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Jia B, Sun Z, Miao X, Ma S, Dong Y, Dang G, Zhang X, Ma Y. Copper-Catalyzed Enantioselective Synthesis of Spirohydroindoles by Ethoxyformylmethylene Oxindole and Iminoester 1,3-Dipole Cycloaddition: An Examination of Associated Biological Activities. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:24406-24414. [PMID: 38882071 PMCID: PMC11170628 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
A highly enantioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of ethoxyformylmethylene oxindole with iminoesters has been achieved using the Cu(I)-(S,Sp)-Ph Phosferrox catalytic system, generating a series of chiral spiro[pyrrolidin-3,3'-oxindole] compounds with four consecutive stereocenters, including a spirocycle quaternary center (71%-99% yield, up to >20:1 dr and 95:5 er). The compounds exhibited good inhibitory activity against Valsa mali (V.m.), Fusarium oxysporium (F.o.), and Alternaria brassicae (A.b.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jia
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710000, China
| | - Zhaoyang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710000, China
| | - Xia Miao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710000, China
| | - Siyue Ma
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710000, China
| | - Yuan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710000, China
| | - Gege Dang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710000, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710000, China
| | - Yangmin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710000, China
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Ghirardini E, Calugi F, Sagona G, Di Vetta F, Palma M, Battini R, Cioni G, Pizzorusso T, Baroncelli L. The Role of Preclinical Models in Creatine Transporter Deficiency: Neurobiological Mechanisms, Biomarkers and Therapeutic Development. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081123. [PMID: 34440297 PMCID: PMC8392480 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Creatine (Cr) Transporter Deficiency (CTD) is an X-linked metabolic disorder, mostly caused by missense mutations in the SLC6A8 gene and presenting with intellectual disability, autistic behavior, and epilepsy. There is no effective treatment for CTD and patients need lifelong assistance. Thus, the research of novel intervention strategies is a major scientific challenge. Animal models are an excellent tool to dissect the disease pathogenetic mechanisms and drive the preclinical development of therapeutics. This review illustrates the current knowledge about Cr metabolism and CTD clinical aspects, with a focus on mainstay diagnostic and therapeutic options. Then, we discuss the rodent models of CTD characterized in the last decade, comparing the phenotypes expressed within clinically relevant domains and the timeline of symptom development. This analysis highlights that animals with the ubiquitous deletion/mutation of SLC6A8 genes well recapitulate the early onset and the complex pathological phenotype of the human condition. Thus, they should represent the preferred model for preclinical efficacy studies. On the other hand, brain- and cell-specific conditional mutants are ideal for understanding the basis of CTD at a cellular and molecular level. Finally, we explain how CTD models might provide novel insight about the pathogenesis of other disorders, including cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn/metabolism
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn/pathology
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn/therapy
- Central Nervous System/pathology
- Creatine/deficiency
- Creatine/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- Mental Retardation, X-Linked/metabolism
- Mental Retardation, X-Linked/pathology
- Mental Retardation, X-Linked/therapy
- Mice
- Plasma Membrane Neurotransmitter Transport Proteins/deficiency
- Plasma Membrane Neurotransmitter Transport Proteins/metabolism
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Ghirardini
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, I-56128 Pisa, Italy; (E.G.); (G.S.); (R.B.); (G.C.)
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), I-56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.C.); (F.D.V.); (M.P.); (T.P.)
| | - Francesco Calugi
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), I-56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.C.); (F.D.V.); (M.P.); (T.P.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, I-50135 Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Sagona
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, I-56128 Pisa, Italy; (E.G.); (G.S.); (R.B.); (G.C.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, I-50135 Florence, Italy
| | - Federica Di Vetta
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), I-56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.C.); (F.D.V.); (M.P.); (T.P.)
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Martina Palma
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), I-56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.C.); (F.D.V.); (M.P.); (T.P.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, I-50135 Florence, Italy
| | - Roberta Battini
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, I-56128 Pisa, Italy; (E.G.); (G.S.); (R.B.); (G.C.)
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cioni
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, I-56128 Pisa, Italy; (E.G.); (G.S.); (R.B.); (G.C.)
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Tommaso Pizzorusso
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), I-56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.C.); (F.D.V.); (M.P.); (T.P.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, I-50135 Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Baroncelli
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, I-56128 Pisa, Italy; (E.G.); (G.S.); (R.B.); (G.C.)
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), I-56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.C.); (F.D.V.); (M.P.); (T.P.)
- Correspondence:
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Adriano E, Garbati P, Damonte G, Salis A, Armirotti A, Balestrino M. Searching for a therapy of creatine transporter deficiency: some effects of creatine ethyl ester in brain slices in vitro. Neuroscience 2011; 199:386-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Li Y, Sheth VR, Liu G, Pagel MD. A self-calibrating PARACEST MRI contrast agent that detects esterase enzyme activity. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2010; 6:219-28. [PMID: 21861282 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 07/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The CEST effect of many PARACEST MRI contrast agents changes in response to a molecular biomarker. However, other molecular biomarkers or environmental factors can influence CEST, so that a change in CEST is not conclusive proof for detecting the biomarker. To overcome this problem, a second control CEST effect may be included in the same PARACEST agent, which is responsive to all factors that alter the first CEST effect except for the biomarker to be measured. To investigate this approach, a PARACEST MRI contrast agent was developed with one CEST effect that is responsive to esterase enzyme activity and a second control CEST effect. The ratio of the two CEST effects was independent of concentration and T(1) relaxation, so that this agent was self-calibrating with respect to these factors. This ratiometric method was dependent on temperature and was influenced by MR coalescence as the chemical exchange rates approached the chemical shifts of the exchangable protons as temperature was increased. The two CEST effects also showed evidence of having different pH dependencies, so that this agent was not self-calibrating with respect to pH. Therefore, a self-calibrating PARACEST MRI contrast agent can more accurately detect a molecular biomarker such as esterase enzyme activity, as long as temperature and pH are within an acceptable physiological range and remain constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuguo Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724-5024, USA
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Pypendop BH, Brosnan RJ, Siao KT, Stanley SD. Pharmacokinetics of remifentanil in conscious cats and cats anesthetized with isoflurane. Am J Vet Res 2008; 69:531-6. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.4.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Santanam N, Parthasarathy S. Aspirin is a substrate for paraoxonase-like activity: implications in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2006; 191:272-5. [PMID: 16793048 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2006] [Revised: 03/25/2006] [Accepted: 05/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON 1) is an enzyme that is promiscuous in its ability to hydrolyze various types of substrates. It hydrolyzes aryl esters, phosphate esters, lactones, and reduces lipid peroxides to hydroxides. Aspirin is an aryl ester with a short plasma half life. We hypothesized that aspirin would be effectively hydrolyzed by PON 1 and many of its anti-atherogenic effects, at least in part, could be accounted for by its antioxidant product, salicylic acid. In this study, we determined the ability of human plasma and PON 1-rich HDL to hydrolyze acetyl ester of salicylic acid (aspirin). The ability of aspirin to compete for the hydrolysis of paraoxon and p-nitrophenylacetate was determined. In addition, nitrated aspirin was synthesized and tested directly for hydrolysis. Aspirin competed for the hydrolysis of paraoxon and p-nitrophenylacetate by HDL in a dose-dependent manner. Human plasma and HDL were also able to hydrolyze nitroaspirin and aspirin and release nitrosalicylic acid and salicylic acid, respectively. These findings suggest that salicylic acid might be generated in the plasma from aspirin. The ability of long-term treatment with aspirin to retard atherosclerosis might be dependent on the generation of free salicylic acid, a scavenger of free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalini Santanam
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Ashani Y. Prospective of human butyrylcholinesterase as a detoxifying antidote and potential regulator of controlled-release drugs. Drug Dev Res 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1098-2299(200007/08)50:3/4<298::aid-ddr13>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Shahrokh Z, Lee E, Olivero AG, Matamoros RA, Robarge KD, Lee A, Weise KJ, Blackburn BK, Powell MF. Stability of alkoxycarbonylamidine prodrugs. Pharm Res 1998; 15:434-41. [PMID: 9563074 DOI: 10.1023/a:1011928415808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Alkoxycarbonylamidine prodrug modification was used to mask the positively-charged amidine moiety of an Arg-Gly-Asp peptidomimetic and enhance oral bioavailability. The aqueous stability of ethoxycarbonylamidine (ECA), ethanethiocarbonylamidine (ETCA) and phenoxycarbonylamidine (PCA) prodrugs was examined. METHODS Degradation was followed by RP-HPLC and rate constants were determined from a degradation scheme defined by product analysis. RESULTS ECA gave a pH of maximum stability at pH approximately 7 and was independent of pH below pH approximately 4. A novel degradation pathway of ECA, conversion to ethoxycarbonyl- aminocarbonyl, was observed below pH 7. The relative rates below pH 7 were ECA approximately ETCA < PCA, in the same order of decreasing pKa of the conjugate acid of the substituted amidino group. Base-catalyzed cleavage of ECA to yield the amidine derivative gave the relative rates ECA < ETCA < PCA, in agreement with the decreasing pKa of the leaving groups. CONCLUSIONS The observed rate constants at all pHs were small enough that only 5-30% (depending on the substituent) undesirable degradation is predicted during transit time of the gut. The spontaneous post-absorptive conversion to the amidine drugs at neutral pH is predicted to be 6x greater for the PCA than the ECA prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Shahrokh
- Department of Pharmaceutical R&D, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.
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Cokuğraş AN, Tezcan EF. Amitriptyline: a potent inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase from human serum. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 1997; 29:835-8. [PMID: 9347335 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-3623(97)00004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
1. The effect of amitriptyline on human serum butyrylcholinesterase (acylcholine acylhydrolase E.C.3.1.1.8) has been investigated. From the Lineweaver-Burk plot and the plot of v versus amitriptyline concentration, it was concluded that amitriptyline inhibition is partially competitive, and the kinetic parameters have been calculated as Ks = 0.11 mM, alpha = 1425 and Ki = 0.01 mM. 2. Because amitriptyline is a partial competitive inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase, acquired deficiency may be seen in patients treated with amitriptyline and may cause complications in operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Cokuğraş
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Ankara, Turkey
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10
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Breed RT, Jolly CJ. Variation in rates of activity and inhibition of serum cholinesterase among anthropoid primates. INT J PRIMATOL 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02735731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Rakonczay Z, Brimijoin S. Biochemistry and pathophysiology of the molecular forms of cholinesterases. Subcell Biochem 1988; 12:335-78. [PMID: 3043772 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1681-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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12
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Westcott JY, Clay KL, Murphy RC. Preparation of oxygen-18-labeled lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid. BIOMEDICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1985; 12:714-8. [PMID: 3004615 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200121208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Plasma pseudocholinesterase and porcine liver esterase were used to catalyse the incorporation of the stable isotope oxygen-18 into the carboxyl moiety of lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid. This simple method produces eicosanoid products containing two oxygen-18 atoms; but the enzymes studied were found to display large substrate specificity in the efficiencies at which oxygen-18 could be incorporated into the lipoxygenase metabolites. Furthermore, [18O2]LTB4 was found not to back exchange during in vitro incubation with human neutrophils. The methods involved for stable isotope incorporation are simple, efficient and produce highly enriched species in a short time. By varying the type of esterase, the amount of esterase or the length of incubation highly enriched species of all eicosanoids tested could be prepared.
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13
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Eckerson HW, Oseroff A, Lockridge O, La Du BN. Immunological comparison of the usual and atypical human serum cholinesterase phenotypes. Biochem Genet 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00498901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Brown SS, Kalow W, Pilz W, Whittaker M, Woronick CL. The plasma cholinesteerases: a new perspective. Adv Clin Chem 1981; 22:1-123. [PMID: 7027759 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2423(08)60046-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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15
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Rainsford KD, Ford NL, Brooks PM, Watson HM. Plasma aspirin esterases in normal individuals, patients with alcoholic liver disease and rheumatoid arthritis: characterization and the importance of the enzymic components. Eur J Clin Invest 1980; 10:413-20. [PMID: 6777177 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.1980.tb00054.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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16
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Douch PG. The localization and some properties of the acetylsalicylic acid O-deacetylases of Ascaris lumbricoides var suum and Moniezia expansa. Xenobiotica 1978; 8:177-82. [PMID: 654312 DOI: 10.3109/00498257809060397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
1. Enzymes hydrolysing acetylsalicylic acid were found in the cytosol of the cestode, Moniezia expansa, and in the cytosol of the intestinal epithelial cells and cytosol of the reproductive tract of the nematode, Ascaris lumbricoides var suum. 2. Enzymes hydrolysing 2-naphthyl acetate and 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate were found throughout the proglottid of the cestode and in the reproductive tract, intestine, mesenchyme fluid and cuticle of the nematode. These enzymes had mol. wt. of 30 000-300 000 whereas those hydrolysing acetylsalicylic acid in both species had mol. wt. of about 87 000. 3. The acetylsalicylic acid hydrolases from both helminths showed pH optima of about 7.0, and activity was enhanced by Ca2+ and low-mol. wt. thiols. Cu2+, Cd2+, Hg2+, Zn2+, La3+, F- and EDTA at 1 mM inhibited activity. N-Ethylmaleimide, p-chloromercuribenzoate, haloxon and paraoxon also inhibited hydrolase activity.
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Muensch H, Goedde HW, Yoshida A. Human-serum cholinesterase subunits and number of active sites of the major component. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1976; 70:217-23. [PMID: 1009925 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1976.tb10972.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The major C4 component of human serum cholinesterase was highly purified by a two-step procedure involving chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and preparative disc electrophoresis. The final product was about 8 000-fold purified with a yield of 64%. The subunit structure was determined by 8M urea polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis and by the sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation method in 5M guanidine hydrochloride. It was found that the C4 enzyme has a tetrameric structure. The subunits are equal in size and charge and a molecular weight comparable to that of the C1 enzyme from native serum. The major C4 enzyme and the minor C1 enzyme were subjected to an 'active enzyme centrifugation'. It was found that the C4 enzyme was a tetramer and the C1 enzyme was a monomer in the presence of substrate. The number of diisopropylphosphofluoridate-binding sites was measured from the molar ratio of bound diisopropylphosphate to protein. A value close to two binding sites was found for the C4 enzyme.
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Salmona M, Lakszner K, Fanelli R, Saronio C, Bianchi R, Mussini E. Relationship of in vitro hydrolysis of 17-chloroacetylajmaline and 17-acetylajmaline in different animal species. J Pharm Sci 1975; 64:1561-3. [PMID: 1185580 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600640933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
17-Chloroacetylajmaline and 17-acetylajmaline are reported to have in vivo antiarrhythmic activity and are metabolized by hydrolysis. Since the hydrolysis product, ajmaline, may be the actual antiarrhythmic agent, the hydrolysis of these derivatives by various tissues of the guinea pig, rat, and mouse was determined in vitro by a titrimetric method and compared to hydrolysis by alpha-naphthylacetate. The heart is the most active tissue in the guinea pig for hydrolyzing 17-chloroacetylajmaline. The hydrolyzing activity is greater in the guinea pig than in rat or mouse heart, corresponding with the more significant pharmacological activity in the guinea pig. 17-Chloroacetylajmaline has a significantly lower Km value than 17-acetylajmaline, which is in agreement with the in vivo activity.
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Zemaitis MA, Hill RN, Greene FE. Autosomal genetic control of the activity of an esterase in rat hepatic microsomes. Biochem Genet 1974; 12:295-308. [PMID: 4441363 DOI: 10.1007/bf00485950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Salmona M, Saronio C, Bianchi R, Marcucci F, Mussini E. In vitro hydrolysis of oxazepam succinate half-ester by a stereospecific soluble esterase from different animal species. J Pharm Sci 1974; 63:222-5. [PMID: 4204982 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600630209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Dalal FY, Bennett EJ, Raj PP, Lee DG. Dystrophia myotonica: a multisystem disease. CANADIAN ANAESTHETISTS' SOCIETY JOURNAL 1972; 19:436-44. [PMID: 5042869 DOI: 10.1007/bf03005968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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