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Schwarz-Linek J, Arlt J, Jepson A, Dawson A, Vissers T, Miroli D, Pilizota T, Martinez VA, Poon WC. Escherichia coli as a model active colloid: A practical introduction. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 137:2-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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JONES KL, RHODES-ROBERTS MURIELE. The Survival of Marine Bacteria under Starvation Conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1981.tb00889.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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DAWES EA. Nutritional and environmental factors affecting the endogenous metabolism of bacteria. Proc Nutr Soc 2007; 23:163-70. [PMID: 14189104 DOI: 10.1079/pns19640029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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DAWES EA, RIBBONS DW. SOME ASPECTS OF THE ENDOGENOUS METABOLISM OF BACTERIA. BACTERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS 1996; 28:126-49. [PMID: 14174839 PMCID: PMC441217 DOI: 10.1128/br.28.2.126-149.1964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Abstract
1. The endogenous metabolism of Escherichia coli has been studied by examining changes in cellular composition and of the suspending fluid during starvation of washed suspensions of the organism, in water or in phosphate buffer, at 37 degrees under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. 2. When E. coli is grown in glucose-ammonium salts media the cells contain glycogen, which is utilized rapidly during subsequent starvation of the cells. 3. Ammonia is released by starved cells only after a lag period, which corresponds to the time taken for the cellular glycogen to be almost completely utilized. 4. If cells are grown under conditions that permit incorporation of (14)C into protein but not into glycogen and are then starved, release of (14)CO(2) commences immediately and continues at a linear rate throughout the period of glycogen utilization; it is concluded that the presence of glycogen in the cell prevents the net degradation of nitrogenous materials but does not suppress protein turnover. 5. RNA is degraded by the cells immediately they are starved, ribose is oxidized and ultraviolet-absorbing materials are released to the suspending medium. 6. There is no significant utilization of lipid during the starvation of glucose-grown E. coli. 7. There is no loss of viability during the initial 12hr. period of starvation under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions, but thereafter the cells die more rapidly under conditions of anaerobiosis. 8. These results are discussed in relation to the known patterns of endogenous metabolism and survival of other bacteria.
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WRIGHT DN, LOCKHART WR. EFFECTS OF GROWTH RATE AND LIMITING SUBSTRATE ON GLUCOSE METABOLISM IN ESCHERICHIA COLI. J Bacteriol 1996; 89:1082-5. [PMID: 14276099 PMCID: PMC277599 DOI: 10.1128/jb.89.4.1082-1085.1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wright, D. N. (Iowa State University, Ames), and W. R. Lockhart. Effects of growth rate and limiting substrate on glucose metabolism in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 89:1082-1085. 1965.-Escherichia coli was grown in continuous culture at various rates in a defined medium with either glucose of (NH(4))(2)SO(4) as the rate-limiting substrate. Cellular content of polysaccharide ("glycogen") is greater in cells grown under nitrogen limitation with glucose available in excess, and is greater in rapidly grown than in slowly grown cells. The ability of cells to carry on endogenous respiration, as measured by tetrazolium reduction, can be correlated with their glycogen content. In carbon-limited cultures, the proportion of substrate glucose diverted to glycogen production is least for cells grown slowly, which may reflect greater energy requirements for cell maintenance in such cultures. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (indicating function of a C-1 preferential pathway for glucose degradation) is greater in rapidly grown cells, confirming earlier observations in batch cultures. Activity of this enzyme is also greater in nitrogen-limited than in carbon-limited cells, suggesting that there may be catabolic repression of the Embden-Meyerhoff pathway when glucose is available in excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Preiss
- Department of Biochemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
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Biswas SD. Effect of urea on pH, ammonia, amino acids and lactic acid in the human salivary sediment system incubated with varying levels of glucose. Arch Oral Biol 1982; 27:683-91. [PMID: 6958225 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(82)90193-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
With concentrations of urea of 0, 0.17, 0.85 or 1.7 per cent (w/v) in salivary sediment (16.7 per cent, v/v), the concentration of glucose varied between 0 and 30 per cent (w/v). The pH of the salivary sediment mixtures remained constant. As glucose was utilized by the salivary sediment, the pH curve of this system was characterized by a rapid fall, followed by a slow rise. In the presence of urea, however, the fall in pH was considerably inhibited and an early pH rise was favoured. Glucose suppressed the formation of NH3 from endogenous sources to an extent almost proportional to its concentration. Glucose also suppressed NH3 formation when urea was present. The effect was optimum near physiologic pH range. Urea favoured the formation of alanine perhaps by transamination or by direct amination of pyruvate involving different pathways. The findings suggest that the inhibition of pH-fall was the result, not only of the interactions between acid and base produced from glucose and urea, respectively, but was largely due to the buffering effect of the products of the metabolism of urea. There appeared to be some metabolic relationship in the formation of alanine and lactate but this did not control pH changes substantially.
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Mink RW, Hespell RB. Long-term nutrient starvation of continuously cultured (glucose-limited) Selenomonas ruminantium. J Bacteriol 1981; 148:541-50. [PMID: 6170629 PMCID: PMC216238 DOI: 10.1128/jb.148.2.541-550.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Selenomonas ruminantium, a strictly anaerobic ruminal bacterium, was grown at various dilution rates (D = 0.05, 0.25, and 0.35 h-1) under glucose-limited continuous culture conditions. Suspensions of washed cells prepared anaerobically in mineral buffer were subjected to nutrient starvation (24 to 36 h; 39 degrees C; N2 atmosphere). Regardless of growth rate, viability declined logarithmically, and within about 2.5 h, about 50% of the populations were nonviable. After 24 h of starvation, the numbers of viable cells appeared to be inversely related to growth rate, the highest levels occurring with the slowest grown population. Cell dry weight, carbohydrate, protein, ribonucleic acid (RNA), and deoxyribonucleic acid declined logarithmically during starvation, and the decline rates of each were generally greater with cells grown at higher D values. Both cellular carbohydrate and RNA declined substantially during the first 12 h of starvation. Most of the cellular RNA that disappeared was found in the suspending buffer as low-molecular-weight, orcinol-positive materials. During growth, S. ruminantium made a variety of fermentation acids from glucose, but during starvation, acetate was the only acid made from catabolism of cellular material. Addition of glucose or vitamins to starving cell suspensions did not decrease loss of viability, whereas a starvation in the spent culture medium resulted in a slight decrease in the rate of viability loss. Overall, the data indicate that S. ruminantium strain D has very little survival capacity under the conditions tested compared with other bacterial species that have been studied.
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Changes in respiration activity and energetics of Candida utilis during starvation. Biotechnol Lett 1979. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01386899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Müller PJ, Bergter F. Untersuchungen zum transient-Verhalten ammoniumlimitierter Chemostatenkulturen vonEscherichia coli ML 30. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3630170206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Hespell RB, Rosson RA, Thomashow MF, Rittenberg SC. Respiration of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus strain 109J and its energy substrates for intraperiplasmic growth. J Bacteriol 1973; 113:1280-8. [PMID: 4570779 PMCID: PMC251695 DOI: 10.1128/jb.113.3.1280-1288.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Measurements of oxidation rates, respiratory quotients (RQ), and release of (14)CO(2) from uniformly labeled substrates showed that glutamate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and synthetic and natural amino acid mixtures are oxidized by suspensions of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus strain 109J. The oxidation of these substrates largely suppress the endogenous respiration of the Bdellovibrio cells and may or may not cause a small increase, 20 to 50%, in their rate of oxygen consumption. The failure of respired substrates to increase markedly the respiration rate of the Bdellovibrio cells over the endogenous value is discussed. Carbon from these substrates is incorporated into the Bdellovibrio cells during oxidation. Acetate is also oxidized, but its oxidation inhibits endogenous respiration by only about 40% and no acetate is assimilated. The RQ of the Bdellovibrio cells changes from a value characteristic of endogenous respiration to that characteristic of the oxidation of glutamate or of a balanced amino mixture very shortly after the attack of the Bdellovibrio cells on their prey, and the latter RQ is maintained during intraperiplasmic growth. Glutamate, or a mixture of amino acids in the external environment, contributes to the carbon dioxide produced by the Bdellovibrio cells growing intraperiplasmically. It is concluded from these data that amino acids, derived from the breakdown of the protein of the prey, serve as a major energy source during intraperiplasmic growth of B. bacteriovorus 108J. Insofar as they were tested, B. bacteriovorus strains 109D and A. 3. 12 were similar in respiration to strain 109J.
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Dawes EA, Senior PJ. The role and regulation of energy reserve polymers in micro-organisms. Adv Microb Physiol 1973; 10:135-266. [PMID: 4594739 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2911(08)60088-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 485] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Kostiw LL, Boylen CW, Tyson BJ. Lipid composition of growing and starving cells of Arthrobacter crystallopoietes. J Bacteriol 1972; 111:103-11. [PMID: 4669211 PMCID: PMC251246 DOI: 10.1128/jb.111.1.103-111.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The lipid composition of growing and starving cells of Arthrobacter crystallopoietes was compared. Although the lipid composition of the two cell types was similar, the amount of total lipids recovered from the starving cells was 30.4% less than that recovered from the growing cells. The loss of lipids, as compared to the loss of total cell mass during starvation, was (i) proportional to the loss of the cell mass (phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol-2, and cardiolipin), (ii) greater than the loss in cell mass (neutral lipids, "glycophospholipids," and phosphatidic acid), or (iii) less than the loss in cell mass (coenzyme Q, glycolipids, and phosphatidylglycerol-1).
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Chapter X Microcalorimetry. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/s0580-9517(08)70601-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Sandham HJ, Kleinberg I. Effect of glucose concentration on carbon dioxide production in a human salivary sediment system. Arch Oral Biol 1970; 15:1285-301. [PMID: 5280130 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(70)90017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Sandham HJ, Kleinberg I. The effect of glucose concentration on the interrelation between glucose utilization, pH and carbohydrate storage in a salivary system. Arch Oral Biol 1969; 14:603-18. [PMID: 5257934 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(69)90184-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Chapter XV Evaluation of Growth by Physical and Chemical Means. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 1969. [DOI: 10.1016/s0580-9517(08)70146-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Influence of exogenous substrates on the endogenous respiration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bacteriol 1966; 91:1577-81. [PMID: 4956342 PMCID: PMC316080 DOI: 10.1128/jb.91.4.1577-1581.1966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Gronlund, Audrey F. (University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada), and J. J. R. Campbell. Influence of exogenous substrates on the endogenous respiration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J. Bacteriol. 91:1577-1581. 1966.-The influence of growth conditions, ammonium ions, and glucose concentration on endogenous respiration in Pseudomonas aeruginosa was determined by measuring C(14)O(2) evolution from uniformly labeled cells that had previously been grown on C(14)-glucose. A 93% suppression of endogenous C(14)O(2) evolution was evident under growth conditions, and a 66% suppression was observed in the presence of excess glucose. Increasing exogenous glucose concentrations supported decreasing levels of endogenous C(14)O(2) evolution. Ammonium ions slightly suppressed endogenous activity and enhanced the decrease in C(14)O(2) release observed with exogenous glucose. In addition, the effect of exogenous glucose, alpha-ketoglutarate, 2-ketogluconate, aspartic acid, and adenosine selectively on both endogenous ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein oxidation was followed by measuring C(14)O(2) evolution from cells grown with C(14)-uracil or C(14)-proline. The five exogenous substrates examined suppressed endogenous RNA oxidation, and the degree of suppression appeared to be correlated with the amount of oxygen consumption and, hence, energy gained during the oxidation of these substrates. Oxidation of endogenous protein was decreased when cells were incubated with glucose, aspartate, and adenosine, but was increased when alpha-ketoglutarate and 2-ketogluconate were the exogenous substrates. The influence of the oxidizable exogenous compounds appeared to be related, in part, to the ammonium ion requirement imposed upon the cells for assimilation of the individual exogenous substrate.
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KLEINBERG I, JENKINS GN. The pH of dental plaques in the different areas of the mouth before and after meals and their relationship to the pH and rate of flow of resting saliva. Arch Oral Biol 1964; 9:493-516. [PMID: 14205453 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(64)90015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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