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Nano-chemically Modified Tetracycline-3 (nCMT-3) Attenuates Acute Lung Injury via Blocking sTREM-1 Release and NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation. Shock 2022; 57:749-758. [PMID: 35583915 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intratracheal (IT) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) causes severe acute lung injury (ALI) and systemic inflammation. CMT-3 has pleiotropic anti-inflammatory effects including matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibition, attenuation of neutrophil (PMN) activation, and elastase release. CMT-3's poor water solubility limits its bioavailability when administered orally for treating ALI. We developed a nano-formulation of CMT-3 (nCMT-3) to test the hypothesis that the pleiotropic anti-inflammatory activities of IT nCMT-3 can attenuate LPS-induced ALI. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were treated with aerosolized IT nCMT-3 or saline, then had IT LPS or saline administered 2 h later. Tissues were harvested at 24 h. The effects of LPS and nCMT-3 on ALI were assessed by lung histology, MMP level/activity (zymography), NLRP3 protein, and activated caspase-1 levels. Blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cell counts, PMN elastase, and soluble triggering receptor expressed on myelocytes-1 (sTREM-1) levels, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, and BALF protein levels were also measured. RESULTS LPS-induced ALI was characterized by histologic lung injury (PMN infiltration, alveolar thickening, edema, and consolidation) elevated proMMP-2, -9 levels and activity, increased NLRP-3 protein and activated caspase-1 levels in lung tissue. LPS-induced increases in plasma and BALF levels of sTREM-1, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, PMN elastase and BALF protein levels demonstrate significant lung/systemic inflammation and capillary leak. nCMT-3 significantly ameliorated all of these LPS-induced inflammatory markers to control levels, and decreased the incidence of ALI. CONCLUSIONS Pre-treatment with nCMT3 significantly attenuates LPS-induced lung injury/inflammation by multiple mechanisms including: MMP activation, PMN elastase, sTREM-1 release, and NLRP3 inflammasome/caspase-1 activation.
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The role of microglia in diabetic retinopathy. J Ophthalmol 2014; 2014:705783. [PMID: 25258680 PMCID: PMC4166427 DOI: 10.1155/2014/705783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that chronic inflammation plays a role in both the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy. There is also evidence that molecules produced as a result of hyperglycemia can activate microglia. However the exact contribution of microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, to retinal tissue damage during diabetes remains unclear. Current data suggest that dysregulated microglial responses are linked to their deleterious effects in several neurological diseases associated with chronic inflammation. As inflammatory cytokines and hyperglycemia disseminate through the diabetic retina, microglia can change to an activated state, increase in number, translocate through the retina, and themselves become the producers of inflammatory and apoptotic molecules or alternatively exert anti-inflammatory effects. In addition, microglial genetic variations may account for some of the individual differences commonly seen in patient's susceptibility to diabetic retinopathy.
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Dong M, Zhong L, Chen WQ, Ji XP, Zhang M, Zhao YX, Li L, Yao GH, Zhang PF, Zhang C, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Doxycycline stabilizes vulnerable plaque via inhibiting matrix metalloproteinases and attenuating inflammation in rabbits. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39695. [PMID: 22737253 PMCID: PMC3380900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) activity is implicated in the process of atherosclerotic plaque instability. We hypothesized that doxycycline, a broad MMPs inhibitor, was as effective as simvastatin in reducing the incidence of plaque disruption. Thirty rabbits underwent aortic balloon injury and were fed a high-fat diet for 20 weeks. At the end of week 8, the rabbits were divided into three groups for 12-week treatment: a doxycycline-treated group that received oral doxycycline at a dose of 10 mg/kg/d, a simvastatin-treated group that received oral simvastatin at a dose of 5 mg/kg/d, and a control group that received no treatment. At the end of week 20, pharmacological triggering was performed to induce plaque rupture. Biochemical, ultrasonographic, pathologic, immunohistochemical and mRNA expression studies were performed. The results showed that oral administration of doxycycline resulted in a significant increase in the thickness of the fibrous cap of the aortic plaque whereas there was a substantial reduction of MMPs expression, local and systemic inflammation, and aortic plaque vulnerability. The incidence of plaque rupture with either treatment (0% for both) was significantly lower than that for controls (56.0%, P<0.05). There was no significant difference between doxycycline-treated group and simvastatin-treated group in any serological, ultrasonographic, pathologic, immunohistochemical and mRNA expression measurement except for the serum lipid levels that were higher with doxycycline than with simvastatin treatment. In conclusion, doxycycline at a common antimicrobial dose stabilizes atherosclerotic lesions via inhibiting matrix metalloproteinases and attenuating inflammation in a rabbit model of vulnerable plaque. These effects were similar to a large dose of simvastatin and independent of serum lipid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lin Zhong
- Yu Huang Ding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Wen Qiang Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao Ping Ji
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Xia Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Li Li
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Gui Hua Yao
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Fei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
- * E-mail: (LZ); (CZ); (YZ)
| | - Lei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
- * E-mail: (LZ); (CZ); (YZ)
| | - Yun Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
- * E-mail: (LZ); (CZ); (YZ)
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Roy SK, Kendrick D, Sadowitz BD, Gatto L, Snyder K, Satalin JM, Golub LM, Nieman G. Jack of all trades: pleiotropy and the application of chemically modified tetracycline-3 in sepsis and the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Pharmacol Res 2011; 64:580-9. [PMID: 21767646 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2011.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a disease process that has humbled the medical profession for centuries with its resistance to therapy, relentless mortality, and pathophysiologic complexity. Despite 30 years of aggressive, concerted, well-resourced efforts the biomedical community has been unable to reduce the mortality of sepsis from 30%, nor the mortality of septic shock from greater than 50%. In the last decade only one new drug for sepsis has been brought to the market, drotrecogin alfa-activated (Xigris™), and the success of this drug has been limited by patient safety issues. Clearly a new agent is desperately needed. The advent of recombinant human immune modulators held promise but the outcomes of clinical trials using biologics that target single immune mediators have been disappointing. The complex pathophysiology of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is self-amplifying and redundant at multiple levels. In this review we argue that perhaps pharmacologic therapy for sepsis will only be successful if it addresses this pathophysiologic complexity; the drug would have to be pleiotropic, working on many components of the inflammatory cascade at once. In this context, therapy that targets any single inflammatory mediator will not adequately address the complexity of SIRS. We propose that chemically modified tetracycline-3, CMT-3 (or COL-3), a non-antimicrobial modified tetracycline with pleiotropic anti-inflammatory properties, is an excellent agent for the management of sepsis and its associated complication of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The purpose of this review is threefold: (1) to examine the shortcomings of current approaches to treatment of sepsis and ARDS in light of their pathophysiology, (2) to explore the application of COL-3 in ARDS and sepsis, and finally (3) to elucidate the mechanisms of COL-3 that may have potential therapeutic benefit in ARDS and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyas K Roy
- Department of Surgery, Upstate University Hospital, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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Using tetracyclines to treat osteoporotic/osteopenic bone loss: from the basic science laboratory to the clinic. Pharmacol Res 2010; 63:121-9. [PMID: 20937388 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis (progressive inflammatory disease characterized by alveolar bone loss, a major cause of tooth loss worldwide) is associated with both systemic osteoporosis and its milder form, osteopenia. Tetracyclines, by virtue of their non-antimicrobial pro-anabolic and anti-catabolic properties, are excellent candidate pharmaceuticals to simultaneously treat these local and systemic disorders. This paper reviews the foundational basic science and translational research which lead to a pivotal multicenter randomized clinical trial in postmenopausal women with both periodontitis and systemic (skeletal) osteopenia. This trial was designed primarily to examine whether subantimicrobial dose doxycycline (SDD) could reduce progressive alveolar (oral) bone loss associated with periodontitis and, secondarily, whether SDD could reduce systemic bone loss in the same subjects. This paper describes the efficacy and safety findings from this clinical trial and also outlines future directions using this promising and novel approach to manage both oral and systemic bone loss.
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Reinhardt RA, Stoner JA, Golub LM, Lee HM, Nummikoski PV, Sorsa T, Payne JB. Association of gingival crevicular fluid biomarkers during periodontal maintenance with subsequent progressive periodontitis. J Periodontol 2010; 81:251-9. [PMID: 20151804 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2009.090374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The analysis of biomarkers in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) may be helpful in forecasting patient vulnerability to future attachment loss. The purpose of this study is to correlate GCF biomarkers of inflammation and bone resorption with subsequent periodontal attachment and bone loss in a longitudinal trial of a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor. METHODS GCF was collected from two periodontal pockets (mean +/- SD: 5.1 +/- 1.0 mm) at baseline and annually in postmenopausal females with moderate to advanced periodontitis undergoing periodontal maintenance every 3 to 4 months during a 2-year double-masked, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial of subantimicrobial dose doxycycline (SDD; 20 mg two times a day). Subjects were randomized to SDD (n = 64) or a placebo (n = 64). GCF was analyzed for the inflammation markers interleukin (IL)-1beta (using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), total collagenase activity (using hydrolysis of a synthetic octapeptide), and MMP-8 (using a Western blot) and the bone-resorption marker carboxyterminal telopeptide cross-link fragment of type I collagen (ICTP) (using a radioimmunoassay). Generalized estimating equations were used to associate these biomarkers, categorized into tertiles, with subsequent clinical attachment (using an automated disk probe) or interproximal bone loss (using radiography). Odds ratio (OR) values compared highest to lowest tertile groups. RESULTS Increases in GCF IL-1beta and MMP-8 during the first year of periodontal maintenance were associated with increased odds of subsequent (year 2) periodontal attachment loss (OR = 1.67; P = 0.01 and OR = 1.50; P = 0.02, respectively) driven by the placebo group. Elevated baseline ICTP was also associated with increased odds of 1- and 2-year loss of alveolar bone density (OR = 1.98; P = 0.0001) in the placebo group, not the SDD group, and a loss of bone height (OR = 1.38; P = 0.06), again driven by the placebo group. CONCLUSION These data support the hypothesis that elevated GCF biomarkers of inflammation and bone resorption from a small number of moderate/deep sites have the potential to identify patients who are vulnerable to progressive periodontitis, and SDD may modify that risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Reinhardt
- Department of Surgical Specialties, College of Dentistry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln, NE 68583-0740, USA.
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Golub LM, Lee HM, Stoner JA, Reinhardt RA, Sorsa T, Goren AD, Payne JB. Doxycycline effects on serum bone biomarkers in post-menopausal women. J Dent Res 2010; 89:644-9. [PMID: 20348487 DOI: 10.1177/0022034510363367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that subantimicrobial-dose-doxycycline (SDD) treatment of post-menopausal osteopenic women significantly reduced periodontal disease progression, and biomarkers of collagen destruction and bone resorption locally in periodontal pockets, in a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. We now hypothesize that SDD may also improve biomarkers of bone loss systemically in the same women, consistent with previous studies on tetracyclines (e.g., doxycycline) in organ culture and animal models of bone-deficiency disease. 128 post-menopausal osteopenic women with chronic periodontitis randomly received SDD or placebo tablets daily for 2 years adjunctive to periodontal maintenance therapy every 3-4 months. Blood was collected at baseline and at one- and two-year appointments, and sera were analyzed for bone resorption and bone formation/turnover biomarkers. In subsets of the study population, adjunctive SDD significantly reduced serum biomarkers of bone resorption (biomarkers of bone formation were unaffected), consistent with reduced risk of future systemic bone loss in these post-menopausal women not yet on anti-osteoporotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Golub
- Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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Zhou X, Zhang P, Zhang C, An B, Zhu Z. Tetracyclines inhibit rat osteoclast formation and activity in vitro and affect bone turnover in young rats in vivo. Calcif Tissue Int 2010; 86:163-71. [PMID: 20033141 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-009-9328-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
An experiment was designed to investigate whether systemic administration of tetracyclines (TCs) as bone fluorochrome labels could interfere with bone modeling in vivo and inhibit osteoclast formation and activity in vitro. Cell cultures of rat bone marrow macrophages revealed that TC and oxytetracycline inhibited osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption and stimulated apoptosis. Forty rats in five groups were treated with saline, calcein green, alizarin red S, TC, or oxytetracycline. Their tibias were used for histomorphometric analysis, including bone static, dynamic, and resorption parameters in the tibial proximal metaphysis. No significant differences in bone volume per tissue volume, trabecular number, trabecular thickness, trabecular separation, bone formation rate per bone surface, mineralizing surface, or mineral apposition rate were observed. TC or oxytetracycline decreased eroded surface, number of osteoclasts per bone perimeter, and osteoclast surface per bone surface by about 50%. The results demonstrated that TC and oxytetracycline inhibit rat osteoclast formation and activity in vitro, and histomorphometric parameters involved in bone turnover may be affected by the use of oxytetracycline and TC as fluorescent bone labels in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Moses O, Shemesh A, Aboodi G, Tal H, Weinreb M, Nemcovsky CE. Systemic tetracycline delays degradation of three different collagen membranes in rat calvaria. Clin Oral Implants Res 2009; 20:189-95. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2008.01607.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Bender A, Zapolanski T, Watkins S, Khosraviani A, Seiffert K, Ding W, Wagner JA, Granstein RD. Tetracycline suppresses ATP gamma S-induced CXCL8 and CXCL1 production by the human dermal microvascular endothelial cell-1 (HMEC-1) cell line and primary human dermal microvascular endothelial cells. Exp Dermatol 2008; 17:752-60. [PMID: 18341570 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00716.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tetracyclines (TCN) have powerful anti-inflammatory properties in addition to their anti-microbial effects. These anti-inflammatory effects are thought to play a role in inhibiting cutaneous inflammation in patients with rosacea and acne; however, the mechanism(s) of this action remains poorly understood. We have previously shown that adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP)gamma S, a hydrolysis-resistant ATP analogue, augments secretion of pro-inflammatory messengers by a human dermal microvascular endothelial cell line (HMEC-1). ATP released by the sympathetic nerves during stress may stimulate release of pro-inflammatory chemokines by dermal vessel endothelial cells, resulting in recruitment of inflammatory cells and exacerbation of inflammatory skin disease. Here we demonstrate that TCN inhibits ATP gamma S-induced release of pro-inflammatory mediators by HMEC-1 cells and primary human dermal microvascular endothelial cells. TCN dose-dependently inhibited ATP gamma S-induced augmentation of CXCL8 (interleukin-8) and CXCL1 (growth-regulated oncogene-alpha) production by HMEC-1 cells and primary human dermal endothelial cells in vitro. TCN and ATP gamma S did not affect HMEC-1 cell viability as determined by trypan-blue exclusion and cell counts. Inhibition of production of inflammatory mediators by endothelial cells may be one mechanism by which TCN improves inflammatory skin diseases. The ability to inhibit release of inflammatory mediators induced in HMEC-1 cells by purinergic agonists may be a useful way to screen for potential therapeutic agents for cutaneous inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bender
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Gomes PS, Fernandes MH. Effect of therapeutic levels of doxycycline and minocycline in the proliferation and differentiation of human bone marrow osteoblastic cells. Arch Oral Biol 2006; 52:251-9. [PMID: 17141175 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2006.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2006] [Revised: 09/22/2006] [Accepted: 10/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Semi-synthetic tetracyclines (TCs) have been reported to reduce pathological bone resorption through several mechanisms, although their effect over bone physiological metabolism is not yet fully understood. The present study aims at evaluate the behaviour of osteoblastic-induced human bone marrow cells regarding proliferation and functional activity, in the presence of representative therapeutic concentrations of doxycycline and minocycline. First passage human osteoblastic bone marrow cells were cultured for 35 days in conditions known to favor osteoblastic differentiation. Doxycycline (1-25 micro g/ml) or minocycline (1-50 micro g/ml) were added continuously, with the culture medium, twice a week with every medium change. Cultures were characterised at several time points for cell proliferation and function. Present data showed that 1 micro g/ml of both tetracyclines, level representative of that attained in plasma and crevicular fluid with the standard therapeutic dosage, increased significantly the proliferation of human bone marrow osteoblastic cells without altering their specific phenotype and functional activity. Long-term exposure to these TCs induced a significant increase in the number of active osteoblastic cells that yielded a proportional amount of a normal mineralised matrix, suggesting a potential application in therapeutic approaches aiming to increase bone formation. The presence of higher levels of these agents led to a dose-dependent deleterious effect over cell culture, delaying cell proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Sousa Gomes
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Biocompatibilidade Celular, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr Manuel Pereira da Silva, Porto, Portugal
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Kim YJ, Rossa C, Kirkwood KL. Prostaglandin production by human gingival fibroblasts inhibited by triclosan in the presence of cetylpyridinium chloride. J Periodontol 2006; 76:1735-42. [PMID: 16253096 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2005.76.10.1735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of triclosan plus the cationic detergent cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) was evaluated for prostaglandin inhibition in human gingival fibroblasts. Since triclosan has previously been shown to inhibit proinflammatory cytokine induced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production, we wanted to determine if triclosan, in the presence of CPC, could enhance these effects. METHODS Initial studies determined that both triclosan and CPC were cytotoxic to human gingival fibroblasts in concentrations exceeding 1.0 microg/ml for either agent longer than 24 hours in a tissue culture. Therefore, subsequent studies measuring prostaglandin biosynthesis and cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 mRNA expression were performed in concentrations and times that did not significantly affect cell viability. RESULTS PGE2 biosynthesis was dose dependently inhibited by both triclosan and triclosan and CPC when challenged by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha or interleukin (IL)-1beta. At pharmacologically relevant concentrations, triclosan and CPC inhibited IL-1beta-induced PGE2 production to a greater extent than triclosan alone (P = 0.02). Moreover, enhanced COX-2 mRNA repression was observed with triclosan and CPC in comparison to triclosan alone in IL-1beta and TNF-alpha stimulated cells. No effect on COX-1 gene expression was observed. Further analysis of cell signaling mechanisms of triclosan and CPC indicates that nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) and not p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling may be impaired in the presence of triclosan and CPC. CONCLUSION This study indicates that triclosan and CPC are more effective at inhibiting PGE2 at the level of COX-2 gene regulation, and this combination may offer a potentially better anti-inflammatory agent in the treatment of inflammatory lesions in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Joon Kim
- Department of Periodontics and Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Kwang-Ju, Korea
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Sanchez J, Somolinos AL, Almodóvar PI, Webster G, Bradshaw M, Powala C. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the combined effect of doxycycline hyclate 20-mg tablets and metronidazole 0.75% topical lotion in the treatment of rosacea. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005; 53:791-7. [PMID: 16243127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2005.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subantimicrobial doses of doxycycline may improve outcomes in rosacea when combined with topical metronidazole and used as maintenance monotherapy. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of doxycycline hyclate 20 mg (subantimicrobial dose doxycycline) administered twice daily as an adjunct to metronidazole 0.75% topical lotion in the treatment of rosacea. METHODS Patients received subantimicrobial doses of doxycycline twice daily plus metronidazole (n = 20) or placebo plus metronidazole (n = 20) for 12 weeks. Subantimicrobial-dose doxycycline or placebo monotherapy continued for 4 weeks. The primary efficacy measure was change from baseline in total inflammatory lesions at weeks 2 and 16. RESULTS Total inflammatory lesions were reduced significantly (P =.048) by week 4 and by all subsequent visits in the subantimicrobial-dose doxycycline/metronidazole group compared with placebo/metronidazole. Changes from baseline increased over time and were maintained during subantimicrobial-dose doxycycline monotherapy. CONCLUSION Adjunctive use of subantimicrobial dose doxycycline significantly reduced the clinical signs of rosacea compared with metronidazole alone and may be useful maintenance monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Sanchez
- University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico.
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Reinhardt RA, Lee HM, Schmid M, Payne JB, Golub L. Relationship between gelatinases and bone turnover in the healing bone defect. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005; 63:1455-60. [PMID: 16182913 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2005.05.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2003] [Accepted: 05/19/2005] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this pilot study was to determine the relationship between gelatinase (MMP-9 and MMP-2) markers of soft tissue inflammation/turnover at the bone/soft tissue interface and bone turnover (osteocalcin [OC], pyridinoline cross-linked carboxyl-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen [ICTP], and bone fill) during healing of an alveolar bone defect. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten subjects undergoing oral surgery had a 5 x 5-mm trephine defect created on an edentulous ridge and were sampled at the bone/soft tissue interface at baseline (prior to flap reflection), 2 weeks and 12 weeks postsurgery, using a novel bone wash device. Recovered irrigants were analyzed for MMP-9 and MMP-2 by gelatin zymography, OC and ICTP with radioimmunoassays, and albumin (ALB; to normalize markers for blood content) with a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Bone fill at 12 weeks was analyzed by radiographic absorptiometry. RESULTS All markers of enzymatic activity and bone turnover varied significantly across time (P < or = .03), with bone turnover markers OC and ICTP decreasing between baseline and 2 weeks, and MMP-9 and MMP-2 increased. Measures generally returned to near baseline levels after 12 weeks. MMP-9 versus MMP-2 (r = 0.97, P < .0001) and OC versus ICTP (r = 0.38, P = .048) were correlated with each other, while MMP-9 and MMP-2 were negatively correlated with ICTP (r = -0.48, P = .011 and r = -0.62, P = .006, respectively). MMP-9 was negatively correlated with subsequent bone fill (r = -0.63, P = .07). CONCLUSIONS Bone wash sampling showed that gelatinase activity at 2 weeks following creation of an alveolar defect appeared to decrease bone turnover and eventual bone fill, suggesting benefits for anti-MMP therapy during wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Reinhardt
- Departments of Surgical Specialties and Oral Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Dentistry, 40th and Holdrege Streets, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
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Bar-Or D, Melamed I. Tetracycline: From antibiotic to antisepsis*. Crit Care Med 2005; 33:1660-1. [PMID: 16003088 DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000170191.60589.7a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Acharya MR, Venitz J, Figg WD, Sparreboom A. Chemically modified tetracyclines as inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases. Drug Resist Updat 2004; 7:195-208. [PMID: 15296861 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2004.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2004] [Accepted: 04/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases belong to a diverse group of enzymes that are not only involved in restructuring the extracellular matrix, but also play a major role in various pathophysiological conditions by virtue of their complicated expression, activation, and regulation processes. They have been widely implicated to function as major contenders in cancer progression, frequently due to their role in invasion, proliferation and metastasis. MMP inhibitors have been specifically designed to target these altered activities of MMPs, mostly by means of inhibiting their function and by diminishing their increased expression in various disease states, particularly cancer. Tetracyclines and chemically modified tetracyclines (CMTs) have been rationally designed to inhibit the activity of MMPs and thus decrease the potential risk of spread of tumor cells to distant sites by invasion and metastasis. Pre-clinical and early clinical data for one of these CMTs, COL-3 (formerly CMT-3) indicate considerable potential for this group of anticancer agents. Further testing and rational modifications of these CMT analogues might lead to new anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milin R Acharya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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17
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Zohar R, Nemcovsky CE, Kebudi E, Artzi Z, Tal H, Moses O. Tetracycline Impregnation Delays Collagen Membrane Degradation In Vivo. J Periodontol 2004; 75:1096-101. [PMID: 15455737 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2004.75.8.1096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guided tissue and bone regeneration using bioabsorbable collagen membranes is a common practice. Collagen promotes progenitor cell adhesion, chemotaxis, homeostasis, and physiologic degradation with low immunogenicity, which makes it an ideal material for barrier preparation. Collagen membranes have to maintain integrity for a proper time, thus ensuring successful cell exclusion. Early collagen membrane degradation is detrimental for the success of regenerative procedures. This in vivo study was conducted to evaluate the effect of soaking collagen membranes in different tetracycline hydrochloride (TCN) concentration solutions on its degradation. METHODS Five mm disks of collagen membrane were soaked in either 100 mg/ml TCN (group 100) or 50 mg/ml TCN (group 50); a group of non-treated disks served as controls. All disks were labeled with aminohexanoyl-biotin-N-hydroxy-succinimide ester (biotin) and implanted in rat calvaria bone. Block sections were taken after 3 weeks and histological slides stained with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to detect remnants of biotinylated collagen. Staining intensity was analyzed by image-analysis software taking quadruplicate measurements of a 500 microm2 area each. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures and paired t test with Bonferroni correction. RESULTS Staining intensity of membranes in group 100 was > 5-fold higher than the control while group 50 exhibited > 11-fold higher intensity than the control and > 2.5-fold higher than the 100. All of these differences were statistically significant (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Soaking collagen membranes in 50 mg/ml TCN solution is a useful, practical, and simple tool to slow membrane degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Zohar
- Department of Periodontology and Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
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18
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Brown DL, Desai KK, Vakili BA, Nouneh C, Lee HM, Golub LM. Clinical and Biochemical Results of the Metalloproteinase Inhibition with Subantimicrobial Doses of Doxycycline to Prevent Acute Coronary Syndromes (MIDAS) Pilot Trial. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24:733-8. [PMID: 14962945 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000121571.78696.dc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Vulnerable plaque demonstrates intense inflammation in which macrophages secrete matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that degrade the fibrous cap, ultimately leading to rupture, in situ thrombosis, and an associated clinical event. Thus, inhibition of MMP activity or more general suppression of vascular inflammation are attractive targets for interventions intended to reduce plaque rupture. We hypothesized that subantimicrobial doses of doxycycline (SDD) (20 mg twice daily) would benefit patients with coronary artery disease by reducing inflammation and MMP activity and thus possibly prevent coronary plaque rupture events.
Methods and Results—
We conducted a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of 6 months of SDD or placebo treatment to reduce inflammation and prevent plaque rupture events. A total of 50 patients were enrolled, of whom 24 were randomized to placebo and 26 to SDD. At 6 months, there was no difference in the composite endpoint of sudden death, fatal myocardial infarction (MI), non-fatal MI, or troponin-positive unstable angina in SDD compared with placebo-treated patients (8.4% versus 0%,
P
=0.491). Biochemical markers of inflammation were assessed in plasma at study entry and after 6 months of therapy in 30 patients. In SDD-treated patients, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) was reduced by 46% from 4.8±0.6 μg/mL to 2.6±0.4 μg/mL (
P
=0.007), whereas CRP was not significantly reduced in placebo patients. Interleukin (IL)-6 decreased from 22.1±3.7 pg/mL at baseline to 14.7±1.8 pg/mL at 6 months in SDD-treated patients (
P
=0.025) but did not decrease significantly in placebo-treated patients. On zymography, pro-MMP-9 activity was reduced 50% by SDD therapy (
P
=0.011), whereas it was unchanged by placebo treatment.
Conclusion—
SDD appears to exert potentially beneficial effects on inflammation that could promote plaque stability. These findings should be investigated in a larger study.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Angina, Unstable/blood
- Angina, Unstable/epidemiology
- Angina, Unstable/etiology
- Angina, Unstable/prevention & control
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/administration & dosage
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use
- Arteriosclerosis/complications
- Arteriosclerosis/drug therapy
- Arteriosclerosis/enzymology
- Biomarkers
- C-Reactive Protein/analysis
- Coronary Artery Disease/complications
- Coronary Artery Disease/drug therapy
- Coronary Artery Disease/enzymology
- Death, Sudden, Cardiac/epidemiology
- Death, Sudden, Cardiac/etiology
- Death, Sudden, Cardiac/prevention & control
- Double-Blind Method
- Doxycycline/administration & dosage
- Doxycycline/pharmacology
- Doxycycline/therapeutic use
- Female
- Humans
- Inflammation/blood
- Interleukins/blood
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/blood
- Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors
- Middle Aged
- Myocardial Infarction/epidemiology
- Myocardial Infarction/etiology
- Myocardial Infarction/prevention & control
- Pilot Projects
- Prospective Studies
- Protease Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protease Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Rupture, Spontaneous
- Troponin I/blood
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Brown
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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19
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Kirkwood K, Martin T, Andreadis ST, Kim YJ. Chemically modified tetracyclines selectively inhibit IL-6 expression in osteoblasts by decreasing mRNA stability. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 66:1809-19. [PMID: 14563491 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(03)00450-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In bone biology, interleukin (IL)-6 is an autocrine/paracrine cytokine which can induce osteoclasts formation and activation to help mediate inflammatory bone destruction. Previous studies have shown that tetracycline and its derivatives have potentially beneficial therapeutic effects in the prevention and treatment of metabolic bone diseases by modulating osteoblast and osteoclast activities. Our previous studies indicated that non-antimicrobial chemically modified tetracyclines (CMTs) can dose-dependently inhibit IL-1 beta-induced IL-6 secretion in osteoblastic cells. In the present study, we explored the molecular mechanisms underlying the ability of doxycycline analogs CMT-8 and its non-chelating pyrazole derivative, CMT-5 to affect IL-6 gene expression in murine osteoblasts. Steady-state IL-6 mRNA was decreased with CMT-8 (ca. 50%) but not by CMT-5 when stimulated by IL-1 beta. CMT-8 regulation of IL-1 beta-induced IL-6 gene expression was further explored. CMT-8 did not affect IL-6 promoter activity in reporter gene assays. However, the IL-6 mRNA stability was decreased in the presence of CMT-8. These effects require de novo protein synthesis as they were inhibited by cycloheximide. Western blot analysis indicated that CMT-8 did not affect p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, c-jun NH(2)-terminal kinases, or extracellular signal-regulated kinases (1 and 2) phosphorylation in response to IL-1 beta. These data suggest that CMT-8 can modulate inhibit IL-1 beta-induced IL-6 expression in MC3T3-E1 cells at the post-transcriptional level affecting IL-6 mRNA stability. These observations may offer a novel molecular basis for this treatment of metabolic bone diseases that are mediated by IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Kirkwood
- Department of Periodontics and Endodontics, State University of New York at Buffalo, 250 Squire Hall, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214-3008, USA.
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20
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Llavaneras A, Ramamurthy NS, Heikkilä P, Teronen O, Salo T, Rifkin BR, Ryan ME, Golub LM, Sorsa T. A combination of a chemically modified doxycycline and a bisphosphonate synergistically inhibits endotoxin-induced periodontal breakdown in rats. J Periodontol 2001; 72:1069-77. [PMID: 11525440 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2001.72.8.1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemically modified non-antimicrobial tetracyclines (CMTs) have been shown to inhibit pathologically elevated collagenase (and other matrix metalloproteinase, MMP) activity and bone resorption in vivo and in vitro. METHODS In the current study, suboptimal doses of CMT-8 (a non-antimicrobial chemically modified doxycycline) and a bisphosphonate (clodronate, an anti-bone resorption compound) were administered daily, either as a single agent or as a combination therapy, to rats with experimental periodontitis induced by repeated injection of bacterial endotoxin (LPS) into the gingiva. At the end of the 1-week protocol, the gingival tissues were dissected, extracted, and the extracts analyzed for MMPs (collagenases and gelatinases) and for elastase, and the defleshed jaws were morphometrically analyzed for alveolar bone loss. RESULTS LPS injection significantly (P<0.001) increased alveolar bone loss and increased collagenase (MMP-8), gelatinase (MMP-9), and elastase activities. Treatment of the LPS-injected rats with suboptimal CMT-8 alone or suboptimal clodronate alone produced slight reductions in the tissue-destructive proteinases and no significant reductions in alveolar bone loss. However, a combination of suboptimal CMT-8 and clodronate "normalized" the pathologically elevated levels of MMPs, elastase, and alveolar bone loss, indicating synergistic inhibition of tissue breakdown in this animal model of periodontitis. CONCLUSIONS Combination of a CMT and a bisphosphonate may be a useful treatment to optimally suppress periodontal destruction and tooth loss and in other tissue-destructive inflammatory diseases such as arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Llavaneras
- Central University of Venezuela School of Dentistry and School of Pharmacy, Caracas
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21
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Bradford PG, Maglich JM, Kirkwood KL. IL-1 beta increases type 1 inositol trisphosphate receptor expression and IL-6 secretory capacity in osteoblastic cell cultures. MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS : MCBRC 2000; 3:73-5. [PMID: 10775502 DOI: 10.1006/mcbr.2000.0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acute IL-6 secretion from osteosarcoma cells induced by the PI-linked hormones PTH(1-34) and endothelin-1 is potentiated by IL-1 beta. The present findings indicate that this potentiation is accompanied by increased signal transduction capacity. Specifically, IL-1 beta (30 pM) increased the B(max) of InsP(3) receptor binding (2. 7-fold) and immunoblot showed a 2.4-fold increase specifically in the type 1 InsP(3) receptor protein. Northern analyses of IL-1 beta-treated G-292 cells showed an 1.8-fold increase in type 1 InsP3 receptor mRNA and, in IL-1 beta-treated murine MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells, an 8.4-fold enhancement of the type 1 InsP(3) receptor gene transcription. Promoter reporter assays confirmed the mRNA measurements and showed the effect of IL-1 beta to be mediated by the major transcriptional regulatory region of the type 1 InsP(3) receptor promoter. The findings support the hypothesis that chronic regulators of osteoblast function, such as IL-1 beta, affect the capacity of cellular signal transduction through changes in InsP(3) receptor levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Bradford
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, 14214-3000, USA.
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