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Bonaterra GA, Bender K, Wilhelm B, Schwarzbach H, Metz S, Kelber O, Weiser D, Metz J, Kinscherf R. Effect of cholesterol re-supplementation and atorvastatin on plaque composition in the thoracic aorta of New Zealand white rabbits. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2020; 20:420. [PMID: 32942987 PMCID: PMC7499881 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-020-01703-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effects of re-supplementation of a cholesterol-enriched diet (CEDrs) on size, cholesterol content and morphology of already existing plaques are not known to date. METHODS A group of rabbits received standard chow (SC) for 6 weeks ("negative control"; for plasma lipid measurements only). Group I-IV received 2% CED (induction) for 6 weeks; thereafter, groups II-IV have been fed a SC (= cholesterol withdrawal) for 68 weeks. Afterwards, feeding of groups II-IV was continued as follows: Group II - 10 weeks SC, group III - 4 weeks 0.5% CED (~re-supplementation), afterwards 6 weeks SC (~withdrawal again); group IV - 4 weeks 0.5% CED (re-supplementation) + atorvastatin (2.5 mg/kg body weight/day), afterwards 6 weeks SC (~withdrawal again) + atorvastatin. Plasma lipids, but also plaque size, morphology and cholesterol contents of thoracic aortas were quantified. RESULTS After CEDrs, plasma cholesterol levels were increased. However, after withdrawal of CEDrs, plasma cholesterol levels decreased, whereas the cholesterol content of the thoracic aorta was increased in comparison with the group without CEDrs. Plaque size remained unaffected. Atorvastatin application did not change plasma cholesterol level, cholesterol content of the thoracic aorta and plaque size in comparison with the group without drug treatment. However, atorvastatin treatment increased the density of macrophages (MΦ) compared with the group without treatment, with a significant correlation between densities of MΦ (Mac-1+) and apoptotic (TUNEL+; TP53+), antigen-presenting (HLA-DR+) or oxidatively stressed (SOD2+) cells. CONCLUSIONS In rabbits with already existing plaques, CEDrs affects plaque morphology and cellular composition, but not plaque size. Despite missing effects on plasma cholesterol levels, cholesterol content of the thoracic aorta and size of already existing atherosclerotic plaques, atorvastatin treatment transforms the already existing lesions to a more active form, which may accelerate the remodelling to a more stable plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Bonaterra
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany.
| | - K Bender
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology III, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - B Wilhelm
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - H Schwarzbach
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - S Metz
- Department of Radiology, Technical University, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - O Kelber
- Steigerwald Arzneimittelwerk, 64295, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - D Weiser
- Steigerwald Arzneimittelwerk, 64295, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - J Metz
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology III, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R Kinscherf
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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Abstract
Macrophages play a central role in the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), which encompasses coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, and aortic atherosclerosis. In each vascular bed, macrophages contribute to the maintenance of the local inflammatory response, propagate plaque development, and promote thrombosis. These central roles, coupled with their plasticity, makes macrophages attractive therapeutic targets in stemming the development of and stabilizing existing atherosclerosis. In the context of ASCVD, classically activated M1 macrophages initiate and sustain inflammation, and alternatively activated M2 macrophages resolve inflammation. However, this classification is now considered an oversimplification, and a greater understanding of plaque macrophage physiology in ASCVD is required to aid in the development of therapeutics to promote ASCVD regression. Reviewed herein are the macrophage phenotypes and molecular regulators characteristic of ASCVD regression, and the current murine models of ASCVD regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa J. Barrett
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University
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Progression and Characterization of the Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Iliac Artery of New Zealand White Rabbits: Effect of Simvastatin. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2018; 69:314-325. [PMID: 28207427 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although atherosclerosis is described in New Zealand White rabbit's iliac artery, yet details of time-dependent atherosclerosis progression are not well known. Further, a well characterized accelerated model of atherosclerosis is also required for the screening of candidate drugs to target specific steps of atherosclerosis development. The present study extensively characterizes the time-dependent plaque composition and functional responses of the atherosclerosis in rabbit iliac artery and its modification by simvastatin. METHODS Atherosclerosis was induced with a combination of balloon injury and atherogenic diet (AD) (1% cholesterol, 6% peanut oil) in rabbit's iliac artery. Atherosclerosis progression was evaluated on days 8, 10, 15, 21, 35, and 56 after AD feeding. The plaque characterization was done using histology, real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and vasoreactivity experiments. The standard anti-hyperlipidemic drug, simvastatin (5 mg·kg·d), was used to investigate its effect on atherosclerotic changes. RESULTS Plasma lipids were elevated in a progressive manner after AD feeding from days 8 to 56. Similarly, arterial lipids, Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1) level along with infiltration of macrophages in the lesion area were also increased from day 15 onward. This resulted in a significant increase in the plaque area and intimal-medial thickness ratio in contrast to normal animals. Inflammatory milieu was observed with a significant increase in expression of pro-inflammatory regulators like MCP-1, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) and Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (VCAM-1), whereas anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 decreased as disease progressed. Endothelial dysfunction was also observed, specifically Acetylcholine (ACh)-induced vasorelaxation was reduced from day 8 onward, whereas the phenylephrine-induced vasoconstriction response was progressively reduced from day 15 in the iliac artery. Ground substances including proteoglycans, α-actin, and collagen content along with metalloproteinase-9 and Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) inhibitors were significantly augmented at later time points, day 21 onward. Simvastatin treatment for 35 days, at a dose having no significant effect on plasma lipid levels, significantly reduced atherosclerotic progression as evident by reduced macrophage content, inflammatory burden, and extracellular matrix component like proteoglycans and metalloproteinase-9. CONCLUSIONS The authors observed that AD feeding with balloon injury in the rabbit iliac artery accelerated the progression of atherosclerosis and exhibited predominant features of type III human lesion within 8 weeks (56 days). Simvastatin treatment for 35 days exhibited anti-atherosclerotic efficacy without significantly lowering the circulating lipids. The current study thus provides an insight into the time-dependent atherosclerotic progression in rabbit iliac artery and highlights its utility for anti-atherosclerotic evaluation of the candidate drugs.
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Ramsey SA, Vengrenyuk Y, Menon P, Podolsky I, Feig JE, Aderem A, Fisher EA, Gold ES. Epigenome-guided analysis of the transcriptome of plaque macrophages during atherosclerosis regression reveals activation of the Wnt signaling pathway. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004828. [PMID: 25474352 PMCID: PMC4256277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the first systems biology investigation of regulators controlling arterial plaque macrophage transcriptional changes in response to lipid lowering in vivo in two distinct mouse models of atherosclerosis regression. Transcriptome measurements from plaque macrophages from the Reversa mouse were integrated with measurements from an aortic transplant-based mouse model of plaque regression. Functional relevance of the genes detected as differentially expressed in plaque macrophages in response to lipid lowering in vivo was assessed through analysis of gene functional annotations, overlap with in vitro foam cell studies, and overlap of associated eQTLs with human atherosclerosis/CAD risk SNPs. To identify transcription factors that control plaque macrophage responses to lipid lowering in vivo, we used an integrative strategy – leveraging macrophage epigenomic measurements – to detect enrichment of transcription factor binding sites upstream of genes that are differentially expressed in plaque macrophages during regression. The integrated analysis uncovered eight transcription factor binding site elements that were statistically overrepresented within the 5′ regulatory regions of genes that were upregulated in plaque macrophages in the Reversa model under maximal regression conditions and within the 5′ regulatory regions of genes that were upregulated in the aortic transplant model during regression. Of these, the TCF/LEF binding site was present in promoters of upregulated genes related to cell motility, suggesting that the canonical Wnt signaling pathway may be activated in plaque macrophages during regression. We validated this network-based prediction by demonstrating that β-catenin expression is higher in regressing (vs. control group) plaques in both regression models, and we further demonstrated that stimulation of canonical Wnt signaling increases macrophage migration in vitro. These results suggest involvement of canonical Wnt signaling in macrophage emigration from the plaque during lipid lowering-induced regression, and they illustrate the discovery potential of an epigenome-guided, systems approach to understanding atherosclerosis regression. Atherosclerosis, a progressive accumulation of lipid-rich plaque within arteries, is an inflammatory disease in which the response of macrophages (a key cell type of the innate immune system) to plasma lipoproteins plays a central role. In humans, the goal of significantly reducing already-established plaque through drug treatments, including statins, remains elusive. In mice, atherosclerosis can be reversed by experimental manipulations that lower circulating lipid levels. A common feature of many regression models is that macrophages transition to a less inflammatory state and emigrate from the plaque. While the molecular regulators that control these responses are largely unknown, we hypothesized that by integrating global measurements of macrophage gene expression in regressing plaques with measurements of the macrophage chromatin landscape, we could identify key molecules that control macrophage responses to the lowering of circulating lipid levels. Our systems biology analysis of plaque macrophages yielded a network in which the Wnt signaling pathway emerged as a candidate upstream regulator. Wnt signaling is known to affect both inflammation and the ability of macrophages to migrate from one location to another, and our targeted validation studies provide evidence that Wnt signaling is increased in plaque macrophages during regression. Our findings both demonstrate the power of a systems approach to uncover candidate regulators of regression and to identify a potential new therapeutic target.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Epigenesis, Genetic/drug effects
- Epigenesis, Genetic/physiology
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Genome/drug effects
- Hypolipidemic Agents/pharmacology
- Hypolipidemic Agents/therapeutic use
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Microarray Analysis
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/drug therapy
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/genetics
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/metabolism
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/pathology
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Remission Induction
- Transcriptome/drug effects
- Wnt Signaling Pathway/drug effects
- Wnt Signaling Pathway/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A. Ramsey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Yuliya Vengrenyuk
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Prashanthi Menon
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Irina Podolsky
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jonathan E. Feig
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alan Aderem
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Edward A. Fisher
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EAF); (ESG)
| | - Elizabeth S. Gold
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EAF); (ESG)
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5
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Riedmüller K, Metz S, Bonaterra GA, Kelber O, Weiser D, Metz J, Kinscherf R. Cholesterol diet and effect of long-term withdrawal on plaque development and composition in the thoracic aorta of New Zealand White rabbits. Atherosclerosis 2010; 210:407-13. [PMID: 20138623 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Experimental study on plaque progression, regression and composition in atherosclerotic thoracic aorta of hypercholesterolemic rabbits after long-term withdrawal of cholesterol-enriched diet (CED). METHODS Rabbits were fed 2% cholesterol for 6 weeks followed by withdrawal periods for 15, 23, 34, 68, or 78 weeks. Cholesterol, triglyceride, and phospholipids levels in blood and cholesterol concentrations in aorta were quantified. Plaque size and cellularity, phenotype of macrophages and smooth muscle cells were (immuno)histomorphometrically analyzed in segments of the thoracic aorta. RESULTS After 6 weeks of CED, blood cholesterol levels were about 80-fold higher, whereas atherosclerosis and cholesterol content in the thoracic aorta were only minimally increased. However, the latter significantly increased within 15 weeks after cholesterol withdrawal, while serum cholesterol level was still 10-fold increased. Thereafter plaque area and cholesterol content remained almost unchanged until the end of the study despite a long-term normalization of serum cholesterol level after withdrawal of CED. Directly after 6 weeks of CED the densities of macrophages and apoptotic cells within plaques were highest, decreasing after cholesterol withdrawal, whereas, vice versa the density of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) significantly increased. CONCLUSION We suggest that atherosclerotic plaques respond to long-term withdrawal of CED by decrease in number and phenotype of macrophages and increase of SMCs without regression of the lesion size. The cellular changes are suggested to considerably contribute to higher plaque stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Riedmüller
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology III, University of Heidelberg, INF 307, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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7
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Zerbinatti CV, Gore RW. Uptake of modified low-density lipoproteins alters actin distribution and locomotor forces in macrophages. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2003; 284:C555-61. [PMID: 12388112 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00177.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It is postulated that macrophage-derived foam cells accumulate in the arterial wall because they lose the ability to migrate after excessive ingestion of modified forms of low-density lipoproteins (LDL). To assess changes in locomotor force generating capacity of foam cells, we measured isometric forces in J774A.1 macrophages after cholesterol loading with oxidized (Ox-LDL) or aggregated (Agg-LDL) LDL using a novel magnetic force transducer. Ox-LDL loading reduced the ability of J774A.1 macrophages to generate isometric forces by 50% relative to control cells. Changes in force frequency consistent with reduced motility were detected as well. Agg-LDL loading was also detrimental to J774A.1 motility but to a lesser extent than Ox-LDL. Ox-LDL loading significantly reduced total actin levels and induced changes in the F-actin to G-actin distribution, whereas Agg-LDL loaded cells had significantly increased levels of total actin. These data provide evidence that cholesterol loading and subsequent accumulation decreases macrophage motility by reducing the cells' force generating capacity and that Ox-LDL appears to be more effective than Agg-LDL in disrupting the locomotor machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina V Zerbinatti
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA
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8
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Abstract
Monocytes (MPhis) are among the first cells to accumulate in early atherosclerotic lesions and generally are believed to be incapable of proliferation. However, recent studies indicate that the number of MPhis in atherosclerotic lesion may increase due to induction of local proliferation. Since proliferation of hematopoietic lineage cells is strongly influenced by interaction with neighboring cell types, we examined the ability of vascular endothelial cells (EC), smooth muscle cells or fibroblasts to stimulate MPhi proliferation. In this study, we show that only when seeded at high densities MPhis could proliferate in culture. However, when contact co-cultured with EC, MPhis proliferated at a higher rate (260% on day 6) than those cultured alone or co-cultured with smooth muscle cells or fibroblasts. Endothelial cells could stimulate the proliferation of MPhis even at non-proliferating densities. Only EC that were growth arrested or in lag phase could induce MPhi proliferation, whereas those in the exponential proliferating phase were non-stimulatory. Conditioned medium prepared from EC in growth arrested or lag phase failed to stimulate MPhi proliferation. Similarly physical separation of MPhis from EC also resulted in no proliferation. These results suggest that EC induced MPhi proliferation is contact dependent and no soluble factors are involved in this induction. This EC induced MPhi proliferation may have a profound effect on the rate of progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pakala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The University of Texas Houston Medical School, 6431 Fannin, MSB 6.039, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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9
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Antonov AS, Munn DH, Kolodgie FD, Virmani R, Gerrity RG. Aortic endothelial cells regulate proliferation of human monocytes in vitro via a mechanism synergistic with macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Convergence at the cyclin E/p27(Kip1) regulatory checkpoint. J Clin Invest 1997; 99:2867-76. [PMID: 9185509 PMCID: PMC508137 DOI: 10.1172/jci119480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocyte-derived macrophages (Mphis) are pivotal participants in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Evidence from both animal and human plaques indicates that local proliferation may contribute to accumulation of lesion Mphis, and the major Mphi growth factor, macrophage colony stimulating factor (MCSF), is present in atherosclerotic plaques. However, most in vitro studies have failed to demonstrate that human monocytes/Mphis possess significant proliferative capacity. We now report that, although human monocytes cultured in isolation showed only limited MCSF-induced proliferation, monocytes cocultured with aortic endothelial cells at identical MCSF concentrations underwent enhanced (up to 40-fold) and prolonged (21 d) proliferation. In contrast with monocytes in isolation, this was optimal at low seeding densities, required endothelial cell contact, and could not be reproduced by coculture with smooth muscle cells. Intimal Mphi isolated from human aortas likewise showed endothelial cell contact-dependent, MCSF-induced proliferation. Consistent with a two-signal mechanism governing Mphi proliferation, the cell cycle regulatory protein, cyclin E, was rapidly upregulated by endothelial cell contact in an MCSFindependent fashion, but MCSF was required for successful downregulation of the cell cycle inhibitory protein p27(Kip1) before cell cycling. Thus endothelial cells and MCSF differentially and synergistically regulate two Mphi genes critical for progression through the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Antonov
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
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10
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Ball RY, Stowers EC, Burton JH, Cary NR, Skepper JN, Mitchinson MJ. Evidence that the death of macrophage foam cells contributes to the lipid core of atheroma. Atherosclerosis 1995; 114:45-54. [PMID: 7605375 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9150(94)05463-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Sections of human atherosclerotic lesions of different stages show that, in early lesions, the acellular lipid core is usually immediately adjacent to the deepest edge of a collection of macrophage foam cells. Advanced lesions with a large lipid core have variable numbers of macrophage foam cells, close to the lateral edges, or shoulders, of the core. In both early and advanced lesions, some of the macrophages nearest the core appear to be dying. Lipid cores contain two materials which in earlier lesions are found only in macrophages, namely ceroid and CD68 antigen, but do not contain recognisable smooth muscle cell actin. It is concluded that death of macrophage foam cells contributes to the origin and slow enlargement of the lipid core. The cause of macrophage death is not yet certain, but is under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Y Ball
- Department of Histopathology, Norfolk and Norwich Health Care NHS Trust, UK
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11
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Saleh AA, Dorey LG, Dombrowski MP, Hirata J, Mammen EF. Plasma fibronectin and estrogen replacement therapy. Thromb Res 1994; 75:319-22. [PMID: 7992242 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(94)90242-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A A Saleh
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Grace Hospital, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201
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12
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Reid VC, Mitchinson MJ, Skepper JN. Cytotoxicity of oxidized low-density lipoprotein to mouse peritoneal macrophages: an ultrastructural study. J Pathol 1993; 171:321-8. [PMID: 8158460 DOI: 10.1002/path.1711710413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Mouse peritoneal macrophages (MPM) were incubated in culture medium containing low-density lipoprotein (LDL), oxidized LDL (oxLDL), or as controls, for 24 h. Scanning electron microscopy of MPM exposed to oxLDL showed loss of membrane ruffles and extensive plasmalemmal 'blebbing'. Transmission electron microscopy showed changes in up to 50 per cent of the cells, including vacuolation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and reorganization of heterochromatin in the nuclei, characteristic of apoptosis. These changes were not seen in controls, nor in macrophages exposed to native LDL. Electron-dense crystals were found in the cytoplasm of 1 in 50 of cells exposed to oxLDL. These were found to have a high content of calcium and phosphorus. It is proposed that oxLDL is capable of inducing apoptosis, which might explain the origin of the necrotic base of advanced atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- V C Reid
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, U.K
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13
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Pataki M, Lusztig G, Robenek H. Endocytosis of oxidized LDL and reversibility of migration inhibition in macrophage-derived foam cells in vitro. A mechanism for atherosclerosis regression? ARTERIOSCLEROSIS AND THROMBOSIS : A JOURNAL OF VASCULAR BIOLOGY 1992; 12:936-44. [PMID: 1637791 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.12.8.936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The ability of macrophage-derived foam cells to migrate from atherosclerotic lesions represents one potential mechanism for the regression of atherosclerosis. It is, however, generally recognized that the transformation of macrophages into foam cells results in greatly reduced migrational ability. In the present study, we set out to investigate the factors affecting migratory capability in foam cell-like cells with the use of an in vitro assay. Foam cell-like cells were prepared by incubating macrophages in the presence of oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL). The transformation to a typical foam cell morphology was demonstrated by Nile red staining (light microscopy), and the mechanisms of binding, uptake, and intracellular processing of oxidized LDL were established by colloidal gold labeling on the ultrastructural level. With the in vitro assay, the migration of these foam cell-like cells was found to be markedly inhibited compared with untreated, control macrophages. However, zymosan-activated mouse serum restored migration in oxidized LDL-treated cells to levels similar to those of control cells. Restoration of migratory capacity was accompanied by alterations in the cytoskeleton system, especially in actin arrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pataki
- Department of Experimental Pathology, County Hospital Kecskemet, Hungary
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Willis AL, Smith DL, Vigo C. Suppression of principal atherosclerotic mechanisms by prostacyclins and other eicosanoids. Prog Lipid Res 1986; 25:645-66. [PMID: 3321097 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7827(86)90132-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A L Willis
- Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis Section, Syntex Research, Palo Alto, CA 94304
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