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Kozlov G, Franceschi C, Vedunova M. Intricacies of aging and Down syndrome. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 164:105794. [PMID: 38971514 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Down syndrome is the most frequently occurring genetic condition, with a substantial escalation in risk associated with advanced maternal age. The syndrome is characterized by a diverse range of phenotypes, affecting to some extent all levels of organization, and its progeroid nature - early manifestation of aspects of the senile phenotype. Despite extensive investigations, many aspects and mechanisms of the disease remain unexplored. The current review aims to provide an overview of the main causes and manifestations of Down syndrome, while also examining the phenomenon of accelerated aging and exploring potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kozlov
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarin ave., 23, 603022, Russia
| | - C Franceschi
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarin ave., 23, 603022, Russia
| | - M Vedunova
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarin ave., 23, 603022, Russia; Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov str., 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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Rafferty K, Archer KJ, Turner K, Brown R, Jackson-Cook C. Trisomy 21-associated increases in chromosomal instability are unmasked by comparing isogenic trisomic/disomic leukocytes from people with mosaic Down syndrome. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254806. [PMID: 34283872 PMCID: PMC8291705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome, which results from a trisomic imbalance for chromosome 21, has been associated with 80+ phenotypic traits. However, the cellular changes that arise in somatic cells due to this aneuploid condition are not fully understood. The primary aim of this study was to determine if germline trisomy 21 is associated with an increase in spontaneous somatic cell chromosomal instability frequencies (SCINF). To achieve this aim, we quantified SCINF in people with mosaic Down syndrome using a cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus assay. By comparing values in their isogenic trisomic/disomic cells, we obtained a measure of differences in SCINF that are directly attributable to a trisomy 21 imbalance, since differential effects attributable to "background" genetic factors and environmental exposures could be eliminated. A cross-sectional assessment of 69 people with mosaic Down syndrome (ages 1 to 44; mean age of 12.84 years) showed a significantly higher frequency of micronuclei in their trisomic (0.37 ± 0.35 [mean ± standard deviation]) compared to disomic cells (0.18 ± 0.11)(P <0.0001). The daughter binucleates also showed significantly higher levels of abnormal patterns in the trisomic (1.68 ± 1.21) compared to disomic (0.35 ± 0.45) cells (P <0.0001). Moreover, a significant Age x Cell Type interaction was noted (P = 0.0113), indicating the relationship between age and SCINF differed between the trisomic and disomic cells. Similarly, a longitudinal assessment (mean time interval of 3.9 years; range of 2 to 6 years) of 18 participants showed a mean 1.63-fold increase in SCINF within individuals over time for their trisomic cells (P = 0.0186), compared to a 1.13-fold change in their disomic cells (P = 0.0464). In summary, these results showed a trisomy 21-associated, age-related increase in SCINF. They also underscore the strength of the isogenic mosaic Down syndrome model system for "unmasking" cellular changes arising from a trisomy 21 imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Rafferty
- Department of Human & Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kellie J. Archer
- Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kristi Turner
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ruth Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Colleen Jackson-Cook
- Department of Human & Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Down syndrome, accelerated aging and immunosenescence. Semin Immunopathol 2020; 42:635-645. [PMID: 32705346 PMCID: PMC7666319 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-020-00804-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome is the most common chromosomal disorder, associated with moderate to severe intellectual disability. While life expectancy of Down syndrome population has greatly increased over the last decades, mortality rates are still high and subjects are facing prematurely a phenomenon of atypical and accelerated aging. The presence of an immune impairment in Down syndrome subjects is suggested for a long time by the existence of an increased incidence of infections, the incomplete efficacy of vaccinations, and a high prevalence of autoimmunity. Immunologic abnormalities have been described since many years in this population, both from a numerical and a functional points of view, and these abnormalities can mirror the ones observed during normal aging. In this review, we summarize our knowledge on immunologic disturbances commonly observed in subjects with Down syndrome, and in innate and adaptive immunity, as well as regarding chronic inflammation. We then discuss the role of accelerated aging in these observed abnormalities and finally review the potential age-associated molecular and cellular mechanisms involved.
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Chromosomal stability in buccal cells was linked to age but not affected by exercise and nutrients - Vienna Active Ageing Study (VAAS), a randomized controlled trial. Redox Biol 2019; 28:101362. [PMID: 31675674 PMCID: PMC6838791 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of six months strength training with or without supplementing protein and vitamins, on chromosomal integrity of buccal cells in institutionalized elderly. One hundred seventeen women and men (65–98 years) performed either resistance training (RT), RT combined with a nutritional supplement (RTS) or cognitive training (CT) twice per week for six months. Participants’ fitness was measured using the 6 min walking, the chair rise, and the handgrip strength test. Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity parameters were investigated with the Buccal Micronucleus Cytome (BMcyt) assay. Six minutes walking and chair rise performance improved significantly, however, no changes of the parameters of the BMcyt were detected. Age and micronuclei (MN) frequency correlated significantly, for both women (r = 0.597, p = 0.000) and men (r = 0.508, p = 0.000). Squared regressions revealed a significant increase in the MN frequency of buccal cells with age (R2 = 0.466, p = 0.000). Interestingly and contrary to what was shown in blood lymphocytes, chromosomal damage in buccal cells increases until very old age, which might qualify them as a valid biomarker for aging. Unexpectedly, in this group of institutionalized elderly, resistance training using elastic bands had no effect on chromosomal damage in buccal cells. Mutation in buccal cells increased until very old age – a new aging biomarker? Chromosomal damage in buccal cells was age-dependent and equal for women and men. Strength training improved fitness but not mutagenicity in buccal cells of elderly.
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Abstract
During the past decades, life expectancy of subjects with Down syndrome (DS) has greatly improved, but age-specific mortality rates are still important and DS subjects are characterized by an acceleration of the ageing process, which affects particularly the immune and central nervous systems. In this chapter, we will first review the characteristics of the ageing phenomenon in brain and in immune system in DS and we will then discuss the biological hallmarks of ageing in this specific population. Finally, we will also consider in detail the knowledge on epigenetics in DS, particularly DNA methylation.
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Franceschi C, Garagnani P, Gensous N, Bacalini MG, Conte M, Salvioli S. Accelerated bio-cognitive aging in Down syndrome: State of the art and possible deceleration strategies. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e12903. [PMID: 30768754 PMCID: PMC6516152 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) has been proposed by George Martin as a segmental progeroid syndrome since 1978. In fact, DS persons suffer from several age-associated disorders much earlier than euploid persons. Furthermore, a series of recent studies have found that DS persons display elevated levels of age biomarkers, thus supporting the notion that DS is a progeroid trait. Nowadays, due to the progressive advancements in social inclusion processes and medical assistance, DS persons live much longer than in the past; therefore, the early-onset health problems of these persons are becoming an urgent and largely unmet social and medical burden. In particular, the most important ailment of DS persons is the accelerated cognitive decline that starts when they reach about 40 years of age. This decline can be at least in part counteracted by multi-systemic approaches including early-onset cognitive training, physical activity, and psychosocial assistance. However, no pharmacological treatment is approved to counteract this decline. According to the most advanced conceptualization of Geroscience, tackling the molecular mechanisms underpinning the aging process should be a smart/feasible strategy to combat and/or delay the great majority of age-related diseases, including cognitive decline. We think that a debate is needed urgently on if (and how) this strategy could be integrated in protocols to face DS-associated dementia and overall unhealthy aging. In particular we propose that, on the basis of data obtained in different clinical settings, metformin is a promising candidate that could be exploited to counteract cognitive decline in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Franceschi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di BolognaBolognaItaly
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny NovgorodNizhny NovgorodRussia
| | - Paolo Garagnani
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES)University of BolognaBolognaItaly
- Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory MedicineKarolinska Institutet at Huddinge University HospitalStockholmSweden
- Applied Biomedical Research Center (CRBA)S. Orsola‐Malpighi PolyclinicBolognaItaly
- CNR Institute of Molecular GeneticsUnit of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Noémie Gensous
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES)University of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | | | - Maria Conte
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES)University of BolognaBolognaItaly
- Interdepartmental Center “L. Galvani” (CIG)University of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Stefano Salvioli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES)University of BolognaBolognaItaly
- Interdepartmental Center “L. Galvani” (CIG)University of BolognaBolognaItaly
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8
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Abstract
Longevity varies among individuals, but how natural genetic variation contributes to variation in lifespan is poorly understood. Drosophila melanogaster presents an advantageous model system to explore the genetic underpinnings of longevity, since its generation time is brief and both the genetic background and rearing environment can be precisely controlled. The bellwether (blw) gene encodes the α subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Since metabolic rate may influence lifespan, we investigated whether alternative haplotypes in the blw promoter affect lifespan when expressed in a co-isogenic background. We amplified 521 bp upstream promoter sequences containing alternative haplotypes and assessed promoter activity both in vitro and in vivo using a luciferase reporter system. The AG haplotype showed significantly greater expression of luciferase than the GT haplotype. We then overexpressed a blw cDNA construct driven by either the AG or GT haplotype promoter in transgenic flies and showed that the AG haplotype also results in greater blw cDNA expression and a significant decrease in lifespan relative to the GT promoter haplotype, in male flies only. Thus, our results show that naturally occurring regulatory variants of blw affect lifespan in a sex-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Frankenberg Garcia
- Program in Genetics, W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Mary Anna Carbone
- Program in Genetics, W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Trudy F C Mackay
- Program in Genetics, W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert R H Anholt
- Program in Genetics, W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.
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Waaijer MEC, Croco E, Westendorp RGJ, Slagboom PE, Sedivy JM, Lorenzini A, Maier AB. DNA damage markers in dermal fibroblasts in vitro reflect chronological donor age. Aging (Albany NY) 2016; 8:147-57. [PMID: 26830451 PMCID: PMC4761719 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aging process is accompanied by an accumulation of cellular damage, which compromises the viability and function of cells and tissues. We aim to further explore the association between in vitro DNA damage markers and the chronological age of the donor, as well as long-lived family membership and presence of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, numbers of 53BP1 foci, telomere-associated foci (TAF) and micronuclei were measured in cultured dermal fibroblasts obtained from three age groups of donors (mean age 22, 63 and 90 years). Fibroblasts were cultured without a stressor and with 0.6 μM rotenone for 3 days. We found that 53BP1 foci and TAF were more frequently present in fibroblasts of old donors compared to middle-aged and young donors. No association between micronuclei and donor age was found. Within the fibroblasts of the middle-aged donors we did not find associations between DNA damage markers and long-lived family membership or cardiovascular disease. Results were comparable when fibroblasts were stressed in vitro with rotenone. In conclusion, we found that DNA damage foci of cultured fibroblasts are significantly associated with the chronological age, but not biological age, of the donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariëtte E C Waaijer
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Croco
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rudi G J Westendorp
- Department of Public Health and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1123 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - John M Sedivy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Antonello Lorenzini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea B Maier
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, VU University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3050, Australia
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10
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The Aging as a Consequence of Diverse Biological Processes. AGEING INTERNATIONAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12126-016-9247-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Potter H. Beyond Trisomy 21: Phenotypic Variability in People with Down Syndrome Explained by Further Chromosome Mis-segregation and Mosaic Aneuploidy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [PMID: 29516054 PMCID: PMC5837063 DOI: 10.4172/2472-1115.1000109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic variability is a fundamental feature of the human population and is particularly evident among people with Down syndrome and/or Alzheimer’s disease. Herein, we review current theories of the potential origins of this phenotypic variability and propose a novel mechanism based on our finding that the Alzheimer’s disease-associated Aβ peptide, encoded on chromosome 21, disrupts the mitotic spindle, induces abnormal chromosome segregation, and produces mosaic populations of aneuploid cells in all tissues of people with Alzheimer’s disease and in mouse and cell models thereof. Thus, individuals exposed to increased levels of the Aβ peptide should accumulate mosaic populations of aneuploid cells, with different chromosomes affected in different tissues and in different individuals. Specifically, people with Down syndrome, who express elevated levels of Aβ peptide throughout their lifetimes, would be predicted to accumulate additional types of aneuploidy, beyond trisomy 21 and including changes in their trisomy 21 status, in mosaic cell populations. Such mosaic aneuploidy would introduce a novel form of genetic variability that could potentially underlie much of the observed phenotypic variability among people with Down syndrome, and possibly also among people with Alzheimer’s disease. This mosaic aneuploidy theory of phenotypic variability in Down syndrome is supported by several observations, makes several testable predictions, and identifies a potential approach to reducing the frequency of some of the most debilitating features of Down syndrome, including Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huntington Potter
- Department of Neurology, and Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Rocky Mountain Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, USA
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12
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Afify M, Kamel RR, Elhosary YA, Hegazy AE, Fahim HH, Ezzat WM. The possible role of Cytochrome c and programmed cell death protein 4 (PDCD4) on pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2015; 13:157-163. [PMID: 30647579 PMCID: PMC6299860 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is regarded as one of the most common malignancies and among the leading causes of cancer death in the whole world. Apoptosis is a fundamental process controlling cell death and plays a critical role in normal development of multicellular organisms. When abnormalities occur in apoptosis, a variety of diseases are caused, including cancer. The aim of the current study was to determine the serum expression of Cytochrome c and PDCD4 among patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and chronic hepatitis. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 40 serum and tissue samples (17 samples from chronic hepatitis and 23 samples from HCC patients) were collected. Apoptotic markers in serum were carried out using the quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay technique. RESULTS We found that serum levels of PCDC4 and Cytochrome c were increased in patients with HCC when compared to chronic hepatitis patients. They were also increased in patients with chronic hepatitis when compared to controls (p < 0.05, significant). Analyzing the impact of HCC characters on serum values of PDCD4 and Cytochrome c revealed that the mean values of both PDCD4 and Cytochrome c are significantly higher in cases with single lesion of HCC (p < 0.05, significant). Right lobe location of HCC lesions has the highest mean values of PDCD4 (p < 0.05, significant). As regards grade of differentiation, grade П has higher mean values of Cytochrome c (p < 0.05, significant). CONCLUSION Serum levels of Cytochrome c and PDCD4 are increased in patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma and could be used as diagnostic aid for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Afify
- Biochemistry Dept., National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Refaat R. Kamel
- Surgery Dept., Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | - Hoda H. Fahim
- Anesthesia Dept., Elsahel Teaching Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wafaa M. Ezzat
- Internal Medicine Dept., National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
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Franzke B, Neubauer O, Wagner KH. Super DNAging—New insights into DNA integrity, genome stability and telomeres in the oldest old. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2015; 766:48-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Borelli V, Vanhooren V, Lonardi E, Reiding KR, Capri M, Libert C, Garagnani P, Salvioli S, Franceschi C, Wuhrer M. Plasma N-Glycome Signature of Down Syndrome. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:4232-45. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Borelli
- Department
of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Valerie Vanhooren
- Inflammation
Research Center, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department
of Biomedical Molecular Biology, UGent, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Emanuela Lonardi
- Center
for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Karli R. Reiding
- Center
for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Miriam Capri
- Department
of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Claude Libert
- Inflammation
Research Center, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department
of Biomedical Molecular Biology, UGent, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Paolo Garagnani
- Department
of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
- Interdepartmental
Centre “L. Galvani” for Integrated Studies of Bioinformatics,
Biophysics and Biocomplexity (CIG), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Salvioli
- Department
of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Department
of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
- Interdepartmental
Centre “L. Galvani” for Integrated Studies of Bioinformatics,
Biophysics and Biocomplexity (CIG), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS, Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy
- IGM-CNR
Institute of Molecular Genetics, Unit of Bologna IOR, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center
for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Division
of BioAnalytical Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department
of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Yilmaz S, Ünal F, Yüzbaşioğlu D, Gönenç İM. Induction of sister chromatid exchanges and cell division delays by clomiphene citrate in human lymphocytes. Hum Exp Toxicol 2014; 34:284-8. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327114537846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Clomiphene citrate (CC) is a selective estrogen receptor modulator and is used for the treatment of in vitro fertilization, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, intrauterine insemination, and so on. In this study, sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) and cell cycle delays were analyzed to investigate genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of CC in peripheral blood lymphocytes of healthy women. Methods: Human peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from two donors were used to detect genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of CC. Lymphocytes were treated with various concentrations (0.40, 0.80, 1.60, and 3.20 µg/ml) of CC. A negative (distilled water) and a positive control (mitomycin-C = 0.20 µg/ml) were also used simultaneously with test substance-treated cultures. SCEs and cell division delays were measured from 25 cells and 100 cells perdonor, respectively. Results: CC significantly increased the mean SCE value at all concentrations compared with the negative control. This increase was found to be dose dependent ( r = 0.83) and at the highest concentration, nearly two times higher increase was observed than the negative control. However, replication index was not affected by the CC treatment. Conclusion: The present study shows that CC is genotoxic for human lymphocytes in vitro. Further investigations, especially in vivo are now needed in different test organisms to clarify the genotoxic activity of CC, which should also help to better understand genotoxic mechanism of this ovulation-stimulating drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yilmaz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - F Ünal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - D Yüzbaşioğlu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İM Gönenç
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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16
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Hogberg HT, Bressler J, Christian KM, Harris G, Makri G, O'Driscoll C, Pamies D, Smirnova L, Wen Z, Hartung T. Toward a 3D model of human brain development for studying gene/environment interactions. Stem Cell Res Ther 2013; 4 Suppl 1:S4. [PMID: 24564953 PMCID: PMC4029162 DOI: 10.1186/scrt365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This project aims to establish and characterize an in vitro model of the developing human brain for the purpose of testing drugs and chemicals. To accurately assess risk, a model needs to recapitulate the complex interactions between different types of glial cells and neurons in a three-dimensional platform. Moreover, human cells are preferred over cells from rodents to eliminate cross-species differences in sensitivity to chemicals. Previously, we established conditions to culture rat primary cells as three-dimensional aggregates, which will be humanized and evaluated here with induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). The use of iPSCs allows us to address gene/environment interactions as well as the potential of chemicals to interfere with epigenetic mechanisms. Additionally, iPSCs afford us the opportunity to study the effect of chemicals during very early stages of brain development. It is well recognized that assays for testing toxicity in the developing brain must consider differences in sensitivity and susceptibility that arise depending on the time of exposure. This model will reflect critical developmental processes such as proliferation, differentiation, lineage specification, migration, axonal growth, dendritic arborization and synaptogenesis, which will probably display differences in sensitivity to different types of chemicals. Functional endpoints will evaluate the complex cell-to-cell interactions that are affected in neurodevelopment through chemical perturbation, and the efficacy of drug intervention to prevent or reverse phenotypes. The model described is designed to assess developmental neurotoxicity effects on unique processes occurring during human brain development by leveraging human iPSCs from diverse genetic backgrounds, which can be differentiated into different cell types of the central nervous system. Our goal is to demonstrate the feasibility of the personalized model using iPSCs derived from individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders caused by known mutations and chromosomal aberrations. Notably, such a human brain model will be a versatile tool for more complex testing platforms and strategies as well as research into central nervous system physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena T Hogberg
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA and University of Konstanz, POB 600, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Joseph Bressler
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA and University of Konstanz, POB 600, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
- Hugo Moser Institute at the Kennedy Krieger, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kimberly M Christian
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Georgina Harris
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA and University of Konstanz, POB 600, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Georgia Makri
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Cliona O'Driscoll
- Hugo Moser Institute at the Kennedy Krieger, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - David Pamies
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA and University of Konstanz, POB 600, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Lena Smirnova
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA and University of Konstanz, POB 600, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Zhexing Wen
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA and University of Konstanz, POB 600, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Monti D, Cossarizza A, Salvioli S, Barbieri D, Macchioni S, Guido M, Baggio G, Franceschi C. Apoptosis and immunosenescence. Aging Clin Exp Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03324364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Roat E, De Biasi S, Bertoncelli L, Rompianesi G, Nasi M, Gibellini L, Pinti M, Del Giovane C, Zanella A, Di Benedetto F, Gerunda GE, Cossarizza A. Immunological advantages of everolimus versus cyclosporin A in liver-transplanted recipients, as revealed by polychromatic flow cytometry. Cytometry A 2012; 81:303-11. [PMID: 22311717 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Several immunosuppressive drugs with different mechanisms of action are available to inhibit organ rejection after transplant. We analyzed different phenotypic and functional immunological parameters in liver-transplanted patients who received cyclosporin A (CsA) or Everolimus (Evr). In peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 29 subjects receiving a liver transplant and treated with two different immunosuppressive regimens, we analyzed T cell activation and differentiation, regulatory T cells (Tregs) and Tregs expressing homing receptors such as the chemokine receptor CXCR3. T cell polyfunctionality was studied by stimulating cells with the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), and measuring the simultaneous production of interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN)-γ, along with the expression of a marker of cytotoxicity such as CD107a. The analyses were performed by polychromatic flow cytometry before transplantation, and at different time points, up to 220 days after transplant. Patients taking Evr had a higher percentage of total CD4⁺ and naïve CD4⁺ T cells than those treated with CsA; the percentage of CD8⁺ T cells was lower, but the frequency of naïve CD8⁺ T cells higher. Patients taking Evr showed a significantly higher percentage of Tregs, and Tregs expressing CXCR3. After stimulation with SEB, CD8⁺ T cells from Evr-treated patients displayed a lower total response, and less IFN-γ producing cells. The effects on the immune system, such as the preservation of the naïve T cell pool and the expansion of Tregs (that are extremely useful in inhibiting organ rejection), along with the higher tolerability of Evr, suggest that this drug can be safely used after liver transplantation, and likely offers immunological advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Roat
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena 41125, Italy
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Abstract
In developing and validating the concept of frailty as a geriatric syndrome, it has been necessary to distinguish the clinical expression of frailty from normal age-related changes and other age-related disease pathologies. A framework for excluding potentially confounding disease and a working clinical tool to diagnose frailty have been provided. The associations between frailty and other pathophysiologies has also been shown. However, investigating the underlying biologic basis for the geriatric syndrome of frailty by studying basic homeostatic pathways and mechanisms has not proceeded at the same rate. The following article provides an overview of the homeostatic pathways emphasized in research on aging and explains how this science may help to stimulate frailty research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal S Fedarko
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Richartz-Salzburger E, Stransky E, Laske C, Köhler N. [Premature immunosenescence: a pathogenetic factor in Alzheimer's disease?]. DER NERVENARZT 2010; 81:837-43. [PMID: 20386875 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-009-2918-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
While the familial form of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is known to be entirely inherited, the etiopathogenesis of the most common late-onset form of Alzheimer's disease still remains unresolved. Among various factors, aging seems to be one of the most prominent risk factors. Moreover, a large body of evidence points to the contribution of immunological alterations in AD. The involvement of inflammatory factors in the etiopathology has been widely discussed. Moreover, an impairment of certain immune responses in AD has been observed. Presumably, premature immunosenescence may lead to inadequate immune reactions. Against this background, the development of different immunotherapeutic strategies seems to be a promising challenge for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Richartz-Salzburger
- Universitätsklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Tübingen, Tübingen, Deutschland.
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22
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Serum markers of apoptosis decrease with age and cancer stage. Aging (Albany NY) 2009; 1:652-63. [PMID: 20157546 PMCID: PMC2806040 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 07/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The
physical manifestations of aging reflect a loss of homeostasis that effects
molecular, cellular and organ system functional capacity. As a sentinel
homeostatic pathway, changes in apoptosis can have pathophysiological
consequences in both aging and disease. To
assess baseline global apoptosis balance, sera from 204 clinically
normal subjects had levels of sFas (inhibitor of apoptosis), sFasL
(stimulator of apoptosis), and total cytochrome c (released from cells
during apoptosis) measured. Serum levels of sFas were significantly higher
while sFasL and cytochrome c levels were lower in men compared to women.
With increasing age there was a decrease in apoptotic markers (cytochrome
c) and pro-apoptotic factors (sFasL) and an increase in anti-apoptotic
factors (sFas) in circulation. The observed gender differences are
consistent with the known differences between genders in mortality and
morbidity. In a separate cohort, subjects with
either breast (n = 66) or prostate cancer (n = 38) exhibited significantly
elevated sFas with reduced sFasL and total cytochrome c regardless of age.
These markers correlated with disease severity consistent with tumor
subversion of apoptosis. The shift toward less global apoptosis with
increasing age in normal subjects is consistent with increased incidence of
diseases whose pathophysiology involves apoptosis dysregulation.
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23
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D'ambrosio G, Lioi MB, Massa R, Scarfi MR, Zeni O. Genotoxic Effects of Amplitude-Modulated Microwaves on Human Lymphocytes Exposed in Vitro under Controlled Conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/15368379509030726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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24
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Marini M, Lapalombella R, Canaider S, Farina A, Monti D, De Vescovi V, Morellini M, Bellizzi D, Dato S, De Benedictis G, Passarino G, Moresi R, Tesei S, Franceschi C. Heat shock response by EBV-immortalized B-lymphocytes from centenarians and control subjects: a model to study the relevance of stress response in longevity. Exp Gerontol 2004; 39:83-90. [PMID: 14724068 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2003.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
'Successful aging', i.e. the ability to attain old age in relatively good health, is believed to be related to the capability to cope with different environmental stresses. Independently of their specific differentiation, all body cells respond to hyperthermia and other stresses with the production of Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) that play an important role in cell survival. We investigated the heat shock response in B-lymphoid cell lines from 44 centenarians and 23 younger subjects, by studying both HSP70 synthesis and cell survival after hyperthermic treatment. Interestingly, no significant difference could be found between the two age groups as far as HSP70 synthesis was concerned; moreover, cell lines from centenarians appeared to be less prone to heat-induced apoptosis than lines from younger controls. These results, which are in contrast with previous findings showing an age-related decrease of the HSP70 synthesis and of hyperthermic response, corroborate the above mentioned hypothesis that the biological success of centenarians is due to the preservation of the capability to cope with stresses. An A/C polymorphism identified in the promoter region of HSP70-1 gene had been previously shown to affect the probability to attain longevity in females. To investigate if this effect was related to any influence of this polymorphism on HSP70 protein synthesis the correlation between A/C polymorphism and protein synthesis was investigated. We found that cells from AA centenarian females displayed a lower synthesis of HSP70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Marini
- Institute of Histology and General Embryology, University of Bologna, Via Belmerloro 8, Bologna 40126, Italy.
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25
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Pycroft JM, Hann A, Moxham BJ. Apoptosis in the connective tissues of the periodontal ligament and gingivae of rat incisor and molar teeth at various stages of development. Connect Tissue Res 2003; 43:265-79. [PMID: 12489169 DOI: 10.1080/03008200290000763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis in the periodontal connective tissues was studied using the TUNEL technique, supported by electron microscopy. For 16 rats (aged 3, 8, or 104 weeks), nuclear fragmentation was assessed using the TUNEL technique (for 4 of the animals aged 8 weeks, incisor eruption was experimentally increased by trimming of teeth to the gingival margin--unimpeded eruption). A further 8 rats (aged 8 and 104 weeks) were employed for electron microscopy. For the incisor, prior to aging, and regardless of eruptive behavior (i.e., for both impeded and unimpeded incisors), there was little evidence of apoptosis in the periodontal ligament or gingival connective tissues. For the molar, apoptosis was also not usually detected when the teeth were erupting or in the mature, erupted state. In the aged animals, however, there was a marked increase in apoptosis (as assessed by the TUNEL technique) within the periodontal ligament and gingivae of both the molars and incisors (where eruption rates also increased). Nevertheless, electron microscopy indicated that significant numbers of apoptotic cells were only in the incisor periodontium. These findings are not consistent with the view that the periodontal fibroblasts provide a component of the force(s) responsible for eruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Pycroft
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Biomedical Sciences Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3US, Wales, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The highest attained age has increased by about 20 years since the beginning of the 19th century. In the course of the 1990s, more than ten individuals reached 115 years or more, including Jeanne Calment who attained the age of 122 years. In low-mortality countries, the number of centenarians has doubled every decade since 1950. This dramatic increase was mainly due to periodical effects related to the drastic fall in mortality among the elderly. The fact that centenarians are survivors does not mean that they are healthy. A high prevalence of comorbidity is found, and many centenarians have survived major diseases thanks to medical treatment and surgery. It is, however, possible that the comorbidity is less serious than in younger elderly. Certain personality traits may also be important in surviving health-threatening conditions. Furthermore, a number of biological and cognitive functions seem to be well-preserved in several centenarians. The influence of the apoE-gene and other genes involved in fundamental mechanisms illustrates that with advancing age and increasing mortality even small risks may have a substantial effect on survival to 100 years. A small proportion of long-livers may be considered as relatively autonomous, and this proportion will probably increase in the future. We are living longer and seem to postpone the terminal dependent phase to higher ages. Longevity may thus be perceived as part of our postmodern condition with its mix of pleasure and suffering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Jeune
- Institute of Public Health, and Ageing Research Center, University of Southern Denmark, Odense.
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27
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Caruso C, Candore G, Romano GC, Lio D, Bonafè M, Valensin S, Franceschi C. Immunogenetics of longevity. Is major histocompatibility complex polymorphism relevant to the control of human longevity? A review of literature data. Mech Ageing Dev 2001; 122:445-62. [PMID: 11292511 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(00)00255-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Literature data suggest that human longevity may be directly correlated with optimal functioning of the immune system. Therefore, it is likely that one of the genetic determinants of longevity resides in those polymorphisms for the immune system genes that regulate immune responses. Accordingly, studies performed on mice have suggested that the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), known to control a variety of immune functions, is associated with the life span of the strains. In the last 25 years, a fair number of cross-sectional studies that searched for the role of HLA (the human MHC) genes on human longevity by comparing HLA antigen frequencies between groups of young and elderly persons have been published, but conflicting findings have been obtained. In fact, the same HLA antigens are increased in some studies, decreased in others and unchanged in others. On the whole, that could lead us to hypothesize that the observed age-related differences in the frequency of HLA antigens are due to bias. In our opinion, this hypothesis is real for most studies owing to major methodological problems. However, some studies that do not meet these biases have shown an association between longevity and some HLA-DR alleles or HLA-B8,DR3 haplotype, known to be involved in the antigen non-specific control of immune response. Thus, HLA studies in man may be interpreted to support suggestions derived from the studies on congenic mice on MHC effects on longevity. However, in mice the association may be by way of susceptibility to lymphomas whereas, in human beings, the effect on longevity is likely, via infectious disease susceptibility. Longevity is associated with positive or negative selection of alleles (or haplotypes) that respectively confer resistance or susceptibility to disease(s), via peptide presentation or via antigen non-specific control of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Caruso
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche, Università di Palermo, Corso Tukory 211, 90134 Palermo, Italy.
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28
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Verin V, Popowski Y, Bochaton-Piallat ML, Belenger J, Urban P, Neuville P, Redard M, Costa M, Celetta G, Gabbiani G. Intraarterial beta irradiation induces smooth muscle cell apoptosis and reduces medial cellularity in a hypercholesterolemic rabbit restenosis model. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000; 46:661-70. [PMID: 10701746 DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(99)00426-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ionizing radiation has been shown to be a powerful inhibitor of neointimal hyperplasia following arterial injury in several animal models of post-percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (post-PTCA) restenosis. This was previously shown to be associated with a reduction in smooth muscle cell (SMC) mitotic activity. This study evaluated the effect of intraarterial beta irradiation on the arterial wall SMC density and apoptosis. METHODS AND MATERIALS Twenty-five carotid and 7 iliac arteries of hypercholesterolemic New Zealand white rabbits were injured using the Baumgartner technique. The impact of an 18 Gy beta radiation dose administered after balloon injury was studied and compared to a nonirradiated injured control group. The medial SMC density as well as the percentage of apoptotic cells were determined at 8 days, 21 days, and 6 weeks after injury using an automated computer-based software. Apoptotic cells were identified using in situ end-labeling of fragmented DNA. RESULTS The values for medial apoptosis in control vs. irradiated arteries were: 0.014 +/- 0.023 vs. 0.23 +/- 0.28%, p = NS, at 8 days; 0.012 +/- 0.018 vs. 0.07 +/- 0.07%, p = 0.05, at 21 days; and 0 +/- 0 vs. 0.16 +/- 0.11%, p = 0.03, at 6 weeks. The overall incidence of medial apoptotic cells at all time points was 0.01 +/- 0.017 vs. 0.13 +/- 0.14% in controls and irradiated arteries respectively, p = 0.004. Medial SMC density was significantly decreased in irradiated arteries in comparison with controls (p < 0.01 at all time-points). CONCLUSIONS Intraarterial beta irradiation stimulates medial SMC apoptosis in balloon-injured arteries. This, together with a decrease in SMC mitotic activity, contributes to a decrease in the arterial wall cellularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Verin
- Cardiology Center, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
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29
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Fadeel B, Orrenius S, Zhivotovsky B. Apoptosis in human disease: a new skin for the old ceremony? Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 266:699-717. [PMID: 10603308 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring cell death or apoptosis is essential for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and serves to remove extraneous or dangerous cells in a swift and unobtrusive manner. Recent studies have indicated a role for apoptosis in a plethora of human diseases. Hence, dysregulation of apoptosis has been implicated in autoimmune disease, acquired immune deficiency syndrome, and other viral (and bacterial) infections, as well as in neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. Furthermore, dysregulated apoptosis signaling may impinge on other age-related disorders such as osteoporosis and atherosclerosis and perhaps on the process of aging itself. The present review provides an overview of human diseases, which are associated with defective or inadvertent apoptosis, with examples of pathological conditions in which putative apoptosis defects have been elucidated at the molecular level. Novel apoptosis-modulating therapeutic strategies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Fadeel
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Toxicology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, S-171 77, Sweden
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30
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31
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Hadshiew IM, Eller MS, Gilchrest BA. Age-associated decreases in human DNA repair capacity: Implications for the skin. AGE 1999; 22:45-57. [PMID: 23604396 PMCID: PMC3455240 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-999-0006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Multiple pathways are involved in accurate synthesis and distribution of DNA during replication, repair and maintenance of genomic integrity. An increased error rate, abovethe spontaneous mutation baseline, has been implicated in carcinogenesis and aging. Moreover, cytogenetic abnormalities are increased in Down's, Edwards', Patau's, and Klinefelter's syndromes with increasing maternal age, and in Marfan's and Apert's syndromes with paternal age. In response to DNA damage, multiple overlapping systems of DNA repair have evolved, preferentially repairing the transcribed strand within transcriptionally-active regions of the genome. These include direct reversal of dimers and specific adducts and pathways for base excision, nucleotide excision, and mismatch repair. A consensus has emerged that some DNA repair capacities decline with organism age, contradictory reports notwithstanding. As is the case for inborn defects in humans, knockout mice lacking components of nucleotide excision repair or DNA-damage checkpoint arrest have increased frequencies of skin and internal cancers, whereas mice overexpressing DNA repair genes have fewer spontaneous cancers. Oxidative stress and resultant free radicals can damage genomic and mitochondrial DNA; damage increases with age but decreases with caloric restriction. We review recent studies of long-lived C. elegans mutants which appear to involve metabolic attenuation, the role of telomere shortening and telomerase in cellular senescence, and the genetic bases of progeroid syndromes in humans. Finally, we discuss roles of extrinsic and intrinsic factors in skin aging, and their association with DNA damage, emphasizing preventive and protective measures and prospects for intervention by modulating DNA repair pathways in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina M. Hadshiew
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University, 609 Albany St., J-501, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Mark S. Eller
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University, 609 Albany St., J-501, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Barbara A. Gilchrest
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University, 609 Albany St., J-501, Boston, MA 02118
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Druzhyna N, Nair RG, LeDoux SP, Wilson GL. Defective repair of oxidative damage in mitochondrial DNA in Down's syndrome. Mutat Res 1998; 409:81-9. [PMID: 9838924 DOI: 10.1016/s0921-8777(98)00042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that oxidative DNA damage may be a major cause of aging. One of the more sensitive targets is the mitochondrial genome which is 10 times more susceptible to mutation than is the nuclear genome. A number of age-related neuromuscular degenerative diseases also have been associated with mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and progressive accumulation of oxidative damage in mtDNA from neuronal tissues over time has been shown. In support of the notion that oxidative stress leads to aging is the finding in Down's syndrome (DS), which is characterized by premature aging, that there is enhanced oxidative stress resulting from the aberrant expression of CuZn superoxide dismutase (CuZn SOD). On the basis of these observations, we hypothesized that there may be defective repair of oxidative damage in mtDNA which would ultimately lead to defective electron transport and concomitant enhanced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This effect would heighten the oxidative burden in the cell and accelerate the development of phenotypes associated with aging. To evaluate repair of oxidative damage in mtDNA, fibroblasts from several DS patients were treated with the reactive oxygen generator menadione. Oxidative damage was assessed at 0, 2, and 6 h after exposure using a Southern-blot technique and a mtDNA specific probe. The results of these studies show that DS cells are impaired in their ability to repair oxidative damage to mtDNA compared to age-matched control cells. Therefore, this data supports the possibility that increased production of ROS from mitochondria plays a crucial role in the development of aging phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Druzhyna
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile 36688, USA
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33
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Michalska J, Motykiewicz G, Kalinowska E, Chorazy M. Bleomycin sensitivity test in the exposed and reference human populations. Mutat Res 1998; 418:43-8. [PMID: 9748495 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(98)00110-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sensitivity to bleomycin was investigated in lymphocytes collected from three groups of males: 30 occupationally exposed cokery workers, 38 environmentally exposed Silesian citizen and 35 rural inhabitants. The data were analyzed at both the individual and group levels. The first analysis has revealed a substantial interindividual variability in the level of generated breaks (breaks per cell, b/c). This variability was independent of the age of the donor, smoking habit and X-ray exposure as tested in the multiple regression model. The means per group for the occupationally and environmentally exposed persons were almost the same with the values of 0.674 and 0.639, respectively. These two groups differed significantly from the rural population (b/c=0.448, p<0.001 by MANOVA). The reproducibility of the assay was satisfying (p>0.49 by the Wilcoxon matched paired test) after omitting 7 out of 49 repeatedly sampled donors. Those persons exhibited extremely high b/c rates in the first sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michalska
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Oncology, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland.
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Abstract
The phenomenon of aging is distinct from processes associated with advanced age known to increase risk of diseases, such as cancer. Furthermore, the process of aging is not necessarily related to phenomena such as in vitro replicative senescence; however, any unifying hypothesis of aging must account for all age-dependent phenomena, including senescence. It is proposed that apoptosis forms the ultimate protective process for preservation of phenotypic fidelity in multicellular organisms since it is the process by which the organism detects damage and replaces the defective cell. Time-dependent degeneration of apoptosis control is the rate-limiting step in the process of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Tomei
- LXR Biotechnology Incorporated, Richmond, California 94804, USA
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35
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Barnett YA, Barnett CR. DNA damage and mutation: contributors to the age-related alterations in T cell-mediated immune responses? Mech Ageing Dev 1998; 102:165-75. [PMID: 9720649 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(98)00018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The genetic material of our cells is susceptible to damage by a wide variety of extrinsic and intrinsic entities. The amount of genetic damage accumulated in vivo will depend upon an individual's ability to defend against and/or repair DNA damage. T cells in vivo have been shown to accumulate DNA damage and mutations over time. The accumulation of such genetic damage will occur in T cells possessing a 'naive' or a 'memory' phenotype. Since T cells are required to undergo extensive clonal expansion upon antigenic stimulation, DNA damage and mutations may result in: a failure of T cells to proliferate, because of DNA damage-mediated cell cycle arrest; decreased rates of proliferation, as a consequence of selection in vivo against cells carrying certain mutations and/or apoptosis, triggered by critical levels of DNA damage. Thus, when T cells, containing critical levels of genetic damage, are required to undergo rapid clonal expansion in the presence of antigen, insufficient numbers of T cells may be produced and so the immune response would be sub-optimal. In this paper the possible contribution of DNA damage and/or mutation to the age-related alterations in T cell-mediated immune responses will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y A Barnett
- Cancer and Ageing Research Group, University of Ulster, Coleraine, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland, UK
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- W P McArthur
- Department of Oral Biology, Center for Research on Oral Health in Aging, Periodontal Disease Research Center, College of Dentistry, Health Science Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
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Borsatto B, Smith MDA, Garcez EM, Peres CA. Age-associated mosaicism and polyploidy in Down's syndrome. Mech Ageing Dev 1998; 100:77-83. [PMID: 9509397 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(97)00122-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Age-related increases in the frequencies of cells with chromosome 21 loss and of polyploid cells were documented in short-term peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures from 54 patients with Down's syndrome (DS), ages 0 to 48 years. The polyploid data, together with previous work from this laboratory with non-DS subjects, suggest that this may be a useful indicator of aging in lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Borsatto
- Departamento de Morfologia, Disciplina de Genética, UNIFESP-Escola Paulista de Medicina, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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38
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Abstract
When Lockshin and Zakeri discussed the relevance of apoptosis to aging 7 years ago, the common view was that apoptosis would have primarily a negative impact on aging by destroying essential and often irreplaceable cells. That view has now changed to one that acknowledges that there are two general ways in which apoptosis can play a role in aging: (1) elimination of damaged and presumably dysfunctional cells (e.g., fibroblasts, hepatocytes), which can then be replaced by cell proliferation, thereby maintaining homeostasis, and (2) elimination of essential post-mitotic cells (e.g., neurons, cardiac myocytes), which cannot be replaced, thereby leading to pathology. Evidence exists in two systems (fibroblasts and thymocytes/lymphocytes) that there are age-related decreases in the potential for apoptosis, although the molecular bases for the decreases in these two systems appear to differ. Upon becoming senescent, fibroblasts lose the ability to down-regulate expression of the bcl-2 gene in response to an apoptotic signal; thus, apoptosis is blocked even though an initiating signal has been received. In contrast, thymocytes/lymphocytes lack the ability to initiate the signal because of down-regulation of the cell surface receptor Fas. There is limited information available for other tissue types, and nothing is known about why and how age-related changes occur. An interesting observation is that the frequency of up-regulation of the bcl-2 gene as a result of chromosome translocation in otherwise normal B cells increases with age; the functional consequences of this phenomenon during aging are not known. The role of apoptosis in regulating cell number is also a promising area of research. The studies on liver damage and neoplastic lesions suggest an extremely important role for apoptosis in controlling cancer. This may be particularly important in the prostate where hypertrophy and/or cancer are a virtual certainty with ever-increasing age. It is not known whether the ability to undergo apoptosis declines in the prostate with increasing age, but it appears possible that it may, thus explaining the loss of control over cell number in this tissue. A particularly important area of research is whether apoptosis plays a role in the changing balance between bone formation and resorption observed during osteoporosis. Monica Driscoll has already pointed out that, "regulation and execution of cell death is an absolutely critical process that interfaces with nearly every aspect of life. Future investigation of the links of cell death to cellular aging and the aging of organisms should be an exciting enterprise." The results currently available do suggest that apoptosis is a process that may be important in aging, at least in some tissues, and the mechanism of its regulation, in particular, needs to be understood. Several tumor suppressor gene and oncogene products are involved in signal transduction associated with apoptosis, but it remains to be shown which of these, if any, are actually involved in "on-off" switches for apoptosis. Where great progress has been made is in understanding the events occurring after binding of either Fas ligand or tumor necrosis factor to their respective receptors. However, one area about which little is known is the identity of the signals that initiate this process in response to intracellular damage. Through continuing research on cell death mechanisms, funded by the NIA, we hope to provide answers to such fundamental questions as: 1. Are there age-related changes in apoptosis, and what role, if any, do these have in the aging process? 2. If age-related changes in apoptosis do occur, what molecular mechanisms are altered to produce these changes? 3. Can approaches be developed to improve the detection and elimination of damaged cells in vivo in tissues where cell replacement is possible? 4. Can death of damaged cells be attenuated or delayed in nonrenewable tissues, and, if so, is it advantageous to the org
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Warner
- Public Information Office, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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39
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Cytogenetic effects induced by extremely low frequency pulsed magnetic fields in lymphocytes from Turner's syndrome subjects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0302-4598(96)05156-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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40
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Abstract
When Lockshin and Zakeri discussed the relevance of apoptosis to aging, the common view was that apoptosis had primarily a negative impact on aging by destroying essential and often irreplaceable cells. That view has now changed to one that acknowledges that there are two general ways in which apoptosis can play a role in aging: (1) elimination of damaged and presumably dysfunctional cells (e.g., fibroblasts, hepatocytes) which can then be replaced by cell proliferation, thereby maintaining homeostasis and elimination of essential postmitotic cells (e.g., neurons) which cannot be replaced, thereby leading to pathology. Evidence exists in two systems (fibroblasts and thymocytes/lymphocytes) that there are age-related decreases in the potential for apoptosis, although the molecular bases for these decreases appear to differ (Table II). Fibroblasts (and neurons?) lose the ability to downregulate bcl-2 in response to an apoptotic signal; thus, apoptosis is blocked even though an initiating signal has been received. In contrast, thymocytes/lymphocytes lack the ability to initiate the signal due to downregulation of the cell surface receptor Fas. There is limited information available for other tissue types, and nothing is known about why and how these age-related changes occur. An interesting observation, but not necessarily a critical one, is that the frequency of upregulation of the bcl-2 gene due to chromosome translocation increases with age. The role of apoptosis in regulating cell number is also a promising area of research. The studies on liver damage and neoplastic lesions suggest an extremely important role for apoptosis in controlling cancer. This may be particularly important in the prostate, where hypertrophy and cancer are a virtual certainty with ever-increasing age. It is not known whether the ability to undergo apoptosis declines in the prostate with increasing age, but it appears likely that it does. One problem in answering questions about the actual regulation of apoptosis is the lack of a quantitative assay. Apoptosis appears to be either "on" or "off" in cells, while the basic cell-killing machinery may often be present, but in an inactive form. Most assays for apoptosis are microscopic rather than kinetic, and the rate-limiting step may be at the level of the initiating signal. Thus, if CR, which extends the life span of rodents, does upregulate apoptosis, it is not clear how to quantify the magnitude of this effect or what should be quantified. The best one can do is to measure the frequency of occurrence of apoptotic bodies. This is essentially a pool size assay which provides little knowledge about how rapidly cells are leaving and entering the pool. Nevertheless, the results currently available do suggest that apoptosis is a process which may be important in aging, at least in some tissues, and the mechanism of its regulation needs to be understood. Although a variety of tumor suppressor gene and oncogene products are known to be involved in signal transduction associated with apoptosis, it remains to be shown which of these, if any, are actually involved in "on-off" switches for apoptosis and which might regulate the intrinsic rate of apoptosis. As Driscoll has already pointed out: "regulation and execution of cell death is an absolutely critical process that interfaces with nearly every aspect of life. Future investigation of the links of cell death to cellular aging and the aging of organisms should be an exciting enterprise."
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Warner
- Biology of Aging Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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41
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Abstract
A relationship between telomere shortening and ageing has been established. A series of young and elderly healthy donors. Alzheimer disease patients, young and old Down's syndrome individuals were cytogenetically analyzed. No preferential damage in distal bands was seen in age-related chromosome instability.
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Chicca MC, Nesti C, Muzzoli M, Pasetti P, Pinamonti S. Correlation between age and DNA damage detected by FADU in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Mutat Res 1996; 316:201-8. [PMID: 8649455 DOI: 10.1016/s0921-8734(96)90004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Fluorometric analysis of DNA unwinding (FADU) is a fast and reliable method for detecting single strand DNA breaks as an index of DNA damage induced by clastogenic agents. A study of damage detected by FADU was conducted on DNA extracted from peripheral blood lymphocytes of 128 healthy nonsmoking regular donors (ranging in age from 19 to 67 years) and from 5 umbilical cord blood samples. DNA damage was measured as percentage of unwound DNA after alkalinization. Statistical analyses, both parametric (Pearson r correlation coefficient, b regression coefficient, ANOVA) and nonparametric (Kruskal-Wallis H test, Spearman rs rank correlation coefficient), support a significant correlation between age of donors and amount of DNA damage. The same results are found when adult donors are divided in four age classes and the ANOVA test performed among the mean percentages of unwound DNA of each class. Furthermore, donors of the same age belonging to different blood groups (A, B, AB and O) do not show any difference in DNA damage detected by FADU.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Chicca
- Department of Biology (Evolutionary Biology Branch) University of Ferrara, Italy.
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43
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Cossarizza A, Ortolani C, Paganelli R, Barbieri D, Monti D, Sansoni P, Fagiolo U, Castellani G, Bersani F, Londei M, Franceschi C. CD45 isoforms expression on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells throughout life, from newborns to centenarians: implications for T cell memory. Mech Ageing Dev 1996; 86:173-95. [PMID: 8733112 DOI: 10.1016/0047-6374(95)01691-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ and CD8+ peripheral blood T lymphocytes show mutually exclusive expression of CD45RA or CD45R0, two isoforms of the common leukocyte antigen that seem to recognize so-called virgin/unprimed and memory/activated T cells. The expression of these isoforms has been studied by three colour cytofluorimetric analysis on CD4+ or CD8+ peripheral blood CD3+ cells from 22 healthy centenarians, analyzed in a context of 202 healthy donors 0-110 years old. An age-related unbalance of virgin and memory cells was found between CD4+ and CD8+ subsets. As expected, at birgh 95-99% of the CD3+ lymphocytes expressed the CD45RA isoform. A rapid increase of CD45R0+ cells was observed in the first 2-3 decades of life, this phenomenon being much more pronounced on CD4+ cells. Subsequently, the increase of the 'memory' compartment was much less rapid, so that in centenarians a consistent reservoire of CD45RA+ among CD4+ cells was still present (about 20%). In these exceptional individuals the percentage of CD45RA+ cells among CD8+ T lymphocytes was even higher (about 50%), and only slightly lower than that of young donors (about 55-60%). Thus, the main changes occurred at a different rate in CD4+ (about 20%). In these exceptional individuals the percentage of CD45RA+ cells among CD8+ T lymphocytes was even higher (about 50%), and only slightly lower than that of young donors (about 55-60%). Thus, the main changes occurred at a different rate in CD4+ and in CD8+ T cells, at an age of between 0 and 30 years, when the thymus is still functionally active. Interestingly, no difference in the usage of CD45 isoforms was observed within T cells bearing four different V beta-T cell receptor (TCR). The significance of this age-related unbalance is unknown. However, the presence of a great number of CD45RA+ T lymphocytes within the CD4+ and the CD8+ T cell subsets even in the peripheral blood of centenarians poses the problem of their origin (thymus? extrathymic sites?), of their functional role and of their lifespan. Moreover, the data on centenarians suggest that they may represent a very selected population where a slowing of immunosenescence occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cossarizza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, University of Modena, Italy.
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44
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45
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Abstract
Apoptosis is a highly regulated process of cell death with characteristic morphological changes that are distinct from necrosis. The biochemical machinery responsible for apoptotic cell death appears to be constitutively expressed in most, if not all, cells and can be triggered by a variety of signals, including sustained increases in the intracellular Ca2+ level. Apoptosis is the main mechanism of cell deletion during development, normal cell turnover, hormone-induced tissue atrophy, and pathological processes such as T-cell depletion in HIV/AIDS and neurodegenerative disease. The aim of this review is to briefly summarize current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis and its role in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Orrenius
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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46
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Stoupel E, Abramson E, Sulkes J, Martfel J, Stein N, Handelman M, Shimshoni M, Zadka P, Gabbay U. Relationship between suicide and myocardial infarction with regard to changing physical environmental conditions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 1995; 38:199-203. [PMID: 7601553 DOI: 10.1007/bf01245389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the possible association of changes in mortality from cardiovascular disease and myocardial infarction (MI) and deaths related to violence and the suicide rate has been repeatedly discussed. This study examined the relationship between cosmic physical changes (solar, geomagnetic and other space activity parameters) and changes in the total number of in-hospital and MI-related deaths and deaths from suicide to determine if a relationship exists between the distribution of total and MI-related deaths with suicide over time; some differences in the serotonergic mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of MI and suicide were also taken into account. All suicides (n = 2359) registered in the State of Israel from 1981 to 1989 (108 months) were analysed and compared with the total number of deaths (n = 15601) and deaths from MI (n = 1573) in a large university hospital over 180 months (1974-1989). The following were the main features of the Results. (1) Monthly suicide rate was correlated with space proton flux (r = 0.42, P = 0.0001) and with geomagnetic activity (r = -0.22, P = 0.03). (2) Total hospital and MI-related deaths were correlated with solar activity parameters (r = 0.35, P < 0.001) and radiowave propagation (r = 0.52-0.44, P < 0.001), an with proton flux (r = -0.3 to -0.26, P < 0.01). (3) Monthly suicide distribution over 108 months was correlated with MI (r = -0.33, P = 0.0005) and total hospital mortality (r = -0.22, P = 0.024). (4) Gender differences were prominent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- E Stoupel
- Toor Heart Institute, Beilinson Medical Centre, Petah Tiqva, Israel
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47
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Cossarizza A, Barbieri D, Londei M. T cell repertoire usage in humans, from newborns to centenarians. Int Rev Immunol 1995; 12:41-55. [PMID: 7595013 DOI: 10.3109/08830189509056701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Cossarizza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena School of Medicine, Italy
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48
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Franceschi C, Monti D, Barbieri D, Grassilli E, Troiano L, Salvioli S, Negro P, Capri M, Guido M, Azzi R. Immunosenescence in humans: deterioration or remodelling? Int Rev Immunol 1995; 12:57-74. [PMID: 7595015 DOI: 10.3109/08830189509056702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Franceschi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Modena, Italy
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49
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Franceschi C, Monti D, Sansoni P, Cossarizza A. The immunology of exceptional individuals: the lesson of centenarians. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1995; 16:12-6. [PMID: 7880382 DOI: 10.1016/0167-5699(95)80064-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Centenarians are the best example of successful ageing, since they have escaped the major age-associated diseases, and most are in good mental and physical condition. Here, Claudio Franceschi and colleagues discuss how the study of their immune systems reveals that several immune parameters are well conserved, suggesting that a complex remodelling of most immune parameters occurs with age, rather than a unidirectional deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Franceschi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, University of Modena, Italy
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50
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Barr PJ, Tomei LD. Apoptosis and its role in human disease. BIO/TECHNOLOGY (NATURE PUBLISHING COMPANY) 1994; 12:487-93. [PMID: 7764707 DOI: 10.1038/nbt0594-487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In a landmark paper published over two decades ago, Kerr et al. proposed the term apoptosis "for a hitherto little recognized mechanism of controlled cell deletion, which appears to play a complementary but opposite role to mitosis in the regulation of animal cell populations". In the ensuing years, this natural cell death process was studied at the basic science level, primarily with a view to understanding its roles in cancer and in the development and maintenance of the immune system. More recently, however, evidence has suggested a role for the failure of normal apoptosis control in many of the major diseases of the industrialized world. Though complex, apoptosis appears amenable to therapeutic intervention. The range of modern pharmaceutical strategies available to treat such disregulated gene-directed processes offers promise for advances in the control of cancer, immune system and neurodegenerative disorders, heart disease, and perhaps even the aging process itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Barr
- LXR Biotechnology Inc., Richmond, CA 94804
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