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Kroiss M, Quinkler M, Lutz WK, Allolio B, Fassnacht M. Drug interactions with mitotane by induction of CYP3A4 metabolism in the clinical management of adrenocortical carcinoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2011; 75:585-91. [PMID: 21883349 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04214.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mitotane [1-(2-chlorophenyl)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethane, (o,p'-DDD)] is the only drug approved for the treatment for adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) and has also been used for various forms of glucocorticoid excess. Through still largely unknown mechanisms, mitotane inhibits adrenal steroid synthesis and adrenocortical cell proliferation. Mitotane increases hepatic metabolism of cortisol, and an increased replacement dose of glucocorticoids is standard of care during mitotane treatment. Recently, sunitinib, a multityrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), has been found to be rapidly metabolized by CYP3A4 during mitotane treatment, indicating clinically relevant drug interactions with mitotane. We here summarize the current evidence concerning mitotane-induced changes in hepatic monooxygenase expression, list drugs potentially affected by mitotane-related CYP3A4 induction and suggest alternatives. For example, using standard doses of macrolide antibiotics is unlikely to reach sufficient plasma levels, making fluoroquinolones in many cases a superior choice. Similarly, statins such as simvastatin are metabolized by CYP3A4, whereas others like pravastatin are not. Importantly, in the past, several clinical trials using cytotoxic drugs but also targeted therapies in ACC yielded disappointing results. This lack of antineoplastic activity may be explained in part by insufficient drug exposure owing to enhanced drug metabolism induced by mitotane. Thus, induction of CYP3A4 by mitotane needs to be considered in the design of future clinical trials in ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kroiss
- Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, and University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - T. R. Fukuto
- b Department of Entomology , University of California , Riverside , Calif
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Stevenson DE, Walborg EF, North DW, Sielken RL, Ross CE, Wright AS, Xu Y, Kamendulis LM, Klaunig JE. Monograph: reassessment of human cancer risk of aldrin/dieldrin. Toxicol Lett 1999; 109:123-86. [PMID: 10555138 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(99)00132-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In 1987, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classified aldrin and dieldrin as category B2 carcinogens, i.e. probable human carcinogens, based largely on the increase in liver tumors in mice fed either organochlorine insecticide. At that date, the relevant epidemiology was deemed inadequate to influence the cancer risk assessment. More time has now elapsed since early exposures of manufacturing workers to aldrin/dieldrin; therefore, updated epidemiological data possess more power to detect exposure-related differences in cancer risk and mortality. Also, recent experimental studies provide a plausible mode of action to explain the mouse specificity of dieldrin-induced hepatocarcinogenesis and call into question the relevance of this activity to human cancer risk. This monograph places this new information within the historic and current perspectives of human cancer risk assessment, including EPA's 1996 Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment. Updated epidemiological studies of manufacturing workers in which lifetime exposures to aldrin/dieldrin have been quantified do not indicate increased mortality or cancer risk. In fact, at the middle range of exposures, there is evidence of a decrease in both mortality from all causes and cancer. Recent experimental studies indicate that dieldrin-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in mice occurs through a nongenotoxic mode of action, in which the slow oxidative metabolism of dieldrin is accompanied by an increased production of reactive oxygen species, depletion of hepatic antioxidant defenses (particularly alpha-tocopherol), and peroxidation of liver lipids. Dieldrin-induced oxidative stress or its sequelae apparently result in modulation of gene expression that favors expansion of initiated mouse, but not rat, liver cells; thus, dieldrin acts as a nongenotoxic promoter/accelerator of background liver tumorigenesis in the mouse. Within the framework of EPA's Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, it is proposed that the most appropriate cancer risk descriptor for aldrin/dieldrin, relating to the mouse liver tumor response, is 'not likely a human carcinogen', a descriptor consistent with the example of phenobarbital cited by EPA.
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Hague RV, May W, Cullen DR. Hepatic microsomal enzyme induction and adrenal crisis due to o,p'DDD therapy for metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1989; 31:51-7. [PMID: 2574647 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1989.tb00453.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Two cases are described in which metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma associated with Cushing's syndrome was treated with mitotane (o,p'DDD). The first patient had initially been treated by bilateral adrenalectomy and, whilst responding to mitotane biochemically and by remission of metastases, experienced repeated episodes of adrenal crisis requiring a substantial increase in steroid therapy. The second patient failed to respond to the drug, but evidence of hepatic enzyme induction was noted during its administration. It is suggested that hepatic microsomal enzyme induction can occur in association with treatment with mitotane and that this can lead to an increased destruction of exogenous steroid with clinical consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Hague
- Department of Medicine, District General Hospital, Barnsley, UK
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May CA, Garnett WR. Treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma: a case report and review of the literature. DRUG INTELLIGENCE & CLINICAL PHARMACY 1986; 20:24-32. [PMID: 3510844 DOI: 10.1177/106002808602000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A case report of adrenocortical carcinoma is presented, and its natural history and treatment are discussed. Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare malignant disease. The mean survival time for untreated patients is less than three months. The tumor is classified as functioning or nonfunctioning depending on biochemical and clinical evidence of steroid overproduction. Surgical resection of the tumor is the primary treatment. Chemotherapy is indicated for antitumor and antihormonal effects. Mitotane is a direct adrenolytic, and is the only drug currently available that has extended survival in patients with this disease. Its clinical usefulness is limited by its gastrointestinal and neurological toxicity. Aminoglutethimide inhibits steroid synthesis by blocking the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone. It has no antitumor effect in adrenocortical carcinoma, but is effective in relieving the signs and symptoms of excessive hormone production in functioning tumors. Both mitotane and aminoglutethimide have complex mechanisms of action. Their combined use in the treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma requires a complete understanding of their individual actions and awareness of the potential for additive effects, both therapeutic and toxic.
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Chambers JE, Yarbrough JD. A seasonal study of microsomal mixed-function oxidase components in insecticide-resistant and susceptible mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1979; 48:497-507. [PMID: 473193 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(79)90433-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Agrawal NK, Juneja CJ, Mahajan CL. Protective role of ascorbic acid in fishes exposed to organochlorine pollution. Toxicology 1978; 11:369-75. [PMID: 749273 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(78)92239-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Protective role of ascorbic acid on the toxic effect of aldrin pollution in an air-breathing fish Channa punctatus Bloch is reported. Fishes fed with aldrin mixed diet at 0.25% showed 25% mortality in 30 days. Mortality is preceded by certain changes in peripheral blood such as polycythemia and leucocytosis with increased thrombocyte but decreased neutrophil population. However, a massive dose of ascorbic acid (500 mg/100 g diet) was found to considerably neutralize the toxic effect as evidenced by 10-fold decrease in mortality and significantly lowered haematological response. The significance of these studies in the light of physiological role of ascorbic acid as a micronutrient for protection against pollution stress is discussed.
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Hogan TF, Citrin DL, Johnson BM, Nakamura S, Davis TE, Borden EC. o,p'-DDD (mitotane) therapy of adrenal cortical carcinoma: observations on drug dosage, toxicity, and steroid replacement. Cancer 1978; 42:2177-81. [PMID: 719602 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(197811)42:5<2177::aid-cncr2820420514>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Four patients with adrenal cortical carcinoma were treated with standard doses of o,p'-DDD. Plasma levels of o,p'-DDD and its metabolites o,p'-DDA and o,p'-DDE were measured. o,p'-DDD was measurable for up to 8 months after stopping therapy, and trace levels of metabolites were detectable at 18 months. Although 2 of 3 patients with measurable disease had objective tumor response and one patient achieved a complete response, severe drug toxicity occurred in all patients and signs of adrenal insufficiency occurred in three. Low dose therapy with o,p'-DDD is suggested, together with full gluco and mineralocorticoid replacement. Measurement of o,p'-DDD and its metabolites in plasma may prove clinically useful in developing effective but less toxic dosage schedules.
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Anderson DW, Hickey JJ. Dynamics of storage of organochlorine pollutants in herring gulls. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/0013-9327(76)90036-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kupfer D. Effects of pesticides and related compounds on steroid metabolism and function. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN TOXICOLOGY 1975; 4:83-124. [PMID: 172280 DOI: 10.1080/10408447509163835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Street JC, Chadwick RW. Ascorbic acid requirements and metabolism in relation to organochlorine pesticides. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1975; 258:132-43. [PMID: 54013 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb29273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Those organochlorine pesticides which possess both high lipoid solubility and high resistance to biodegradation are prone to accumulation in animal tissues and produce relatively long-term effects as toxicants. Such compounds, typified by DDT, Dieldrin, and Lindane, are profound inducers of hepatic microsomal enzymes, including parts of the glucuronic acid and ascorbic acid biosynthetic pathways. Consequently, administering such pesticides to rats in accompanied by enhanced formation and excretion of D-glucuronic acid and L-ascorbic acid, or D-glucaric acid in the case of guinea pigs. Secondarily, the efficiency in biodegrading the pesticides is reduced in ascorbic-acid-deficient guinea pigs with correspondingly greater residue accumulation in tissue. This would aggravate chronic toxic effects of the compounds. Finally, the capacity of the liver to adapt to the presence of such toxicants through enhanced microsomal enzymatic levels appears to be sensitive to its ascorbate status. Impaired enzyme induction is apparent quite early during ascorbic acid depletion in guinea pigs. The enhanced turnover of ascorbate produced by such pesticides, the poor enzymatic adaptation to them during ascorbate depletion and the dependency of the oxidase system upon adequate ascorbate, all point to the central significance of ascorbate status in the liver, and possibly other tissues, as a determinant of their chronic toxicity.
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Pélissier MA, Manchon P, Atteba S, Albrecht R. [Some effects of an average term of lindane on the microsomal enzymes in the liver of the rat]. FOOD AND COSMETICS TOXICOLOGY 1975; 13:437-40. [PMID: 51814 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-6264(75)80162-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Suzuki H, Ishikawa S. Ultrastructure of the ciliary muscle treated by organophosphate pesticide in beagle dogs. Br J Ophthalmol 1974; 58:931-40. [PMID: 4457106 PMCID: PMC1215060 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.58.11.931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Cappon ID, Nicholls DM. DDT increases the aminoacyl-tRNA binding activity of liver pH 5 supernatant fraction. Chem Biol Interact 1974; 9:155-68. [PMID: 4426105 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(74)80001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Weis P. Ultrastructural changes induced by low concentrations of DDT in the livers of the zebrafish and the guppy. Chem Biol Interact 1974; 8:25-30. [PMID: 4434561 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(74)90074-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Kacew S, Singhal RL. The influence of p,p'-DDT, alpha-chlordane, heptachlor and endrin on hepatic and renal carbohydrate metabolism and cyclic AMP-adenyl cyclase system. Life Sci 1973; 13:1363-71. [PMID: 4357693 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(73)90157-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Adamson IY, Weeks JL. The LD50 and chronic toxicity of reactor terphenyls. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1973; 27:69-73. [PMID: 4721200 DOI: 10.1080/00039896.1973.10666320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Adamson IY. Inhaled irradiated terphenyls: reaction of murine lung and liver. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1973; 26:192-6. [PMID: 4689795 DOI: 10.1080/00039896.1973.10666254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Bhatia SC, Sharma SC, Venkitasubramanian TA. Acute dieldrin toxicity: biochemical changes in the blood. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1972; 24:369-72. [PMID: 5021122 DOI: 10.1080/00039896.1972.10666106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Pearl W, Kupfer D. Stimulation of dieldrin elimination by a thiouracil derivative and DDT in the rat. Enhancement of dieldrin oxidative metabolism? Chem Biol Interact 1972; 4:91-6. [PMID: 5058328 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(72)90002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Abernathy CO, Hodgson E, Guthrie FE. Structure-activity relationships on the induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes in the mouse by 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethane(DDT) analogs. Biochem Pharmacol 1971; 20:2385-93. [PMID: 4147778 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(71)90238-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Kimbrough RD, Gaines TB, Linder RE. The ultrastructure of livers of rats fed DDT and dieldrin. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1971; 22:460-7. [PMID: 5545497 DOI: 10.1080/00039896.1971.10665879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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