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Nam Y, White M, Karlsson EK, Creevy KE, Promislow DEL, McClelland RL. Dog size and patterns of disease history across the canine age spectrum: Results from the Dog Aging Project. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295840. [PMID: 38232117 PMCID: PMC10793924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Age in dogs is associated with the risk of many diseases, and canine size is a major factor in that risk. However, the size patterns are complex. While small size dogs tend to live longer, some diseases are more prevalent among small dogs. In this study we seek to quantify how the pattern of disease history varies across the spectrum of dog size, dog age, and their interaction. Utilizing owner-reported data on disease history from a substantial number of companion dogs enrolled in the Dog Aging Project, we investigate how body size, as measured by weight, associates with the lifetime prevalence of a reported condition and its pattern across age for various disease categories. We found significant positive associations between dog size and the lifetime prevalence of skin, bone/orthopedic, gastrointestinal, ear/nose/throat, cancer/tumor, brain/neurologic, endocrine, and infectious diseases. Similarly, dog size was negatively associated with lifetime prevalence of ocular, cardiac, liver/pancreas, and respiratory disease categories. Kidney/urinary disease prevalence did not vary by size. We also found that the association between age and lifetime disease prevalence varied by dog size for many conditions including ocular, cardiac, orthopedic, ear/nose/throat, and cancer. Controlling for sex, purebred vs. mixed-breed status, and geographic region made little difference in all disease categories we studied. Our results align with the reduced lifespan in larger dogs for most of the disease categories and suggest potential avenues for further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunbi Nam
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Michelle White
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
- The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Elinor K. Karlsson
- The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Kate E. Creevy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Daniel E. L. Promislow
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Robyn L. McClelland
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
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Chae Y, Yun T, Koo Y, Lee D, Yang MP, Kim H, Kang BT. Case report: Central-pituitary hypothyroidism concurrent with hyperadrenocorticism without pituitary macroadenoma in a Miniature Schnauzer dog. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1257624. [PMID: 37818388 PMCID: PMC10561239 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1257624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple endocrine disorders are uncommon in veterinary medicine, and the disease combination is usually related to hypercortisolism or autoimmunity. Central-pituitary hypothyroidism, also refer to secondary hypothyroidism, can be caused by hypercortisolemic conditions and is well-recognized in human medicine. However, central hypothyroidism, including pituitary hypothyroidism, concurrent with hyperadrenocorticism, is rarely reported in veterinary medicine. A 7-year-old, intact female Miniature Schnauzer presented with generalized alopecia, scale, and pruritus and was diagnosed with superficial pyoderma and Malassezia dermatitis. Hormonal tests were performed, and the results indicated multiple endocrinopathies with a combination of non-adrenal dependent hyperadrenocorticism and central-pituitary hypothyroidism. Magnetic resonance imaging (7 T) and high-resolution research tomography positron emission tomography were performed to differentiate neuroendocrine tumors; however, no lesion was found in the hypothalamic to pituitary region. Hyperadrenocorticism was managed first to control endocrinopathy. After controlling hypercortisolism, a weak elevation of free thyroxine (T4) was revealed, whereas total T4 and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were still undetectable, and hypothyroidism management was added. About 9 months after the management, both endocrine diseases were well controlled, and clinical signs improved; however, serum TSH was unmeasured consistently. This case study describes a case of multiple endocrinopathies in a Miniature Schnauzer dog diagnosed with central-pituitary hypothyroidism concurrent with non-adrenal dependent hyperadrenocorticism without pituitary macroadenoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Chae
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesik Yun
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonhoi Koo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohee Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mhan-Pyo Yang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hakhyun Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Teck Kang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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3
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Laboratory Diagnosis of Thyroid and Adrenal Disease. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023; 53:207-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ringstad NK, Lingaas F, Thoresen SI. Breed distributions for diabetes mellitus and hypothyroidism in Norwegian dogs. Canine Med Genet 2022; 9:9. [PMID: 35610669 PMCID: PMC9128090 DOI: 10.1186/s40575-022-00121-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypothyroidism are common canine endocrinopathies. Both canine DM and primary hypothyroidism are assumed to originate from autoimmune destruction of the respective endocrine glands and have been associated with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene region. This study aims to investigate breed distributions for DM and hypothyroidism in the Norwegian canine population by calculating odds ratios (OR) from two different comparator groups. METHODS Results from canine serum samples submitted from 2001 to 2018 to the Veterinary Clinical Pathology Laboratory (VCPL) at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences for analysis of fructosamine and thyroid hormones in serum were used as cases in a retrospective bivariate analysis of canine breeds. The ORs were calculated as a measure of risk for the included breeds, where all the submitted blood samples to the VCPL and dogs registered in the Norwegian Kennel Club (NKK), the national organization for dog owners, were used as two comparator groups. RESULTS Significant differences in disease prevalence between breeds were discovered using both comparator groups. Australian terrier, Swedish lapphund, Samoyed, and Schipperke were at highest risk for DM. German Shepherd, Golden retriever, German pointing dog, and Collie presented as the breeds with lowest risk for DM. For hypothyroidism, Schnauzer, Eurasier, Dunker, and English setter were at highest risk for developing the disease. The breeds at lowest risk of developing hypothyroidism were Rottweiler, Dachshund, German shepherd, and Border collie. The results from the different comparator groups gave different ORs and ranks, but the breeds with highest and lowest odds showed the same susceptibility using both comparators. CONCLUSIONS These findings support that there are breeds more and less prone to develop DM and hypothyroidism. A strong genetic predisposition involved in the aetiology of these two diseases is therefore likely. Interestingly, there also appeared to be an inverse relationship of odds for the two diseases for some of the breeds since some breeds that had a high OR for DM or hypothyroidism had a lower OR for the other disease. This indicates that there may be different risk alleles/haplotypes for the two diseases. The possible aetiological relationship between canine DM and hypothyroidism should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Ringstad
- Department of Companion Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
| | - F Lingaas
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - S I Thoresen
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
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Strey S, Mischke R, Rieder J. [Hypothyroidism in dogs: an overview]. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2021; 49:195-205. [PMID: 34157761 DOI: 10.1055/a-1367-3387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hypothyroidism is one of the most common endocrinopathies in dogs. In rare cases, it may be associated with further endocrinopathies. The most common combination is the con-currence of hypothyroidism and hypoadrenocorticism. The diagnosis of hypothyroidism is based on the measurement of thyroid hormones (T4/fT4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). As thyroid hormone concentrations in the blood are influenced by various factors (e. g. systemic diseases or drugs), test results must be interpreted in conjunction with complaints demonstrated by the patient. In cases when diagnosis is not definite, stimulating tests or diagnostic imaging techniques (ultrasound, scintigraphy) are advisable. Dogs with hypothyroidism should be diagnosed and treated with thyroid hormones. When addiditional clinical signs are not consistent with hypothyroidism, co-existing additional endocrinopathies need to be considered. Furthermore, when treatment fails to result in the expected clinical response, the diagnosis of hypothyroidism must be subject to critical re-evaluation. This article provides an overview of the current diagnostic and treatment methods in canine hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Strey
- Klinik für Kleintiere, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover
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Hrovat A, De Keuster T, Kooistra HS, Duchateau L, Oyama MA, Peremans K, Daminet S. Behavior in dogs with spontaneous hypothyroidism during treatment with levothyroxine. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 33:64-71. [PMID: 30499213 PMCID: PMC6335523 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thyroid hormone supplementation anecdotally has been described as a valid treatment option for dogs with aggression‐related problems. However, prospective, controlled, and blinded trials evaluating behavior and neurohormonal status in hypothyroid dogs during treatment with levothyroxine are lacking. Objective Levothyroxine supplementation will have a significant influence on the behavior and neurohormonal status of dogs with spontaneous hypothyroidism. Animals Twenty client‐owned dogs diagnosed with spontaneous hypothyroidism. Methods This prospective study was to evaluate the behavior of dogs, which was screened at initial presentation, and after 6 weeks, and 6 months of treatment with levothyroxine (starting dosage 10 μg/kg PO q12h) using the standardized Canine Behavioral Assessment and Research Questionnaire (C‐BARQ). At each time period, circulating serotonin and prolactin (PRL) concentrations were evaluated using a commercially validated ELISA kit and heterologous radioimmunoassay, respectively. Results After 6 weeks of thyroid hormone supplementation, C‐BARQ scores demonstrated a significant increase in activity of hypothyroid dogs (P < .01). No significant change in any of the behavioral signs was observed after 6 months of treatment. No significant difference in circulating concentrations of serotonin (P > .99 and P = .46) and PRL (P = .99 and P = .37) were noted between the 6‐week and 6‐month periods compared with baseline. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The results of this study indicate increased activity of hypothyroid dogs after 6 weeks of thyroid hormone supplementation. None of the hypothyroid dogs in this cohort showed a significant change in any of the evaluated behavioral signs and neurohormonal status after 6 months of thyroid hormone supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alenka Hrovat
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Tiny De Keuster
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hans S Kooistra
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Biometrics Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Mark A Oyama
- Department of Clinical Studies-Philadelphia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kathelijne Peremans
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Daminet
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Peterson ME, Carothers MA, Gamble DA, Rishniw M. Spontaneous primary hypothyroidism in 7 adult cats. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1864-1873. [PMID: 30294940 PMCID: PMC6271337 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Naturally occurring hypothyroidism in adult cats is rare, with only 4 cases reported. OBJECTIVES To describe the historical, clinical, laboratory, and scintigraphic features of adult cats with spontaneous hypothyroidism. ANIMALS Seven adult cats referred for suspected hypothyroidism. METHODS Prospective case series. We collected data on cats' signalment, clinical signs, results of physical examination, routine laboratory and thyroid hormone testing, and thyroid imaging (thyroid scintigraphy or ultrasound). We subsequently treated cats with levothyroxine and evaluated their response to treatment. RESULTS Cats ranged from 3.5 to 11 years, with no apparent breed predilection; 6/7 cats were male. Only 2/7 cats were initially tested because of signs of hypothyroidism (hair-coat changes, lethargy, obesity); others were tested for routine thyroid monitoring or palpable thyroid nodules. Four were azotemic (serum creatinine, 2.2-3.4 mg/dL). Six of the cats had low serum thyroxine (T4 ) and free T4 (fT4 ) concentrations, whereas all 7 cats had high thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations. In 6/7 cats, thyroid scintigraphy revealed bilateral goiter with intense radionuclide uptake; imaging showed no visible thyroid tissue in the other. After levothyroxine treatment, serum concentrations of T4 and fT4 increased and TSH fell; high serum creatinine normalized in azotemic cats; and repeat imaging showed reduction in goiter size. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Primary hypothyroidism develops in adult cats, with a higher prevalence than previously thought. Most cats appear to develop a goitrous form of hypothyroidism associated with thyroid hyperplasia, whereas thyroid atrophy appears to be less common. With levothyroxine replacement, clinical and laboratory abnormalities improve or resolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E. Peterson
- Animal Endocrine ClinicNew York
- College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaNew York
| | | | | | - Mark Rishniw
- College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaNew York
- Veterinary Information NetworkDavisCalifornia
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Lewis VA, Morrow CM, Jacobsen JA, Lloyd WE. A Pivotal Field Study to Support the Registration of Levothyroxine Sodium Tablets for Canine Hypothyroidism. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2018; 54:201-208. [DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
A prospective, pivotal, multicenter field study to evaluate the dose regimen, effectiveness, and safety of levothyroxine sodium tablets, USP for the treatment of hypothyroidism and hypothyroidism-associated clinical signs in dogs was conducted. Ninety-two dogs diagnosed with primary hypothyroidism met the entrance criteria and were enrolled into the study. Levothyroxine sodium was administered to each dog on a daily basis either as the whole dose q 24 hr or as half the dose q 12 hr. Dosing started at 0.1 mg/10 lb (0.022 mg/kg) and continued for approximately 6 mo to Day 182. During this time, the thyroid status of each dog was evaluated at monthly intervals. For the determination of effectiveness, dogs classified as euthyroid at Day 182, based on their thyroid hormone values, were considered treatment successes. Results of the statistical analysis showed that there was no difference between the two dosing regimens (P = .11) and that when the data from both groups were pooled, the overall success rate was 75.64% (95% confidence interval = 66.34%). By Day 182, improvement and/or resolution of hypothyroidism-associated clinical signs was observed in all categories. No abnormal trends in the reported adverse events were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A. Lewis
- From LLOYD, Inc., Shenandoah, Iowa (C.M.K.M., W.E.L.); and AlcheraBio LLC, Edison, New Jersey (V.A.L., J.A.J.)
| | - Carla M.K. Morrow
- From LLOYD, Inc., Shenandoah, Iowa (C.M.K.M., W.E.L.); and AlcheraBio LLC, Edison, New Jersey (V.A.L., J.A.J.)
| | - Johnny A. Jacobsen
- From LLOYD, Inc., Shenandoah, Iowa (C.M.K.M., W.E.L.); and AlcheraBio LLC, Edison, New Jersey (V.A.L., J.A.J.)
| | - W. Eugene Lloyd
- From LLOYD, Inc., Shenandoah, Iowa (C.M.K.M., W.E.L.); and AlcheraBio LLC, Edison, New Jersey (V.A.L., J.A.J.)
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Hare JE, Morrow CMK, Caldwell J, Lloyd WE. Safety of orally administered, USP-compliant levothyroxine sodium tablets in dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2017; 41:254-265. [PMID: 29139142 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The safety of synthetic levothyroxine sodium tablets (Thyro-Tabs® Canine; LLOYD, Inc.) in dogs was evaluated in a randomized, sham-dose controlled, parallel-group study. Young, healthy, euthyroid Beagle dogs were randomized into four groups (four females and four males per group) and received single daily doses of 0×, 2× (0.044 mg/kg), 6× (0.132 mg/kg), or 10× (0.22 mg/kg) the labeled starting dose of 0.022 mg kg-1 day-1 for 182 days. Every 2 weeks, physical examinations, electrocardiology examinations, and sample collections for thyroid panel, hematology, serum biochemistry, coagulation panel, and urinalysis were performed. At the end of the study, the dogs were euthanized and full necropsies performed. The most overt finding was the expected dose-dependent increase in serum concentrations of total and free thyroxine with dose-dependent suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis as evidenced by decreased serum thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations, decreased thyroid+parathyroid/body weight ratios, and a trend for decreased pituitary weight/brain weight ratios. Clinical signs of thyrotoxicosis (excitation, tachypnea, tachycardia) in the treated dogs were sporadic with no dose-response relationship. Other findings statistically associated with levothyroxine treatment were generally mild and not clinically important. In summary, doses of levothyroxine sodium up to 10× the labeled starting dose were well tolerated in healthy dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Hare
- Kingfisher International, Stouffville, Ontario, Canada.,Telemark Veterinary Consulting Inc., Port Perry, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - J Caldwell
- Kingfisher International, Stouffville, Ontario, Canada.,Telemark Veterinary Consulting Inc., Port Perry, Ontario, Canada
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Ali Rajab NM, Ukropina M, Cakic-Milosevic M. Histological and ultrastructural alterations of rat thyroid gland after short-term treatment with high doses of thyroid hormones. Saudi J Biol Sci 2017; 24:1117-1125. [PMID: 28855802 PMCID: PMC5562382 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate histological alterations of rat thyroid gland after short-term treatment with supraphysiological doses of thyroid hormones. Rats from experimental groups were treated with triiodothyronine (T3) or thyroxine (T4) during five days. In both treated groups, thyrocyte height was reduced and follicular lumens were distended. Progressive involutive changes of the thyroid parenchyma were apparent, including follicular remodeling (fusion) and death of thyrocytes. Morphological changes confirmed by quantitative analysis were more pronounced in the T4-treated group. Our results demonstrate that thyrotoxicosis, whether induced by T3 or T4, leads to different grades of thyroid tissue injury, including some irreversible damages. These changes might be explained at least in part by lack of trophic and cytoprotective effects of the thyroid stimulating hormone. Since the period required for morphophysiological recovery may be unpredictable, findings presented here should be taken into consideration in cases where the thyroid hormones are used as a treatment for thyroid and non-thyroid related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maja Cakic-Milosevic
- Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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11
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Ziglioli V, Panciera DL, Troy GC, Monroe WE, Boes KM, Refsal KR. Effects of Levothyroxine Administration and Withdrawal on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis in Euthyroid Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:705-710. [PMID: 28432797 PMCID: PMC5435074 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic supplementation can suppress the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐thyroid axis (HPTA) and make it difficult to assess thyroid function after withdrawal of levothyroxine. Objectives To determine whether the HPTA is suppressed after levothyroxine administration in euthyroid dogs and the time required for resolution of any suppression. Animals Twenty‐eight healthy euthyroid dogs. Methods A prospective, randomized study administering levothyroxine to euthyroid dogs for 8 weeks (group 1) or 16 weeks (group 2). Serum concentrations of total thyroxine (T4), free thyroxine (fT4) by equilibrium dialysis, thyroid stimulating hormone; thyrotropin (TSH), and 3,5,3′‐triiodothyronine (T3) were measured every 4 weeks during supplementation and for 16 weeks after levothyroxine was discontinued. Results Mean serum concentrations of T4 and fT4 were significantly higher (P < .0001) and TSH was lower (P < .0001) in all dogs during levothyroxine administration compared to baseline. Mean serum concentrations of T4, fT4, and TSH in both groups, beginning 1 week after levothyroxine was discontinued, were significantly different (P < .01) compared to values during levothyroxine administration but not compared to baseline values (P > .3). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Assessing thyroid function tests 1 week after cessation of levothyroxine at 26 μg/kg once a day for up to 16 weeks will provide an accurate assessment of thyroid function in healthy euthyroid dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ziglioli
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA
| | - D L Panciera
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA
| | - G C Troy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA
| | - W E Monroe
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA
| | - K M Boes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA
| | - K R Refsal
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health Michigan State University, Lansing, MI
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Abstract
An 8 yr old female spayed golden retriever presented for a routine exam during which ventral cervical soft tissue masses were identified. History included weight loss, increased activity and appetite, gagging, and occasional diarrhea. Exam findings included a body condition score of 4/9 and palpable ventral cervical nodules. A serum thyroxine (T4) value was 8.0 ug/dL (normal = 0.8-3.5ug/dL). Doppler systolic blood pressure readings ranged from 200-210 mmHg (normal systolic blood pressure <150 mmHg). The diagnosis was hyperthyroidism due to active thyroid masses. Due to financial constraints, the owner elected conservative management. Initial treatment with methimazole resulted in a decreased T4 value of 5.0 ug/dL at approximately 4 mo after initiation of treatment. A commercially available iodine-restricted feline diet was fed and this resulted in further reduction in serum T4 levels, improved sleeping cycles, reduced anxiety, and reduced systolic blood pressure. A temporary suspension of iodine-restricted feline diet for 2 mo resulted in increases in serum T4 concentrations, which, subsequently, decreased with re-introduction of the diet. Roughly 10 mo after initiation of the therapeutic diet and 16 mo after intial diagnosis, the dog remains relatively normal clinically despite active growing cervical masses with T4 concentration of 2.3 ug/dL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Looney
- From the Anesthesia Services, Massachusetts Veterinary Referral Hospital, Woburn, Massachusetts (A.L.); and the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (J.W.)
| | - Joseph Wakshlag
- From the Anesthesia Services, Massachusetts Veterinary Referral Hospital, Woburn, Massachusetts (A.L.); and the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (J.W.)
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13
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Tomasi S, Roberts KJ, Stull J, Spiller HA, McKenzie LB. Pediatric Exposures to Veterinary Pharmaceuticals. Pediatrics 2017; 139:peds.2016-1496. [PMID: 28167514 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-1496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the epidemiology of veterinary pharmaceutical-related exposures to children based on calls to a regional poison control center. METHODS A retrospective analysis of pediatric (≤19 years of age) exposures to pharmaceutical products intended for animal use, managed by a regional poison control center from 1999 through 2013, was conducted. Case narratives were reviewed and coded for exposure-related circumstances and intended species. Descriptive statistics were generated. RESULTS From 1999 through 2013, the Central Ohio Poison Center received 1431 calls that related to a veterinary pharmaceutical exposure for children ≤19 years of age. Most of the pediatric calls (87.6%) involved children ≤5 years of age. Exploratory behavior was the most common exposure-related circumstance (61.4%) and ingestion accounted for the exposure route in 93% of cases. Substances commonly associated with exposures included: veterinary drugs without human equivalent (17.3%), antimicrobial agents (14.8%), and antiparasitics (14.6%). Based on substance and quantity, the majority of exposures (96.9%) were not expected to result in long-term or lasting health effects and were managed at home (94.1%). A total of 80 cases (5.6%) were referred to a health care facility, and 2 cases resulted in a moderate health effect. CONCLUSIONS Children ≤5 years of age are most at risk for veterinary pharmaceutical-related exposures. Although most exposures do not result in a serious medical outcome, efforts to increase public awareness, appropriate product dispensing procedures, and attention to home storage practices may reduce the risk of veterinary pharmaceutical exposures to young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Tomasi
- Center for Injury Research and Policy, The Research Institute, and.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine
| | | | - Jason Stull
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Henry A Spiller
- Central Ohio Poison Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; and
| | - Lara B McKenzie
- Center for Injury Research and Policy, The Research Institute, and.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, and.,Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Johnstone T, Terzo E, Mooney CT. Hypothyroidism associated with acromegaly and insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus in a Samoyed. Aust Vet J 2014; 92:437-42. [PMID: 25290378 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aetiology of insulin resistance (IR) in naturally occurring canine hypothyroidism is poorly understood and likely multifactorial. Excess secretion of growth hormone (GH) by transdifferentiated pituitary cells may contribute to IR in some hypothyroid dogs, but although this has been demonstrated in experimental studies, it has not yet been documented in clinical cases. CASE REPORT A 4-year-old male entire Samoyed presented with an 8-month history of pedal hyperkeratosis and shifting lameness, which had been unresponsive to zinc supplementation, antibiotics and glucocorticoid therapy. The dog also exhibited exercise intolerance and polydipsia of 12 and 2 months duration, respectively. On physical examination, obesity, poor coat condition, widened interdental spaces and mild respiratory stridor were noted. Initial laboratory test results revealed concurrent hypothyroidism and diabetes mellitus (DM). Further investigations showed IR, GH excess and a paradoxical increase of GH following stimulation with thyrotropin-releasing hormone. CONCLUSIONS To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case that suggests that GH alterations may have clinical significance in naturally occurring hypothyroidism. Among other factors, hypothyroidism-induced GH excess should be considered as a possible cause of IR in patients suffering from hypothyroidism and concurrent DM. In such cases, DM may reverse with treatment of hypothyroidism, as was documented in this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Johnstone
- University of Melbourne Veterinary Hospital, Department of Small Animal Medicine, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia.
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15
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van Dijl IC, Le Traon G, van de Meulengraaf BDAM, Burgaud S, Horspool LJI, Kooistra HS. Pharmacokinetics of total thyroxine after repeated oral administration of levothyroxine solution and its clinical efficacy in hypothyroid dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:1229-34. [PMID: 24773132 PMCID: PMC4857956 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oral levothyroxine (l‐T4) supplementation is commonly used to treat hypothyroid dogs. Objectives Investigate the plasma profile and pharmacokinetics of total thyroxine (tT4) after PO administration of a l‐T4 solution and its clinical efficacy in hypothyroid dogs. Animals Ten dogs with naturally occurring hypothyroidism. Methods After hypothyroidism diagnosis and supplementation with l‐T4 solution PO q24h at 20 μg/kg BW for minimum 4 weeks, the plasma profile and pharmacokinetics of tT4 were determined over 34 hours and the clinical condition of the dogs was evaluated. Results Before dosing for pharmacokinetic evaluation, mean tT4 concentration was 23 ± 9 nmol/L. l‐T4 was absorbed rapidly (tmax, 5 hours), reaching a mean maximal tT4 concentration of 56 ± 11 nmol/L. The apparent terminal half‐life was 11.8 hours. Clinical signs of hypothyroidism improved or resolved in all dogs after 4 weeks of treatment. The dosage of 20 μg/kg PO q24h was judged appropriate in 5 dogs, and 4 dogs required slight increases (9–16%). Twice daily treatment, with a 30% increase in dosage, was necessary for 1 dog. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The pharmacokinetics of l‐T4 in hypothyroid dogs was similar to that reported in healthy euthyroid dogs. Clinical and hormonal responses to l‐T4 solution were rapid in all dogs. The starting dosage of 20 μg/kg PO q24h was suitable for maintenance supplementation in 50% of the dogs, minor dosage modification was required in 4 other dogs, and treatment q12h was required in 1 dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C van Dijl
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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16
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Abstract
Success in treatment of endocrine emergencies is contingent on early recognition and treatment. Many endocrine diseases presenting emergently have nonspecific signs and symptoms. In addition, these endocrine crises are often precipitated by concurrent disease, further making early identification difficult. This article concentrates on recognition and emergency management of the most common endocrine crises in dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amie Koenig
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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17
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Simpson C, Devi JL, Whittem T. Bioavailability of two L-thyroxine formulations after oral administration to healthy dogs. Aust Vet J 2013; 91:83-8. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Simpson
- Veterinary Hospital; Faculty of Veterinary Science; The University of Melbourne; Werribee; Victoria; Australia
| | - JL Devi
- Veterinary Hospital; Faculty of Veterinary Science; The University of Melbourne; Werribee; Victoria; Australia
| | - T Whittem
- Veterinary Hospital; Faculty of Veterinary Science; The University of Melbourne; Werribee; Victoria; Australia
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18
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Liver. CANINE AND FELINE GASTROENTEROLOGY 2013. [PMCID: PMC7161409 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-3661-6.00061-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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19
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Tvarijonaviciute A, Jaillardon L, Cerón JJ, Siliart B. Effects of thyroxin therapy on different analytes related to obesity and inflammation in dogs with hypothyroidism. Vet J 2012; 196:71-5. [PMID: 22959710 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hypothyroidism in dogs is accompanied by changes in intermediary metabolism including alterations in bodyweight (BW), insulin resistance, and lipid profile. In this study, changes in selected adipokines (adiponectin, leptin), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and acute phase proteins, including C-reactive protein, haptoglobin (Hp) and serum amyloid A (SAA), were studied in dogs with hypothyroidism under thyroxin therapy. Blood samples were collected when hypothyroidism was diagnosed (before treatment) and after treatment with thyroxin. Twenty-eight of 39 dogs exhibited a good therapeutic response (group A), whereas the remainder were considered to have been insufficiently treated (group B). Following treatment, group A dogs demonstrated a statistically significant decrease in canine thyroid stimulating hormone (c-TSH) (P<0.001) and an increase in free thyroxine (fT4) (P<0.001) concentrations, associated with a significant decrease in BW (P<0.05), leptin (P<0.01), and adiponectin, (P<0.001) and an increase in BChE (P<0.01) and Hp (P<0.05). Group B dogs showed no statistically significant changes in c-TSH, but had a significant increase in fT4 (P<0.001) accompanied by a significant decrease in adiponectin (P<0.05) of lower magnitude than group A. No significant changes in the mean circulating levels of APPs were observed in both groups, with the exception of an increase in Hp (P<0.05) in group A. In summary, the successful treatment of hypothyroidism reduces circulating levels of adiponectin and leptin, while increasing BChE activity in dogs. The mean increase in Hp values and decrease in SAA for some of the dogs after treatment warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tvarijonaviciute
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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20
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Kim YH, Kim JH, Lee HS, Cho HS, Park JH, Park C. A case of hypothyroidism concurrent with myxedema coma in a Cocker spaniel dog. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.7853/kjvs.2012.35.2.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Panciera D, Purswell B, Kolster K, Werre S, Trout S. Reproductive Effects of Prolonged Experimentally Induced Hypothyroidism in Bitches. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:326-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00872.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - S.R. Werre
- Laboratory for Study Design and Statistical Analysis; Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine; Blacksburg; VA
| | - S.W. Trout
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences
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22
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Rossmeisl JH, Duncan RB, Inzana KD, Panciera DL, Shelton GD. Longitudinal study of the effects of chronic hypothyroidism on skeletal muscle in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:879-89. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.7.879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Le Traon G, Brennan S, Burgaud S, Daminet S, Gommeren K, Horspool L, Rosenberg D, Mooney C. Clinical Evaluation of a Novel Liquid Formulation of L-Thyroxine for Once Daily Treatment of Dogs with Hypothyroidism. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23:43-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0236.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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24
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LE TRAON G, BURGAUD S, HORSPOOL LJI. Pharmacokinetics of total thyroxine in dogs after administration of an oral solution of levothyroxine sodium. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2008; 31:95-101. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2007.00935.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Abstract
: A nine-year-old male entire Labrador was diagnosed with pituitary dependent hyperadrenocorticism. Following seven months of successful mitotane therapy, the dog presented with marked weight gain, seborrhoea and alopecia. Routine clinicopathological analyses revealed marked hypercholesterolaemia. Serum total and free thyroxine (T4) concentrations were below their respective reference ranges. Serum thyroid stimulating hormone (cTSH) concentration was within reference range. TSH and thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) response tests revealed adequate stimulation of total T4 in both, and cTSH in the latter test. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a mass arising from the pituitary fossa, with suprasellar extension. A diagnosis of tertiary hypothyroidism was made. Following four weeks of levothyroxine therapy, circulating cholesterol concentration had declined, weight loss had ensued and dermatological abnormalities had improved. Euthanasia was performed four months later due to the development of neurological signs. A highly infiltrative pituitary adenoma, with effacement of the overlying hypothalamus was identified on post mortem examination. Tertiary hypothyroidism has not been previously reported in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Shiel
- School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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26
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Kang JH, Chang D, Lee YW, Na KJ, Yang MP. Adipsic Hypernatremia in a Dog with Antithyroid Antibodies in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Serum. J Vet Med Sci 2007; 69:751-4. [PMID: 17675808 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.69.751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A 4-year-old, male Labrador retriever, weighing 27 kg, presented with abrupt clinical signs including mental retardation, circling and head pressing. The dog never ingested water by choice. An adipsia of the dog was persisted and developed to hypernatremia with artifactual hyperchloremia. Serial endocrine results and image findings were suggestive of a hypothyroidism. The dog revealed the presence of antithyroid antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum. With the administration of levothyroxine sodium, his neurologic signs were alleviated within the first week of treatment and adipsia was also resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Houn Kang
- Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, USA
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27
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Abstract
Endocrine diseases in the dog commonly manifest with dermatological lesions. Hypothyroidism is the most common endocrinopathy and usually presents with alopecia in areas of wear, seborrhea, and recurrent infections. Common clinical signs associated with hyperadrenocorticism include polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia. The most common dermatological manifestation of hyperadrenocorticism is bilaterally symmetrical alopecia sparing the head and distal extremities. Pyoderma is a common finding associated with immunosuppression. Less commonly, calcinosus cutis may occur. Sex hormone excess, primarily hyperestrogenism and hyperandrogenism, may also be associated with dermatological signs. Usually, dogs are intact, and the excess production is due to testicular or ovarian neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Frank
- Diplomate American College of Veterinary Dermatology, The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN 37996-4544, USA.
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28
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29
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Maleski K, Magdesian KG, LaFranco-Scheuch L, Pappagianis D, Carlson GP. Pulmonary coccidioidomycosis in a neonatal foal. Vet Rec 2002; 151:505-8. [PMID: 12430999 DOI: 10.1136/vr.151.17.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A 13-day-old foal with profound tachypnoea and respiratory distress was examined. Thoracic radiographs revealed a severe, diffuse miliary pattern, and the foal was markedly hypoxaemic. It failed to improve with empirical treatment, and was euthanased. Lesions associated with Coccidioides immitis infection were identified at postmortem examination, and were limited to the lower respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Maleski
- Large Animal Clinic, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, California, Davis, USA
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30
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Abstract. Vet Rec 2002. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.151.17.508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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