2
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Turnbull AE, Sahetya SK, Biddison ELD, Hartog CS, Rubenfeld GD, Benoit DD, Guidet B, Gerritsen RT, Tonelli MR, Curtis JR. Competing and conflicting interests in the care of critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med 2018; 44:1628-1637. [PMID: 30046872 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-018-5326-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Medical professionals are expected to prioritize patient interests, and most patients trust physicians to act in their best interest. However, a single patient is never a physician's sole concern. The competing interests of other patients, clinicians, family members, hospital administrators, regulators, insurers, and trainees are omnipresent. While prioritizing patient interests is always a struggle, it is especially challenging and important in the ICU setting where most patients lack the ability to advocate for themselves or seek alternative sources of care. This review explores factors that increase the risk, or the perception, that an ICU physician will reason, recommend, or act in a way that is not in their patient's best interest and discusses steps that could help minimize the impact of these factors on patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison E Turnbull
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 1830 E. Monument St, 5th Floor, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Outcomes After Critical Illness and Surgery (OACIS) Group, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Sarina K Sahetya
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 1830 E. Monument St, 5th Floor, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - E Lee Daugherty Biddison
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 1830 E. Monument St, 5th Floor, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Christiane S Hartog
- Department for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Department of Anaesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Kreischa, Germany.,Patient- and Family-Centered Care, Klinik Bavaria, Kreischa, Germany
| | - Gordon D Rubenfeld
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Bertrand Guidet
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service de Réanimation Médicale, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR S 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Paris, France
| | - Rik T Gerritsen
- Department of Intensive Care, Medisch Centrum Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Mark R Tonelli
- Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J Randall Curtis
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Cambia Palliative Care Center of Excellence, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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3
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Jacmon H. Disclosure is Inadequate as a Solution to Managing Conflicts of Interest in Human Research. JOURNAL OF BIOETHICAL INQUIRY 2018; 15:71-80. [PMID: 29230700 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-017-9824-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Disclosure is a common response to conflicts of interest; it is intended to expose the conflict to scrutiny and enable it to be appropriately managed. For disclosure to be effective the receiver of the disclosure needs to be able to use the information to assess how the conflict may impact on their interests and then implement a suitable response. The act of disclosure also creates an expectation of self-regulation, as the person with the conflicting interests will be mindful of their own potential biases and aware that their decisions may be monitored. This article discusses some of the problems of relying on disclosure as a solution to address conflicts of interest in research, including the added complexities around institutional conflicts of interest. The case of Dan Markingson illustrates these issues and highlights the vulnerable position relying on disclosure as a solution leaves research participants in.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Jacmon
- Student, Monash University, Wellington Road and Blackburn Rd, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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4
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Boscolo-Berto R, Montisci M, Secco S, D'Elia C, Snenghi R, Viel G, Ferrara SD. Association Between Financial Conflicts of Interests and Supportive Opinions for Erectile Dysfunction Treatment. JOURNAL OF BIOETHICAL INQUIRY 2016; 13:439-448. [PMID: 27416979 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-016-9732-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A conflict of interest (COI) is a situation in which a person has competing loyalties or interests that make it difficult to fulfil his or her duties impartially. Conflict of interest is not categorically improper in itself but requires proper management. A SCOPUS literature search was performed for publications on the efficacy/safety of Phospho-Di-Esterase Inhibitors (PDEIs) for treating erectile dysfunction. A categorization tool (CoOpCaT) was used to review and classify the publications as supportive/not-supportive for the discussed active ingredient and reporting or not reporting a COI for that specific drug or for the remaining PDEIs (i.e. competitors). Multivariable binary logistic regression was performed. In the 419 selected records the prevalence of supportive opinions was higher when a COI for the index label was declared. The CoOpCaT showed good internal consistency, discriminative validity and intra/inter-rater agreement. The strongest predictor for a supportive opinion was the total number of financial COIs for the index label. A mild protective effect of the total number of financial COIs for any competitor label was noted. Financial COIs have frequently been associated with bias, and the measures currently adopted to restrain it lack effectiveness. Some evidence for monitoring and/or compensating this bias is reported here, but the ultimate solution remains distant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Boscolo-Berto
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, Section of Legal Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, Via Falloppio 50, Padova, 35121, Italy.
| | - Massimo Montisci
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, Section of Legal Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, Via Falloppio 50, Padova, 35121, Italy
| | - Silvia Secco
- Department of Urology, Ospedale Niguarda Cà Granda, Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3, Milano, 20162, Italy
| | - Carolina D'Elia
- Department of Urology, University of Verona, Piazzale Scuro 10, Verona, 37134, Italy
| | - Rosella Snenghi
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, Section of Legal Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, Via Falloppio 50, Padova, 35121, Italy
| | - Guido Viel
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, Section of Legal Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, Via Falloppio 50, Padova, 35121, Italy
| | - Santo Davide Ferrara
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, Section of Legal Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, Via Falloppio 50, Padova, 35121, Italy
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5
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Lipworth W, Kerridge I, Morrell B, Forsyth R, Jordens CFC. Views of health journalists, industry employees and news consumers about disclosure and regulation of industry-journalist relationships: an empirical ethical study. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS 2015; 41:252-257. [PMID: 24603036 DOI: 10.1136/medethics-2013-101790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Bioethicists and policymakers are increasingly concerned about the effects on health journalism of relationships between journalists and private corporations. The concern is that relationships between journalists and manufacturers of medicines, medical devices, complementary medicines and food can and do distort health reporting. This is a problem because health news is known to have a major impact on the public's health-related expectations and behaviour. Commentators have proposed two related approaches to protecting the public from potential harms arising from industry-journalist interactions: greater transparency and external regulation. To date, few empirical studies have examined stakeholders' views of industry-journalist relationships and how these should be managed. We conducted interviews with 13 journalists and 12 industry employees, and 2 focus groups with consumers. Our findings, which are synthesised here, provide empirical support for the need for greater transparency and regulation of industry-journalist relationships. Our findings also highlight several likely barriers to instituting such measures, which will need to be overcome if transparency and regulation are to be accepted by stakeholders and have their intended effect on the quality of journalism and the actions of news consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Lipworth
- Centre for Values, Ethics and the Law in Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Australian Institute of Health Innovation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ian Kerridge
- Centre for Values, Ethics and the Law in Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bronwen Morrell
- Centre for Values, Ethics and the Law in Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rowena Forsyth
- Centre for Values, Ethics and the Law in Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher F C Jordens
- Centre for Values, Ethics and the Law in Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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