment is promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Waldenström
- From the Department of Cardiology, Heart Centre, and Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden (A.W.); and Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Uppsala, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (G.R.)
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AXELSSON B, JOHANSSON G, ABRAHAMSSON P, GUPTA A, TYDÉN H, WOUTERS P, HANEY M. Milrinone and levosimendan during porcine myocardial ischemia -- no effects on calcium overload and metabolism. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2013; 57:719-28. [PMID: 23517167 DOI: 10.1111/aas.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although inotropic stimulation is considered harmful in the presence of myocardial ischaemia, both calcium sensitisers and phosphodiesterase inhibitors may offer cardioprotection. We hypothesise that these cardioprotective effects are related to an acute alteration of myocardial metabolism. We studied in vivo effects of milrinone and levosimendan on calcium overload and ischaemic markers using left ventricular microdialysis in pigs with acute myocardial ischaemia. METHODS Anaesthetised juvenile pigs, average weight 36 kg, were randomised to one of three intravenous treatment groups: milrinone 50 μg/kg bolus plus infusion 0.5 μg/kg/min (n = 7), levosimendan 24 μg/kg plus infusion 0.2 μg/kg/min (n = 7), or placebo (n = 6) for 60 min prior to and during a 45 min acute regional coronary occlusion. Systemic and myocardial haemodynamics were assessed, and microdialysis was performed with catheters positioned in the left ventricular wall. (45) Ca(2+) was included in the microperfusate in order to assess local calcium uptake into myocardial cells. The microdialysate was analysed for glucose, lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, and for (45) Ca(2+) recovery. RESULTS During ischaemia, there were no differences in microdialysate-measured parameters between control animals and milrinone- or levosimendan-treated groups. In the pre-ischaemic period, arterial blood pressure decreased in all groups while myocardial oxygen consumption remained stable. CONCLUSIONS These findings reject the hypothesis of an immediate energy-conserving effect of milrinone and levosimendan during acute myocardial ischaemia. On the other hand, the data show that inotropic support with milrinone and levosimendan does not worsen the metabolic parameters that were measured in the ischaemic myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. AXELSSON
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery; Örebro University Hospital; Örebro; Sweden
| | - G. JOHANSSON
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; Umeå University; Umeå; Sweden
| | - P. ABRAHAMSSON
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; Umeå University; Umeå; Sweden
| | | | - H. TYDÉN
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery; Örebro University Hospital; Örebro; Sweden
| | - P. WOUTERS
- Department of Anesthesiology; University Hospital Ghent; Ghent; Belgium
| | - M. HANEY
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; Umeå University; Umeå; Sweden
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Koch
- From the Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL (S.K.); and Departments of Neurosurgery and Radiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA (N.G.)
| | - Nestor Gonzalez
- From the Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL (S.K.); and Departments of Neurosurgery and Radiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA (N.G.)
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Persson AB, Persson PB. Ischaemia, reperfusion, pre-and post-conditioning: telling friend from foe. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2012; 206:157-9. [PMID: 23017102 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2012.02477.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Bondke Persson
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology; Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; Berlin; Germany
| | - P. B. Persson
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology; Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; Berlin; Germany
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Waldenström A, Ronquist G, Åberg AM, Ahlström K, Hauck P, Abrahamsson P, Johansson G, Biber B, Haney MF. Ischaemic preconditioning reduces myocardial calcium overload in coronary-occluded pig hearts shown by continuous in vivo assessment using microdialysis. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2011; 32:133-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-097x.2011.01067.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Björnsson B, Winbladh A, Bojmar L, Trulsson LM, Olsson H, Sundqvist T, Gullstrand P, Sandström P. Remote or conventional ischemic preconditioning--local liver metabolism in rats studied with microdialysis. J Surg Res 2011; 176:55-62. [PMID: 21962739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2011.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2011] [Revised: 07/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) of the liver decreases liver injury secondary to ischemia and reperfusion. An attractive alternative to IPC is remote ischemic preconditioning (R-IPC), but these two methods have not previously been compared. MATERIAL AND METHODS Eighty-seven rats were randomized into four groups: sham operated (n = 15), 1 h segmental ischemia (IRI, n = 24), preceded by IPC (n = 24), or R-IPC (n = 24) (to the left hindleg). IPC and R-IPC were performed with 10 min ischemia and 10 min of reperfusion. Analyses of liver microdialysate (MD), serum transaminase levels, and liver histology were made. RESULTS Rats treated with IPC and R-IPC had significantly lower AST, 71.5 (19.6) IU/L respective 96.6 (12.4) at 4 h reperfusion than those subjected to IRI alone, 155 (20.9), P = 0.0004 and P = 0.04 respectively. IPC also had lower ALT levels, 41.6 (11.3) IU/L than had IRI 107.4 (15.5), P = 0.003. The MD glycerol was significantly higher during ischemia in the R-IPC [759 (84) μM] and the IRI [732 (67)] groups than in the IPC 514 (70) group, P = 0.022 and P = 0.046 respectively. The MD glucose after ischemia was lower in the IPC group 7.1 (1.2) than in the IRI group 12.7 (1.6), P = 0.005. Preconditioning to the liver caused an direct increase in lactate, glucose and glycerol in the ischemic segment compared with the control segment an effect not seen in the R-IPC and IRI groups. CONCLUSIONS IPC affects glucose metabolism in the rat liver, observed with MD. IPC reduces liver cell injury during ischemic and reperfusion in rats. R-IPC performed over the same length of time as IPC does not have the same effect as the latter on ALT levels and MD glycerol; this may suggest that R-IPC does not offer the same protection as IPC in this setting of rat liver IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bergthor Björnsson
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Surgical Clinic, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden.
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Abrahamsson P, Åberg AM, Johansson G, Winsö O, Waldenström A, Haney M. Detection of myocardial ischaemia using surface microdialysis on the beating heart. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2010; 31:175-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-097x.2010.00995.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Aberg AM, Ahlström K, Abrahamsson P, Waldenström A, Ronquist G, Hauck P, Johansson G, Biber B, Haney M. Ischaemic pre-conditioning means an increased adenosine metabolism with decreased glycolytic flow in ischaemic pig myocardium. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2010; 54:1257-64. [PMID: 21039347 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2010.02312.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischaemic pre-conditioning (IP) is a potent protective mechanism for limiting the myocardial damage due to ischaemia. It is not fully known as to how IP protects. The metabolism of adenosine may be an important mechanistic component. We study the role of adenosine turnover together with glycolytic flow in ischaemic myocardium subjected to IP. METHODS An acute myocardial ischaemia pig model was used, with microdialysis sampling of some metabolites (lactate, adenosine, glucose, glycerol, taurine) of ischaemic myocardium. An IP group was compared with a control group before and during a prolonged ischaemia. ¹⁴C-labelled adenosine and glucose were infused through microdialysis probes, and lactate, ¹⁴C-labelled lactate, glucose, taurine and glycerol were analysed in the effluent. The glycogen content in myocardial biopsies was determined. RESULTS The ¹⁴C-adenosine metabolism was higher as there was a higher production of ¹⁴C-lactate in IP animals compared with the controls. The glycolytic flow, measured as myocardial lactate formation, was retarded during prolonged ischaemia in IP animals. Myocardial free glucose and glycogen content decreased during the prolonged ischaemia in both groups, with higher free glucose in the IP group. We confirmed the protective effects of IP with lower myocardial concentrations of markers for cellular damage (glycerol). CONCLUSIONS This association between increased adenosine turnover and decreased glycolytic flow during prolonged ischaemia in response to IP can possibly be explained by the competitive effect for the metabolites from both glucose and adenosine metabolism for entering glycolysis. We conclude that this study provides support for an energy-metabolic explanation for the protective mechanisms of IP.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Aberg
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Umeå, Sweden.
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