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Shi HS, Zhu WL, Liu JF, Luo YX, Si JJ, Wang SJ, Xue YX, Ding ZB, Shi J, Lu L. PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in the basolateral amygdala mediates the rapid antidepressant-like effects of trefoil factor 3. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37:2671-83. [PMID: 22828749 PMCID: PMC3473333 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2012.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Depression is one of the most common and debilitating psychiatric illnesses around the world, but the current antidepressants used to treat depression have many limitations. Progressively more studies have shown that neuropeptide systems are potential novel therapeutic targets for depression. However, whether the neuropeptide trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) participates in the development of depression has not been examined. In the current experiments, we assessed the antidepressant effects of TFF3 using the forced swim test (FST), tail suspension test (TST), and chronic mild stress (CMS) paradigm. Furthermore, we determined the mechanism that underlies the antidepressant-like effects of TFF3 in the rat FST. TFF3 dose-dependently reduced immobility time in both FST and TST. CMS elevated plasma TFF3 and decreased basolateral amygdala (BLA) TFF3 levels in rats, and acute TFF3 (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) treatment reversed the depressive-like behaviors induced by CMS. Furthermore, TFF3 (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly increased Fos expression in the BLA, medial prefrontal cortex, and hypothalamus in rats subjected to the FST. Intra-BLA infusions of TFF3 (1 ng/side) exerted rapid antidepressant-like effects in the rat FST. Additionally, acute systemic TFF3 administration increased the level of phosphorylated-Akt (p-Akt) in the BLA. Finally, intra-BLA infusions of LY294002 (5 mM/side), a specific phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, significantly blocked the antidepressant-like effect of TFF3. Our results demonstrated that TFF3 exerts antidepressant-like effects that might be mediated by the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in the BLA. These findings suggest a novel neuropeptide system target in the development of new antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Shui Shi
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Basic Medical College, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China,Hebei Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wei-Li Zhu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China,National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, 38, Xue Yuan Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing 100191, China, Tel: +86 10 82802456, Fax: +86 10 62032624, E-mail: (W-LZ) or (LL)
| | - Jian-Feng Liu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Xiao Luo
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Jian Si
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shen-Jun Wang
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Xue Xue
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zeng-Bo Ding
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Shi
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Lu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China,Key Lab for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/Ministry of Health, Beijing, China,National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, 38, Xue Yuan Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing 100191, China, Tel: +86 10 82802456, Fax: +86 10 62032624, E-mail: (W-LZ) or (LL)
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Shi HS, Yin X, Song L, Guo QJ, Luo XH. Neuropeptide Trefoil factor 3 improves learning and retention of novel object recognition memory in mice. Behav Brain Res 2012; 227:265-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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3
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Vargas KJ, Sarmiento JM, Ehrenfeld P, Añazco CC, Villanueva CI, Carmona PL, Brenet M, Navarro J, Müller-Esterl W, González CB. Postnatal expression of V2 vasopressin receptor splice variants in the rat cerebellum. Differentiation 2009; 77:377-85. [PMID: 19281786 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Revised: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 11/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The V(2) vasopressin receptor gene contains an alternative splice site in exon-3, which leads to the generation of two splice variants (V(2a) and V(2b)) first identified in the kidney. The open reading frame of the alternatively spliced V(2b) transcript encodes a truncated receptor, showing the same amino acid sequence as the canonical V(2a) receptor up to the sixth transmembrane segment, but displaying a distinct sequence to the corresponding seventh transmembrane segment and C-terminal domain relative to the V(2a) receptor. Here, we demonstrate the postnatal expression of V(2a) and V(2b) variants in the rat cerebellum. Most importantly, we showed by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry that both V(2) splice variants were preferentially expressed in Purkinje cells, from early to late postnatal development. In addition, both variants were transiently expressed in the neuroblastic external granule cells and Bergmann fibers. These results indicate that the cellular distributions of both splice variants are developmentally regulated, and suggest that the transient expression of the V(2) receptor is involved in the mechanisms of cerebellar cytodifferentiation by AVP. Finally, transfected CHO-K1 expressing similar amounts of both V(2) splice variants, as that found in the cerebellum, showed a significant reduction in the surface expression of V(2a) receptors, suggesting that the differential expression of the V(2) splice variants regulates the vasopressin signaling in the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina J Vargas
- Department of Physiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 509-9200, Chile
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Aarde SM, Jentsch JD. Haploinsufficiency of the arginine-vasopressin gene is associated with poor spatial working memory performance in rats. Horm Behav 2006; 49:501-8. [PMID: 16375903 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2005.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2005] [Revised: 10/28/2005] [Accepted: 11/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral pharmacological studies have implicated a role for the neurophysin arginine-vasopressin in learning and memory. Vasopressin, and its analogues, can produce either improvements or impairments in mnemonic functions, effects that depend upon the agent administered, the memory process measured and the task employed. As recent data have implicated vasopressin in regulating the cognitive functions of the prefrontal cortex, we sought to determine whether changes in vasopressinergic tone would affect a form of memory that is dependent upon this brain region. To that end, we used a genetic approach to examine how haploinsufficiency of the vasopressin gene affects working memory performance. Specifically, we tested a naturally occurring null-mutant rat on an operant delayed-non-match-to-position task. Male and female heterozygous and wild-type rats were trained to perform this working memory task, and the effects of varying the delay across which they had to maintain task information were systematically varied. Although vasopressin-deficient rats omitted fewer trials and completed trials more quickly, they exhibited delay-dependent deficits of choice accuracy. The genotype effects were not modified by sex. Collectively, these data indicate that even partial vasopressin deficiency can trigger deficits of spatial working memory performance and add to the growing body of results supporting a regulatory control of neocortical-dependent cognitive functions by this neurohormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M Aarde
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Los Angeles, PO Box 951563, 90095-1563, USA
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5
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Dubrovsky B, Tatarinov A, Gijsbers K, Harris J, Tsiodras A. Effects of arginine-vasopressin (AVP) on long-term potentiation in intact anesthetized rats. Brain Res Bull 2003; 59:467-72. [PMID: 12576144 DOI: 10.1016/s0361-9230(02)00961-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effects of the neuropeptide arginine-vasopressin (AVP) on the long-term potentiation (LTP) paradigm in the dentate gyrus (DG) of urethane intact anesthetized rats. Intracerebroventricular injection of 1 microg of the hormone in 1 microl of physiological solution 3 min before tetanization, produced a significant increase in both components of the perforant path-evoked potentials (EP) in the DG. The effects were already evident 1 min after tetanization. Amplitude of the EPs increased continuously for the 2h of recording time, reaching values 100% above baseline, reference levels. In contrast, in previous in vitro studies, enhancement of LTP with AVP appeared only after 15 min of exposure of the hippocampal slice to the hormone, increased EPSPs were no higher than 50% from baseline, reached a plateau at 40 min decreasing slowly thereafter. Not only quantitative but also qualitative differences can be observed between in vitro and in vivo intact preparations in response to identical hormones. This study emphasizes the importance of hormone neurotransmitter interactions in determining electrophysiological characteristics of response to AVP.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dubrovsky
- McGill University Health Center (MUHC), Montreal, Que, Canada.
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Quevedo J, de-Paris F, Vianna MRM, Barichello T, Roesler R, Kapczinski F. Interaction between midazolam-induced anterograde amnesia and memory enhancement by treatments given immediately after training on an inhibitory avoidance task in rats. Behav Pharmacol 2002; 13:319-22. [PMID: 12218513 DOI: 10.1097/00008877-200207000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of interactions between memory modulatory systems on inhibitory avoidance retention in rats. Adult female Wistar rats were trained and tested in a step-down inhibitory avoidance task (0.3 mA footshock). The training-test interval was 24 h. The animals received an intraperitoneal injection of saline or midazolam (1 mg/kg) 15 min before training, and saline, adrenaline (25 microg/kg), naloxone (0.4 mg/kg), dexamethasone (0.3 mg/kg) or glucose (320 mg/kg) immediately after training. In saline-pretreated rats, adrenaline, naloxone, dexamethasone and glucose enhanced memory retention. Pretreatment with midazolam prevented the facilitatory effects of those treatments. These findings suggest that the facilitation of learning by post-training memory-enhancing treatments is prevented by midazolam.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Quevedo
- Laboratório de Neurotoxicologia, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
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Dubrovsky B, Harris J, Gijsbers K, Tatarinov A. Oxytocin induces long-term depression on the rat dentate gyrus: possible ATPase and ectoprotein kinase mediation. Brain Res Bull 2002; 58:141-7. [PMID: 12127011 DOI: 10.1016/s0361-9230(01)00748-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effects of the neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) on the long-term potentiation (LTP) paradigm in the dentate gyrus (DG) of urethane anesthetized rats. Intracerebroventricular injection of 1 microg of the hormone in 1 microl of physiological solution 2min before tetanization produced a significant decrease in both components of the perforant path evoked potentials (EP) in the DG. The effects appeared right after the tetanization stimuli and were more pronounced in the excitatory postsynaptic components of the EPs. The decrements lasted for the 2h of recording time. We concluded that OT induced and maintained long-term depression on the DG. In contrast, injection of OT in the absence of tetanic stimulation did not significantly affect perforant path EP in the DG. The results are discussed taking particular consideration of the inhibitory effects the OT has on (Ca(2+)+Mg(2+)) ATPase at membrane levels and the potential interference that this action may have with phosphorylation processes via an ectoprotein kinase isolated from membranes of hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Blocking of this ectoprotein kinase in vitro significantly impairs establishment and maintenance of LTP.
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Griebel G, Simiand J, Serradeil-Le Gal C, Wagnon J, Pascal M, Scatton B, Maffrand JP, Soubrie P. Anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects of the non-peptide vasopressin V1b receptor antagonist, SSR149415, suggest an innovative approach for the treatment of stress-related disorders. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:6370-5. [PMID: 11959912 PMCID: PMC122955 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.092012099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The limbic localization of the arginine vasopressin V(1b) receptor has prompted speculation as to a potential role of this receptor in the control of emotional processes. To investigate this possibility, we have studied the behavioral effects of SSR149415, the first selective and orally active non-peptide antagonist of vasopressin V(1b) receptors, in a variety of classical (punished drinking, elevated plus-maze, and light/dark tests) and atypical (fear/anxiety defense test battery and social defeat-induced anxiety) rodent models of anxiety, and in two models of depression [forced swimming and chronic mild stress (CMS)]. When tested in classical tests of anxiety, SSR149415 produced anxiolytic-like activity at doses that ranged from 1 to 30 mg/kg (i.p. or p.o.), but the magnitude of these effects was overall less than that of the benzodiazepine anxiolytic diazepam, which was used as a positive control. In contrast, SSR149415 produced clear-cut anxiolytic-like activity in models involving traumatic stress exposure, such as the social defeat paradigm and the defense test battery (1-30 mg/kg, p.o.). In the forced swimming test, SSR149415 (10-30 mg/kg, p.o.) produced antidepressant-like effects in both normal and hypophysectomized rats. Moreover, in the CMS model in mice, repeated administration of SSR149415 (10 and 30 mg/kg, i.p.) for 39 days improved the degradation of the physical state, anxiety, despair, and the loss of coping behavior produced by stress. These findings point to a role for vasopressin in the modulation of emotional processes via the V(1b) receptor, and suggest that its blockade may represent a novel avenue for the treatment of affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Griebel
- Sanofi-Synthelabo Recherche, Avenue P. V.-Couturier, 92220 Bagneux, France.
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Roesler R, Vianna MR, de-Paris F, Quevedo J. Memory-enhancing treatments do not reverse the impairment of inhibitory avoidance retention induced by NMDA receptor blockade. Neurobiol Learn Mem 1999; 72:252-8. [PMID: 10536102 DOI: 10.1006/nlme.1999.3910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present research was to verify whether the impairment of retention induced by the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blocker (+)-10,11-dihydro-5-methyl-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene-5,10 imine (MK-801) can be reversed by memory-enhancing treatments. Adult female Wistar rats were trained and tested in a step-down inhibitory avoidance task (0.3-mA foot shock, 24-h training-test interval). Animals were given an ip injection of saline (SAL) or MK-801 (0.0625 mg/kg) 30 minutes before training, and an ip injection of SAL, epinephrine (EPI) (25 microg/kg), the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (NAL) (0.4 mg/kg), the glucocorticoid receptor agonist dexamethasone (DEX) (0.3 mg/kg), or glucose (GLU) (320 mg/kg) immediately after training. There was an impairment of inhibitory avoidance retention in the MK-801-SAL, MK-801-EPI, MK-801-NAL, MK-801-DEX, and MK-801-GLU groups. There was an enhancement of retention in the SAL-EPI, SAL-NAL, SAL-DEX, and SAL-GLU groups. A control experiment showed that the amnestic effects of MK-801 could not be attributed to decreased reactivity to the foot shock. The results suggest that memory-enhancing treatments directed at modulatory mechanisms do not reverse the memory impairment induced by NMDA receptor blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Roesler
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (Campus da Saúde), Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
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Bohus B, de Wied D. The vasopressin deficient Brattleboro rats: a natural knockout model used in the search for CNS effects of vasopressin. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1999; 119:555-73. [PMID: 10074812 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61593-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral neuroscience is using more and more gene knockout techniques to produce animals with a specific deletion. These studies have their precedent in nature. A mutation may result in a limited genetic defect, as seen in the vasopressin (VP) deficiency in the Brattleboro rat. The mutation is in a single pair of autosomal loci, and the sequences of VP gene from wild-type and homozygous Brattleboro rats are identical except for a single nucleotide deletion in the second exon. The deletion results in the synthesis of an altered VP precursor that is unable to enter the secretory pathway. The genetic disturbance results in a central diabetes insipidus comparable to that found in humans. Starting with our work during the early 1970s we found that the genetic defect in the availability of VP causes deficits in central nervous system (CNS) functions. Behavioral processes from cognition to drug tolerance appeared to be disturbed by the absence of VP, but not all behaviors are affected. The specificity of the absence of VP in causing behavioral deficits is shown in many cases. However, certain deficits are due to genetic factors other than the deletion of the VP gene. The picture is further complicated by differences in testing conditions, the absence of proper controls, i.e. heterozygous and wild-type Brattleboro rats, sex, compensation phenomena, and the absence of neuropeptides co-localized with VP. Interestingly, an age dependent spontaneous shunt to a heterozygous phenotype in vasopressinergic neurons might also compensate for the disturbance. Accordingly, findings in knockout animals should be interpreted with caution. One should realize that brain functions are modulated by multiple neuropeptides and that neuropeptides possess multiple CNS effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bohus
- Department of Animal Physiology, University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands
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Chu J, Marler CA, Wilczynski W. The effects of arginine vasotocin on the calling behavior of male cricket frogs in changing social contexts. Horm Behav 1998; 34:248-61. [PMID: 9878274 DOI: 10.1006/hbeh.1998.1479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of the neurohypophysial peptide, arginine vasotocin (AVT), on the calling behavior of male Acris crepitans during and immediately following a simulated acoustic agonistic encounter. AVT did not block the aggressive response to agonistic calls, as the changes in temporal call characteristics in response to the encounter were similar to those of saline-treated males. However, AVT caused males to begin calling sooner during the agonistic encounter and to call significantly more than saline males during and after the agonistic encounter. In addition, AVT-treated males maintained a higher dominant frequency compared to saline animals during and following the agonistic encounter. Changes in temporal characteristics in the period following the agonistic encounter indicated that control males were more likely to exhibit a rebound effect which resulted in larger changes in calling parameters compared to AVT-treated animals. The results indicate that AVT causes changes in calling behavior in male A. crepitans during and following an agonistic encounter that are consistent with animals highly motivated to maintain vigorous active calling throughout changing social conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chu
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
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Miller MA, Kolb PE, Raskind MA. GALR1 galanin receptor mRNA is co-expressed by galanin neurons but not cholinergic neurons in the rat basal forebrain. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1997; 52:121-9. [PMID: 9450684 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(97)00250-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The neuropeptide galanin (GAL) has been proposed to be an inhibitory modulator of cholinergic transmission in the hippocampus and may impair memory by directly affecting the activity of basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic neurons. Alternatively, GAL may act indirectly and modulate the activity of other neurotransmitter systems which, in turn, influence cholinergic transmission. We have used double in situ hybridization histochemistry to evaluate the co-expression of the GAL receptor subtype, GALR1, within cholinergic neurons in the medial septum/diagonal band of adult male rats. In alternate brain sections, we assessed the co-expression of GALR1 mRNA within another forebrain cell group implicated in memory functions, the neurons of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and medial amygdala (AMe) which co-express vasopressin (VP) and GAL and project to septo-hippocampus. Despite the abundance of GALR1 mRNA-expressing neurons in the cholinergic BF, we found no evidence for the co-expression of this receptor subtype within cholinergic neurons in the medial septum/diagonal band. In contrast, we detected an extensive co-expression (95%) of GALR1 mRNA within extrahypothalamic VP/GAL neurons. These results do not support the idea that GAL, acting via the GALR1 receptor, directly impairs BF cholinergic neurons but suggest, instead, that non-cholinergic neurons in the BF may play a role in mediating the inhibitory actions of GAL on cholinergic function. However, our findings provide anatomical evidence that GAL could directly modulate the activity and/or secretion pattern of extrahypothalmic VP/GAL neurons into septo-hippocampal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Miller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
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Abstract
The capacity of male rats to remember familiar conspecifics is called social recognition. It is a form of short-term memory modulated by lateral septal (LS) vasopressin (VP). The specificity of this phenomenon was studied by examining whether recognition of previously investigated objects is also under control of lateral septal VP. For social recognition male Wistar rats were confronted with juveniles for 5 min. Re-exposure to the same juvenile took place after 30 or 120 min, or with a different juvenile after 30 min. This procedure was duplicated for object recognition using a plastic food cup or a 50 ml Erlenmeyer flask. After these initial tests osmotic minipumps and brain cannulae were implanted, infusing VP receptor antagonist into the LS (dPTyr(Et)AVP, 1 ng/0.5 microl/h, bilateral). Animals were re-tested for social and object recognition using 30 min re-test interval (same juvenile or object). We reproduced previous reports concerning social recognition; animals recognized juveniles after 30 min, not after 120 min and VP antagonist treatment blocked recognition. Testing for object recognition revealed a reduction in investigation time at the 30 min interval (same and different object), but not after 120 min. VP antagonist treatment was unable to block object recognition. The data suggest that, in contrast to social recognition, object recognition reflects a form of habituation, which is not under the control of lateral septal VP.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Everts
- Graduate School for Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences, Department of Animal Physiology, University of Groningen, Haren, Netherlands.
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Gudasheva TA, Boyko SS, Akparov VK, Ostrovskaya RU, Skoldinov SP, Rozantsev GG, Voronina TA, Zherdev VP, Seredenin SB. Identification of a novel endogenous memory facilitating cyclic dipeptide cyclo-prolylglycine in rat brain. FEBS Lett 1996; 391:149-52. [PMID: 8706904 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(96)00722-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Using high-performance liquid chromatography, gas-chromatography and chromato-mass spectrometry methods a novel endogenous cyclic dipeptide cyclo-prolylglycine was identified in rat brain. Its content according to gas chromatography is 2.8 +/- 0.3 nmol/g wet brain. Synthetic cyclo-prolylglycine has demonstrated antiamnesic activity in the passive avoidance test in rats at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg i.p. Cyclic dipeptide cyclo-prolylglycine seems to be a memory facilitating substance and its presence in rat brain suggests the existence of a new mechanism of memory regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Gudasheva
- Institute of Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Medical Science, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Mohr E, Meyerhof W, Richter D. Vasopressin and oxytocin: molecular biology and evolution of the peptide hormones and their receptors. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 1995; 51:235-66. [PMID: 7483323 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(08)61040-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Mohr
- Institut für Zellbiochemie und Klinische Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Germany
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