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Immune Modulatory Effects of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs in the Perioperative Period and Their Consequence on Postoperative Outcome. Anesthesiology 2022; 136:843-860. [PMID: 35180291 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000004141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are among the most commonly administered drugs in the perioperative period due to their prominent role in pain management. However, they potentially have perioperative consequences due to immune-modulating effects through the inhibition of prostanoid synthesis, thereby affecting the levels of various cytokines. These effects may have a direct impact on the postoperative outcome of patients since the immune system aims to restore homeostasis and plays an indispensable role in regeneration and repair. By affecting the immune response, consequences can be expected on various organ systems. This narrative review aims to highlight these potential immune system-related consequences, which include systemic inflammatory response syndrome, acute respiratory distress syndrome, immediate and persistent postoperative pain, effects on oncological and neurologic outcome, and wound, anastomotic, and bone healing.
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Frungieri MB, Calandra RS, Bartke A, Matzkin ME. Male and female gonadal ageing: its impact on health span and life span. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 197:111519. [PMID: 34139215 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ageing is linked to changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and a progressive decline in gonadal function. While women become infertile when they enter menopause, fertility decline in ageing men does not necessarily involve a complete cessation of spermatogenesis. Gonadal dysfunction in elderly people is characterized by morphological, endocrine and metabolic alterations affecting the reproductive function and quality of life. With advancing age, sexuality turns into a critical emotional and physical factor actually defining the number of years that ageing people live a healthy life. Gonadal ageing correlates with comorbidities and an increased risk of age-related diseases including diabetes, kidney problems, cardiovascular failures and cancer. This article briefly summarizes the current state of knowledge on ovarian and testicular senescence, explores the experimental models used in the study of gonadal ageing, and describes the local pro-inflammatory, oxidative and apoptotic events and the associated signalling pathways that take place in the gonads while people get older. Overall, literature reports that ageing exacerbates a mutual crosstalk among oxidative stress, apoptosis and the inflammatory response in the gonads leading to detrimental effects on fertility. Data also highlight the clinical implications of novel therapeutic interventions using antioxidant, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory drugs on health span and life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica B Frungieri
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, C1428ADN, Argentina; Cátedra de Química, Ciclo Básico Común, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, C1405CAE, Argentina.
| | - Ricardo S Calandra
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, C1428ADN, Argentina
| | - Andrzej Bartke
- Division of Geriatrics Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University, School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA
| | - María E Matzkin
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, C1428ADN, Argentina; Cátedra de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG, Argentina
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3
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Alzheimer's Disease and Specialized Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators: Do MaR1, RvD1, and NPD1 Show Promise for Prevention and Treatment? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165783. [PMID: 32806612 PMCID: PMC7460933 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease and a major contributor to progressive cognitive impairment in an aging society. As the pathophysiology of AD involves chronic neuroinflammation, the resolution of inflammation and the group of lipid mediators that actively regulate it-i.e., specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs)-attracted attention in recent years as therapeutic targets. This review focuses on the following three specific SPMs and summarizes their relationships to AD, as they were shown to effectively address and reduce the risk of AD-related neuroinflammation: maresin 1 (MaR1), resolvin D1 (RvD1), and neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1). These three SPMs are metabolites of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which is contained in fish oils and is thus easily available to the public. They are expected to become incorporated into promising avenues for preventing and treating AD in the future.
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Brown JL, Sones JL, Angulo CN, Abbott K, Miller AD, Boehm U, Roberson MS. Conditional loss of ERK1 and ERK2 results in abnormal placentation and delayed parturition in the mouse. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9641. [PMID: 31270345 PMCID: PMC6610138 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45997-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1 and 2 regulate many aspects of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. We sought to understand the role of ERK1/2 signaling in cells expressing a Cre allele regulated by the endogenous GnRHR promoter (GRIC-ERKdko). Adult female GRIC-ERKdko mice were hypogonadotropic and anovulatory. Gonadotropin administration and mating led to pregnancy in one-third of the ERKdko females. Litters from ERKdko females and pup weights were reduced coincident with delayed parturition and 100% neonatal mortality. Based on this, we examined Cre expression in implantation sites as a potential mechanism. GnRHR mRNA levels at e10.5 and e12.5 were comparable to pituitary levels from adult female mice at proestrus and GnRHR mRNA in decidua was enriched compared to whole implantation site. In vivo studies confirmed recombination in decidua, and GRIC-ERKdko placentas showed reduced ERK2 expression. Histopathology revealed abnormalities in placental architecture in the GRIC-ERKdko animals. Regions of apoptosis at the decidual/uterine interface at e18.5 were observed in control animals but apoptotic tone in these regions was reduced in ERKdko animals. These studies support a potential model of ERK-dependent signaling within the implantation site leading to loss of placental architecture and mis-regulation of apoptotic events at parturition occurring coincident with prolonged gestation and neonatal mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Brown
- Department Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer L Sones
- Department Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Cynthia N Angulo
- Department Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Keelin Abbott
- Department Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Andrew D Miller
- Department Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ulrich Boehm
- Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | - Mark S Roberson
- Department Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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5
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Smith WL. Reply to Hansen: Essentiality of n-3 fatty acids. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:6693. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rl119.008526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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6
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Nagaraju GP, El-Rayes BF. Cyclooxygenase-2 in gastrointestinal malignancies. Cancer 2019; 125:1221-1227. [PMID: 30747998 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.32010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX) is an enzyme complex that plays an important role in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are essential modulators of signal transduction pathways, which contribute to the metastatic properties of gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies. Although COX-1 is constitutively active, COX-2 is upregulated by cytokines, growth factors, and mitogen. COX-2 is involved in malignant cell proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, invasion, and antiapoptotic activity. Thus, COX-2 inhibitors may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of GI cancers. In this review, the role of COX-2 in GI cancers is explored, and its clinical applications as a therapeutic target are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bassel F El-Rayes
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Körber H, Goericke-Pesch S. Expression of PTGS2, PGFS and PTGFR during downregulation and restart of spermatogenesis following GnRH agonist treatment in the dog. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 375:531-541. [PMID: 30198052 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2915-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PGs) and prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase (PTGS) are considered to be relevant for spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis. PTGS2, prostaglandin F synthase (PGFS) and PGF receptor (PTGFR) are investigated in the adult male dog using the model of the GnRH-agonist implant downregulated canine testis and its subsequent restart of spermatogenesis following abolition of treatment (3, 6, 9, 12 weeks after implant removal). On the mRNA level (ratio), PTGS2, PGFS and PTGFR expression did not differ between downregulation, different stages of recovery of spermatogenesis and untreated adult controls (CG). On the protein level, Sertoli and Leydig cells in all samples and some peritubular cells stained immunopositive for PTGS2. In the tubular compartment, the percentage of the PTGS2-immunopositive area (PIA) and the mean PTGS2-staining intensity (gray scale, GS) did not differ between groups but in the interstitial compartment, the PIA (p = 0.0494) and the GS (p < 0.0001) were significantly upregulated during early recrudescence (week 3/6). Comparing downregulation by two GnRH-agonist implants with juvenile controls (JG) and CG, the mRNA expression (ratio) did not differ. In the tubular compartment, the GS (p = 0.0321) was significantly higher at downregulation compared to CG and in the interstitial compartment, the PIA (p = 0.0073) and the GS (p = 0.0097) were significantly higher in JG compared to downregulation/CG. PTGS2, PGFS and PTGFR mRNA and PTGS2 protein are regularly expressed in the adult, juvenile and downregulated canine testis and downregulation and subsequent recrudescence affect PTGS2 protein expression mainly in Leydig cells. PTGS2 expression in the downregulated testis resembles the one in seasonal Syrian hamster but not juvenile canine testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Körber
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Section for Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegaard Alle 5A, 2630, Tåstrup, Denmark
- Reproductive Unit of the Clinics-Clinic for Small Animal, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 15, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - S Goericke-Pesch
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Section for Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegaard Alle 5A, 2630, Tåstrup, Denmark.
- Reproductive Unit of the Clinics-Clinic for Small Animal, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 15, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
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Takahashi T, Hagiwara A, Ogiwara K. Prostaglandins in teleost ovulation: A review of the roles with a view to comparison with prostaglandins in mammalian ovulation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 461:236-247. [PMID: 28919301 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins are well known to be central regulators of vertebrate ovulation. Studies addressing the role of prostaglandins in mammalian ovulation have established that they are involved in the processes of oocyte maturation and cumulus oocyte complex expansion. In contrast, despite the first indication of the role of prostaglandins in teleost ovulation appearing 40 years ago, the mechanistic background of their role has long been unknown. However, studies conducted on medaka over the past decade have provided valuable information. Emerging evidence indicates an indispensable role of prostaglandin E2 and its receptor subtype Ptger4b in the process of follicle rupture. In this review, we summarize studies addressing the role of prostaglandins in teleost ovulation and describe recent advances. To help understand differences from and similarities to ovulation in mammalian species, the findings on the roles of prostaglandins in mammalian ovulation are discussed in parallel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Takahashi
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan.
| | - Akane Hagiwara
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Katsueki Ogiwara
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
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Li X, Mazaleuskaya LL, Ballantyne LL, Meng H, FitzGerald GA, Funk CD. Genomic and lipidomic analyses differentiate the compensatory roles of two COX isoforms during systemic inflammation in mice. J Lipid Res 2017; 59:102-112. [PMID: 29180443 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m080028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Both cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2, encoded by Ptgs1 and Ptgs2, function coordinately during inflammation. But the relative contributions and compensations of COX-1 and COX-2 to inflammatory responses remain unanswered. We used three engineered mouse lines where the Ptgs1 and Ptgs2 genes substitute for one another to discriminate the distinct roles and interchangeability of COX isoforms during systemic inflammation. In macrophages, kidneys, and lungs, "flipped" Ptgs genes generate a "reversed" COX expression pattern, where the knock-in COX-2 is expressed constitutively and the knock-in COX-1 is lipopolysaccharide inducible. A panel of eicosanoids detected in serum and kidney demonstrates that prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis requires native COX-1 and cannot be rescued by the knock-in COX-2. Our data further reveal preferential compensation of COX isoforms for prostanoid production in macrophages and throughout the body, as reflected by urinary PG metabolites. NanoString analysis indicates that inflammatory networks can be maintained by isoform substitution in inflamed macrophages. However, COX-1>COX-2 macrophages show reduced activation of inflammatory signaling pathways, indicating that COX-1 may be replaced by COX-2 within this complex milieu, but not vice versa. Collectively, each COX isoform plays a distinct role subject to subcellular environment and tissue/cell-specific conditions, leading to subtle compensatory differences during systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhi Li
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Liudmila L Mazaleuskaya
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Laurel L Ballantyne
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hu Meng
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Garret A FitzGerald
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Colin D Funk
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Immune-Induced Fever Is Dependent on Local But Not Generalized Prostaglandin E 2 Synthesis in the Brain. J Neurosci 2017; 37:5035-5044. [PMID: 28438967 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3846-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fever occurs upon binding of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) to EP3 receptors in the median preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus, but the origin of the pyrogenic PGE2 has not been clearly determined. Here, using mice of both sexes, we examined the role of local versus generalized PGE2 production in the brain for the febrile response. In wild-type mice and in mice with genetic deletion of the prostaglandin synthesizing enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 in the brain endothelium, generated with an inducible CreERT2 under the Slco1c1 promoter, PGE2 levels in the CSF were only weakly related to the magnitude of the febrile response, whereas the PGE2 synthesizing capacity in the hypothalamus, as reflected in the levels of cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA, showed strong correlation with the immune-induced fever. Histological analysis showed that the deletion of cyclooxygenase-2 in brain endothelial cells occurred preferentially in small- and medium-sized vessels deep in the brain parenchyma, such as in the hypothalamus, whereas larger vessels, and particularly those close to the neocortical surface and in the meninges, were left unaffected, hence leaving PGE2 synthesis largely intact in major parts of the brain while significantly reducing it in the region critical for the febrile response. Furthermore, injection of a virus vector expressing microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) into the median preoptic nucleus of fever-refractive mPGES-1 knock-out mice, resulted in a temperature elevation in response to LPS. We conclude that the febrile response is dependent on local release of PGE2 onto its target neurons and not on the overall PGE2 production in the brain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT By using mice with selective deletion of prostaglandin synthesis in brain endothelial cells, we demonstrate that local prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in deep brain areas, such as the hypothalamus, which is the site of thermoregulatory neurons, is critical for the febrile response to peripheral inflammation. In contrast, PGE2 production in other brain areas and the overall PGE2 level in the brain do not influence the febrile response. Furthermore, partly restoring the PGE2 synthesizing capacity in the anterior hypothalamus of mice lacking such capacity with a lentiviral vector resulted in a temperature elevation in response to LPS. These data imply that the febrile response is dependent on the local release of PGE2 onto its target neurons, possibly by a paracrine mechanism.
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Pandey VK, Amin PJ, Shankar BS. COX-2 inhibitor prevents tumor induced down regulation of classical DC lineage specific transcription factor Zbtb46 resulting in immunocompetent DC and decreased tumor burden. Immunol Lett 2017; 184:23-33. [PMID: 28161224 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between the immune and tumor cells in the microenvironment is an important factor deciding the progression of cancer. Though many of the soluble mediators in the microenvironment that mediate immunosuppression are known, the mechanism by which the tumor affects the distal progenitors is not known. We report that the tumor derived prostanoids down regulated classical dendritic cells DC (cDC) lineage specific transcription factor Zbtb46 in the progenitor cells which affects its differentiation. Prostanoids also induced ERK/CREB/IL-10 signaling pathway in DC that is more important for maturation of DC. This was observed under in vitro as well as in vivo conditions leading to phenotypic and functional impairment of DC. siRNA mediated knockdown of Zbtb46 and not exogenous IL-10 mimicked the effects of tumor conditioned medium (TCM) on suppression of maturation markers. Treatment of tumor cells with COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 averted TCM induced phenotypic impairment of DC in vitro. Treatment of tumor bearing mice with NS-398 prevented tumor induced down regulation of Zbtb46 resulting in immunocompetent DC which in turn led to a decrease in tumor burden. The effects of NS-398 was indeed through immunomodulation was corroborated by no such response in SCID mice. Our study provides novel insight into the distal regulation of progenitor cells by tumor and the importance of Zbtb46 expression in anti-tumor immunity. These results identify Zbtb46 expression as an indicator of immunocompetent DC in tumor and also highlights that COX-2 inhibitors could be useful in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipul K Pandey
- Immunology Section, Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400 094, India
| | - Prayag J Amin
- Immunology Section, Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Bhavani S Shankar
- Immunology Section, Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400 094, India.
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Shi Z, Chen Y, Pei Y, Long Y, Liu C, Cao J, Chen P. The role of cyclooxygenase-2 in the protection against apoptosis in vascular endothelial cells induced by cigarette smoking. J Thorac Dis 2017; 9:30-41. [PMID: 28203404 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2017.01.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptosis has been demonstrated to be an important upstream event in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) seems to be biologically relevant in COPD. However, the role of COX-2 in the apoptosis in vascular endothelial cells induced by cigarette smoke extract (CSE) remains to be elucidated. Our recent study found that the prostacyclin, one of the COX products in the microvascular endothelium, inhibited apoptosis in the emphysematous lungs of rats induced by CSE. In order to clarify the role of COX-2 in the apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells induced by CSE, we performed the present experiment to elucidate it. METHODS Twenty surgical lung specimens were obtained from 6 patients with COPD, 7 smoking controls and seven nonsmoking controls. The apoptotic index (AI) and COX-2 protein expression were detected in lung tissues. To further investigate the effects of CSE on the apoptosis and COX-2 expression in a human vascular endothelial cell line, the apoptosis rate and COX-2 expression were examined in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (ECV304) under exposure to varied concentrations of CSE as well as under exposure to 5.0% CSE for varied durations. Repeatedly, the apoptosis rate and COX-2 expression in ECV304 cells under 5.0% CSE were examined after exposing to varied concentrations of celecoxib, a highly selective COX-2 inhibitor. RESULTS Significantly increased AI and expression of COX-2 were found both in the lungs of patients with COPD and smoking controls compared with nonsmoking controls. The CSE induced apoptosis in ECV304 cells in means of both dose-dependent and time-dependent manners. The COX-2 was slightly expressed in the cells after exposing to 5% CSE for 3 and 6 h, and markedly expressed after the exposure time for 9 and 12 h, but vanished after 24 h of the exposure. Of interest, with the completely block of the COX-2 expression by celecoxib at 50.0 µmol/L, the apoptosis rate was markedly increased again in ECV304 cells under exposure to 5.0% CSE. CONCLUSIONS Endothelial cell apoptosis and the expression of COX-2 protein were increased in both COPD patients and CSE-induced vascular endothelial cells. Of interest, it seems that the COX-2 probably had a protective role against the apoptosis in the vascular endothelial cells induced by cigarette smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Shi
- Division of Respiratory Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Division of Respiratory Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Yanfang Pei
- Division of Respiratory Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Yingjiao Long
- Division of Respiratory Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Caihong Liu
- Division of Respiratory Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Jun Cao
- Division of Respiratory Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Division of Respiratory Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University, Changsha 410011, China
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Pain Medications and Male Reproduction. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1034:39-57. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-69535-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Katiyar SK. Dietary proanthocyanidins inhibit UV radiation-induced skin tumor development through functional activation of the immune system. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:1374-82. [PMID: 26991736 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201501026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of skin cancer is equivalent to the incidence of malignancies in all other organs combined. The main risk factor for this disease is overexposure of the skin to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation. UV irradiation induces inflammation, oxidative stress, DNA damage, and suppression of the immune system in the skin, which together contribute to carcinogenesis. The use of dietary phytochemicals shows great promise as a complementary and alternative strategy for skin cancer prevention. Grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPs) have been tested extensively for their anti-skin cancer effect using in vivo animal models. Supplementation of an AIN76A control diet with GSPs (0.2 and 0.5%, w/w) significantly inhibits UV radiation-induced skin tumor development as well as malignant transformation of papillomas to carcinoma in mice. The inhibition of UVB-induced skin tumor development by GSPs is mediated through interrelated mechanisms of action including: (i) inhibition of inflammation, (ii) rapid repair of damaged DNA, and (iii) stimulation of immune system. Additionally, the chemopreventive effects of GSPs involve DNA repair-dependent functional activation of antigen-presenting cells and stimulation of CD8(+) effector T cells. These effects of GSPs could be useful in attenuation of the adverse effects of UV radiation and may have health benefits in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh K Katiyar
- Departments of Dermatology and Environmental Health Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center and Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Islam ABMMK, Dave M, Amin S, Jensen RV, Amin AR. Genomic, Lipidomic and Metabolomic Analysis of Cyclooxygenase-null Cells: Eicosanoid Storm, Cross Talk, and Compensation by COX-1. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2016; 14:81-93. [PMID: 27012456 PMCID: PMC4880957 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The constitutively-expressed cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1) and the inducible COX-2 are both involved in the conversion of arachidonic acid (AA) to prostaglandins (PGs). However, the functional roles of COX-1 at the cellular level remain unclear. We hypothesized that by comparing differential gene expression and eicosanoid metabolism in lung fibroblasts from wild-type (WT) mice and COX-2-/- or COX-1-/- mice may help address the functional roles of COX-1 in inflammation and other cellular functions. Compared to WT, the number of specifically-induced transcripts were altered descendingly as follows: COX-2-/- > COX-1-/- > WT + IL-1β. COX-1-/- or COX-2-/- cells shared about 50% of the induced transcripts with WT cells treated with IL-1β, respectively. An interactive “anti-inflammatory, proinflammatory, and redox-activated” signature in the protein–protein interactome map was observed in COX-2-/- cells. The augmented COX-1 mRNA (in COX-2-/- cells) was associated with the upregulation of mRNAs for glutathione S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), NAD(P)H dehydrogenase quinone 1 (NQO1), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), peroxiredoxin, phospholipase, prostacyclin synthase, and prostaglandin E synthase, resulting in a significant increase in the levels of PGE2, PGD2, leukotriene B4 (LTB4), PGF1α, thromboxane B2 (TXB2), and PGF2α. The COX-1 plays a dominant role in shifting AA toward the LTB4 pathway and anti-inflammatory activities. Compared to WT, the upregulated COX-1 mRNA in COX-2-/- cells generated an “eicosanoid storm”. The genomic characteristics of COX-2-/- is similar to that of proinflammatory cells as observed in IL-1β induced WT cells. COX-1-/- and COX-2-/- cells exhibited compensation of various eicosanoids at the genomic and metabolic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abul B M M K Islam
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Mandar Dave
- Department of Rheumatology, New York University Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, NY 10003, USA; Department of Biology and Chemistry, Essex County College, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Sonia Amin
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Roderick V Jensen
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Ashok R Amin
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; Department of Rheumatology, New York University Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, NY 10003, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; RheuMatrix Inc., Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA.
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Frungieri MB, Calandra RS, Mayerhofer A, Matzkin ME. Cyclooxygenase and prostaglandins in somatic cell populations of the testis. Reproduction 2015; 149:R169-80. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-14-0392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PGs) are synthesized through the action of the rate-limiting enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX) and further specific enzymes. The development ofCox-deficient mice in the 1990s gave insights into the reproductive roles of PGs. FemaleCox-knockout mice were subfertile or infertile. Interestingly, fertility was not affected in male mice deficient inCox, suggesting that PGs may not be critical for the functioning of the testis. However, this conclusion has recently been challenged by observations of important roles for PGs in both physiological and pathological processes in the testis. The two key somatic cell types in the testis, Leydig and Sertoli cells, express the inducible isoenzyme COX2 and produce PGs. Testicular COX2 expression in these somatic cells is regulated by hormonal input (FSH, prolactin (PRL), and testosterone) as well as by IL1β. PGs modulate steroidogenesis in Leydig cells and glucose uptake in Sertoli cells. Hence, the COX2/PG system in Leydig and Sertoli cells acts as a local modulator of testicular activity, and consequently may regulate spermatogenic efficiency. In addition to its expression in Leydig and Sertoli cells, COX2 has been detected in the seminiferous tubule wall, and in testicular macrophages and mast cells of infertile patients. These observations highlight the possible relevance of PGs in testicular inflammation associated with idiopathic infertility. Collectively, these data indicate that the COX2/PG system plays crucial roles not only in testicular physiology (i.e., development, steroidogenesis, and spermatogenesis), but more importantly in the pathogenesis or maintenance of infertility status in the male gonad. Further studies of these actions could lead to new therapeutic approaches to idiopathic male infertility.Free German abstractA German translation of this abstract is freely available athttp://www.reproduction-online.org/content/149/4/R169/suppl/DC1.Free Spanish abstractA Spanish translation of this abstract is freely available athttp://www.reproduction-online.org/content/149/4/R169/suppl/DC2.
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Cyclooxygenase 1 mRNA expression is undetectable in Madin Darby Canine Kidney cells. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:93. [PMID: 25889317 PMCID: PMC4375849 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1049-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Madin Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells form polarized epithelium in vitro and are routinely used in research fields ranging from protein trafficking to influenza. However, the canine origin of these cells also means that compared to man or mouse, genomic resources are more limited and performance of commercially available antibodies often untested. The synthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins in the kidney is mediated by the constitutively expressed cyclooxygenase 1 and the inducible cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-1 and COX-2, respectively). There are conflicting reports on the expression of COX-1 and COX-2 in MDCK cells and this lingering uncertainty about such important pharmacological targets may affect the interpretation of results obtained from this cell line. Results In order to definitively settle the issue of cyclooxygenase expression in MDCK cells, we designed PCR primers based on dog genomic sequences to probe COX-1 and COX-2 mRNA expression in MDCK cells and dog kidney. We report that while COX-1 and COX-2 genes are both expressed in dog kidney, COX-1 expression is undetectable in MDCK cells. Conclusions By improving the characterization of cyclooxygenase expression in MDCK cells, this study will contribute to a better understanding of the properties of this cell line and lead to improved experimental designs and data interpretations.
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Development of a sensitive in vitro assay to quantify the biological activity of pro-inflammatory phorbol esters in Jatropha oil. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2015; 51:644-50. [PMID: 25588777 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-014-9861-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
New health safety concerns may arise from the increasing production and use of Jatropha oil, a biodiesel feedstock that also contains toxic, pro-inflammatory, and co-carcinogenic phorbol esters. Based on the exceptional sensitivity of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells to the model phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), a robust bioassay was developed to quantify the biological activity of Jatropha phorbol esters directly in oil, without sample extraction. We first verified that the characteristic response of MDCK cells to TPA was also observed following direct exposure to phorbol esters in Jatropha oil. We further confirmed that similarly to TPA, Jatropha oil's phorbol esters can activate protein kinase C (PKC). We then assessed the transcriptional response of MDCK cells to Jatropha oil exposure by measuring the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a gene involved in inflammatory processes which is strongly upregulated following PKC activation. Based on the parameterization of a TPA dose-response curve, the transcriptional response of MDCK cells to Jatropha oil exposure was expressed in term of TPA toxic equivalent (TEQ), a convenient metric to report the inflammatory potential of complex mixtures. The sensitive bioassay described in this manuscript may prove useful for risk assessment, as it provides a quantitative method and a convenient metric to report the inflammatory potential of phorbol esters in Jatropha oil. This bioassay may also be adapted for the detection of bioactive phorbol esters in other matrices.
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Prostaglandin signalling regulates ciliogenesis by modulating intraflagellar transport. Nat Cell Biol 2014; 16:841-51. [PMID: 25173977 PMCID: PMC4154319 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are microtubule-based organelles that mediate signal transduction in a variety of tissues. Despite their importance, the signaling cascades that regulate cilia formation remain incompletely understood. Here we report that prostaglandin signaling affects ciliogenesis by regulating anterograde intraflagellar transport (IFT). Zebrafish leakytail (lkt) mutants display ciliogenesis defects, and lkt locus encodes an ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABCC4). We show that Lkt/ABCC4 localizes to the cell membrane and exports prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a function that is abrogated by the Lkt/ABCC4T804M mutant. PGE2 synthesis enzyme Cyclooxygenase-1 and its receptor, EP4, which localizes to the cilium and activates cAMP-mediated signaling cascade, are required for cilia formation and elongation. Importantly, PGE2 signaling increases anterograde but not retrograde velocity of IFT and promotes ciliogenesis in mammalian cells. These findings lead us to propose that Lkt/ABCC4-mediated PGE2 signaling acts through a ciliary G-protein-coupled receptor, EP4, to upregulate cAMP synthesis and increase anterograde IFT, thereby promoting ciliogenesis.
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Uzun B, Atli O, Perk BO, Burukoglu D, Ilgin S. Evaluation of the reproductive toxicity of naproxen sodium and meloxicam in male rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2014; 34:415-29. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327114542886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that are cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme inhibitors have generally been used in short-term pain management and also to treat inflammation chronically. It is known that COX enzyme and prostaglandins play important roles in the regulation of reproductive functions in females. However, there are relatively few studies for the male reproductive system, and the results of these studies are contradictory. In this study, sperm count and motility, COX-1, COX-2, prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) levels in testis tissue, plasma follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone levels, and histopathological examination of testis tissue were evaluated after naproxen sodium and meloxicam administration in male rats. Also, testis superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione (GSH) levels were measured to investigate the oxidation status. According to our results, sperm count and motility were significantly decreased in treatment groups. Plasma hormone levels did not show any statistical differences between the groups. COX-1, PGE2, and PGF2α levels were significantly decreased, while the decreases in COX-2 and PGE1 levels did not show any significance statistically. Testis SOD, catalase, GPx, and GSH levels were decreased significantly. According to the results of histopathological examination, damage in seminiferous tubules, where spermatogenesis developed, was observed. In conclusion, naproxen sodium and meloxicam decreased the sperm count and motility and also induced the damage of seminiferous tubules as a direct effect without affecting plasma hormone levels in our study. The mechanism of the reproductive toxicity induced by these agents may be based on the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and the induction of oxidative stress can be emphasized as a secondary factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Uzun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - O Atli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - BO Perk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - D Burukoglu
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - S Ilgin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey
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Monga J, Aggarwal V, Suthar SK, Monika M, Nongalleima K, Sharma M. Topical (+)-catechin emulsified gel prevents DMBA/TPA-induced squamous cell carcinoma of the skin by modulating antioxidants and inflammatory biomarkers in BALB/c mice. Food Funct 2014; 5:3197-207. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00531g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
An emulsified gel of (+)-catechin was developed and evaluated topically against DMBA/TPA-induced squamous cell carcinoma of the skin in BALB/c mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitender Monga
- Department of Urology
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research
- Chandigarh, India
| | - Vaibhav Aggarwal
- Department of Pharmacy
- Jaypee University of Information Technology
- Waknaghat 173234, India
| | - Sharad Kumar Suthar
- Department of Pharmacy
- Jaypee University of Information Technology
- Waknaghat 173234, India
| | - Monika Monika
- Department of Pharmacy
- Jaypee University of Information Technology
- Waknaghat 173234, India
| | | | - Manu Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy
- Jaypee University of Information Technology
- Waknaghat 173234, India
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Vaid M, Singh T, Prasad R, Katiyar SK. Intake of high-fat diet stimulates the risk of ultraviolet radiation-induced skin tumors and malignant progression of papillomas to carcinoma in SKH-1 hairless mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 274:147-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Tomić MA, Micov AM, Stepanović-Petrović RM. Levetiracetam Interacts Synergistically With Nonsteroidal Analgesics and Caffeine to Produce Antihyperalgesia in Rats. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2013; 14:1371-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gupta V, Liu S, Ando H, Ishii R, Tateno S, Kaneko Y, Yugami M, Sakamoto S, Yamaguchi Y, Nureki O, Handa H. Salicylic Acid Induces Mitochondrial Injury by Inhibiting Ferrochelatase Heme Biosynthesis Activity. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 84:824-33. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.113.087940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Langley RE. Clinical evidence for the use of aspirin in the treatment of cancer. Ecancermedicalscience 2013; 7:297. [PMID: 23589726 PMCID: PMC3622409 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2013.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the anti-cancer effects of aspirin were first identified in pre-clinical models four decades ago, a clear role for the drug in either the prevention or treatment of cancer has not been established. Concerns about toxicity, particularly major haemorrhage, and a lack of randomised evidence demonstrating efficacy have limited its use in primary prevention; there was also doubt that a simple aspirin could have a significant therapeutic effect against established malignancy. Three new pieces of evidence: a series of meta-analyses focusing on cancer outcomes from randomised-controlled trials designed to assess the vascular benefits of daily aspirin; the first positive results from a randomised-controlled trial designed to demonstrate that aspirin can prevent cancer in those with a hereditary predisposition; and observational data showing that aspirin use after a cancer diagnosis improves both cancer mortality and overall survival; have led to a re-evaluation of aspirin as a potential anti-cancer agent both for the prevention and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth E Langley
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit, Aviation House, 125 Kingsway, London WC2B 6NH, UK and
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Allaj V, Guo C, Nie D. Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, prostaglandins, and cancer. Cell Biosci 2013; 3:8. [PMID: 23388178 PMCID: PMC3599181 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-3-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids are involved in multiple pathways and play a pivotal role in health. Eicosanoids, derived from arachidonic acid, have received extensive attention in the field of cancer research. Following release from the phospholipid membrane, arachidonic acid can be metabolized into different classes of eicosanoids through cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, or p450 epoxygenase pathways. Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely consumed as analgesics to relieve minor aches and pains, as antipyretics to reduce fever, and as anti-inflammatory medications. Most NSAIDs are nonselective inhibitors of cyclooxygenases, the rate limiting enzymes in the formation of prostaglandins. Long term use of some NSAIDs has been linked with reduced incidence and mortality in many cancers. In this review, we appraise the biological activities of prostanoids and their cognate receptors in the context of cancer biology. The existing literature supports that these lipid mediators are involved to a great extent in the occurrence and progression of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Allaj
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine and Simmons Cancer Institute, Springfield, IL, 62794, USA.
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Omanakuttan A, Nambiar J, Harris RM, Bose C, Pandurangan N, Varghese RK, Kumar GB, Tainer JA, Banerji A, Perry JJP, Nair BG. Anacardic acid inhibits the catalytic activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 82:614-22. [PMID: 22745359 DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.079020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of a wide variety of pathophysiological conditions. To further define the mechanism of CNSL action, we investigated the effect of cashew nut shell extract (CNSE) on two matrix metalloproteinases, MMP-2/gelatinase A and MMP-9/gelatinase B, which are known to have critical roles in several disease states. We observed that the major constituent of CNSE, anacardic acid, markedly inhibited the gelatinase activity of 3T3-L1 cells. Our gelatin zymography studies on these two secreted gelatinases, present in the conditioned media from 3T3-L1 cells, established that anacardic acid directly inhibited the catalytic activities of both MMP-2 and MMP-9. Our docking studies suggested that anacardic acid binds into the MMP-2/9 active site, with the carboxylate group of anacardic acid chelating the catalytic zinc ion and forming a hydrogen bond to a key catalytic glutamate side chain and the C15 aliphatic group being accommodated within the relatively large S1' pocket of these gelatinases. In agreement with the docking results, our fluorescence-based studies on the recombinant MMP-2 catalytic core domain demonstrated that anacardic acid directly inhibits substrate peptide cleavage in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC₅₀ of 11.11 μM. In addition, our gelatinase zymography and fluorescence data confirmed that the cardol-cardanol mixture, salicylic acid, and aspirin, all of which lack key functional groups present in anacardic acid, are much weaker MMP-2/MMP-9 inhibitors. Our results provide the first evidence for inhibition of gelatinase catalytic activity by anacardic acid, providing a novel template for drug discovery and a molecular mechanism potentially involved in CNSL therapeutic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athira Omanakuttan
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala, India
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Prognostic significance of cyclooxygenase-2, epidermal growth factor receptor 1, and microvascular density in gastric cancer. Med Oncol 2011; 29:1739-47. [PMID: 22048943 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-011-0098-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer remains a significant global health burden with poor treatment outcome. New treatment modalities that target inflammation, proliferation, and angiogenesis have been used in various cancers, including gastric cancer. We sought to study the pattern of expression of two important proteins, cyclooxygenase-2 and epidermal growth factor receptor, and their association with microvascular density, clinicopathological features, and survival in Arab Omani patients with gastric cancer. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumors were studied by immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibodies to cyclooxygenase-2, epidermal growth factor receptor, and CD34. The immunohistochemical results were correlated with clinicopathological features and survival. In our study population, we found a male/female ratio of 72:43, a median age of 59 years, stage III and IV incidence of 66.9%, and a median follow-up of 96 months. Positive expression rates of cyclooxygenase-2 and epidermal growth factor receptor were 89.6 and 23.5%, respectively. The median microvascular density value was 52.5. When this value was determined as the cut-off point, 50% of patients were found to have high microvascular density. Epidermal growth factor receptor over-expression correlated with high microvascular density values, advanced lymph node involvement (N3), and TNM stage presentation (III and IV). Similarly, lymph node involvement was associated with cyclooxygenase-2 over-expression and high microvascular density. Univariate analysis showed that epidermal growth factor receptor over-expression, pathological T3 and T4 disease, and overall stage III and IV disease were adverse prognostic factors. On multivariate analysis using a Cox regression model, expression of epidermal growth factor receptor, and advanced TNM stage were significant adverse prognostic factors for overall survival. Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor in Arab Omani patients with gastric cancer correlates with aggressive tumor characteristics and is an independent prognostic factor. Further clinical studies are needed to evaluate the utility of epidermal growth factor receptor immunohistochemistry as a tool for gastric cancer treatment.
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Smith WL, Urade Y, Jakobsson PJ. Enzymes of the cyclooxygenase pathways of prostanoid biosynthesis. Chem Rev 2011; 111:5821-65. [PMID: 21942677 PMCID: PMC3285496 DOI: 10.1021/cr2002992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William L Smith
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, 5301 MSRB III, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5606, USA.
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Langley RE, Burdett S, Tierney JF, Cafferty F, Parmar MKB, Venning G. Aspirin and cancer: has aspirin been overlooked as an adjuvant therapy? Br J Cancer 2011; 105:1107-13. [PMID: 21847126 PMCID: PMC3208483 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspirin inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase (Cox), and there is a significant body of epidemiological evidence demonstrating that regular aspirin use is associated with a decreased incidence of developing cancer. Interest focussed on selective Cox-2 inhibitors both as cancer prevention agents and as therapeutic agents in patients with proven malignancy until concerns were raised about their toxicity profile. Aspirin has several additional mechanisms of action that may contribute to its anti-cancer effect. It also influences cellular processes such as apoptosis and angiogenesis that are crucial for the development and growth of malignancies. Evidence suggests that these effects can occur through Cox-independent pathways questioning the rationale of focussing on Cox-2 inhibition alone as an anti-cancer strategy. Randomised studies with aspirin primarily designed to prevent cardiovascular disease have demonstrated a reduction in cancer deaths with long-term follow-up. Concerns about toxicity, particularly serious haemorrhage, have limited the use of aspirin as a cancer prevention agent, but recent epidemiological evidence demonstrating regular aspirin use after a diagnosis of cancer improves outcomes suggests that it may have a role in the adjuvant setting where the risk:benefit ratio will be different.
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Kaewmala K, Uddin MJ, Cinar MU, Große-Brinkhaus C, Jonas E, Tesfaye D, Phatsara C, Tholen E, Looft C, Schellander K. Investigation into association and expression of PLCz and COX-2 as candidate genes for boar sperm quality and fertility. Reprod Domest Anim 2011; 47:213-23. [PMID: 21752105 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2011.01831.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase C zeta (PLCz) and cyclooxygenase isoenzyme type 2 (COX-2) are important in spermatogenesis, but their effect has not yet confirmed in pigs. Therefore, this study was aimed to analyse their association with sperm quality and fertility and to identify the mRNA and protein expression in boars reproductive tissues. DNA samples from 231 Pietrain (PI) and 109 Pietrain × Hampshire (PIHA) pigs with records of sperm quality [sperm concentration (SCON), motility, semen volume, plasma droplet and abnormal spermatozoa rate] and fertility (non-return rate and number of piglet born alive) traits were available. A SNP in non-coding region of PLCz g.158 A > C was associated with SCON (p < 0.05) in PIHA population while the polymorphism of COX-2 g.68 G > A in 3' UTR was not associated with any traits. For mRNA and protein expression study, a total of six boars were divided into two groups with G-I and G-II, where G-I was characterized for relatively better sperm quality. Both genes expressed higher in reproductive tissues compared with non-reproductive tissues. Phospholipase C zeta mRNA expressed higher in testis (p < 0.01), all parts of epididymis and spermatozoa from G-I, while COX-2 expressed higher in testis (p < 0.05), head and body of epididymis (p < 0.01), and spermatozoa from G-II boar. Both proteins were localized in Leydig cells and spermatozoa. These results might shed light on roles of these genes in spermatogenesis as candidate for boar sperm quality and fertility, but still the lack of association across populations should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kaewmala
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Kang DI, Lee S, Lee JT, Sung BJ, Yoon JY, Kim JK, Chung J, Lim SJ. Preparation andin vitroevaluation of anti-VCAM-1-Fab′-conjugated liposomes for the targeted delivery of the poorly water-soluble drug celecoxib. J Microencapsul 2011; 28:220-7. [DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2011.552989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
The human endometrium is exposed to repeated inflammation every month, culminating in tissue breakdown and menstruation. Subsequently, the endometrium has a remarkable capacity for efficient repair and remodeling to enable implantation if fertilization takes place. Endometrial function is known to be governed by the ovarian hormones estradiol and progesterone. This review paper focuses on hormonal control of the cyclical tissue injury and repair that takes place in the local endometrial environment at the time of menstruation. Progesterone levels decline premenstrually as the corpus luteum regresses in the absence of pregnancy, and estradiol levels increase during the postmenstrual phase. The functional impact of these significant changes is discussed, including their immediate and downstream effects. Finally, we examine the contribution of aberrant endometrial function to the presentation of heavy menstrual bleeding and identify potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of this common gynecological problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline A Maybin
- The University of Edinburgh's Centre for Reproductive Biology, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
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Vaid M, Sharma SD, Katiyar SK. Honokiol, a phytochemical from the Magnolia plant, inhibits photocarcinogenesis by targeting UVB-induced inflammatory mediators and cell cycle regulators: development of topical formulation. Carcinogenesis 2010; 31:2004-11. [PMID: 20823108 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop newer and more effective chemopreventive agents for skin cancer, we assessed the effect of honokiol, a phytochemical from the Magnolia plant, on ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced skin tumorigenesis using the SKH-1 hairless mouse model. Topical treatment of mice with honokiol in a hydrophilic cream-based topical formulation before or after UVB (180 mJ/cm(2)) irradiation resulted in a significant protection against photocarcinogenesis in terms of tumor multiplicity (28-60%, P < 0.05 to <0.001) and tumor volume per tumor-bearing mouse (33-80%, P < 0.05 to 0.001, n = 20). Honokiol also inhibited and delayed the malignant progression of papillomas to carcinomas. To investigate the in vivo molecular targets of honokiol efficacy, tumors and tumor-uninvolved skin samples from the tumor-bearing mice were analyzed for inflammatory mediators, cell cycle regulators and survival signals using immunostaining, western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Treatment with honokiol significantly inhibited UVB-induced expression of cyclooxygenase-2, prostaglandin E(2) (P < 0.001), proliferating cell nuclear antigen and proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (P < 0.001), interleukin (IL)-1β (P < 0.01) and IL-6 (P < 0.001) in the skin as well as in skin tumors. Western blot analysis revealed that honokiol: (i) inhibited the levels of cyclins D1, D2 and E and associated cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)2, CDK4 and CDK6, (ii) upregulated Cip/p21 and Kip/p27 and (iii) inhibited the levels of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and the phosphorylation of Akt at Ser(473) in UVB-induced skin tumors. Together, our results indicate that honokiol holds promise for the prevention of UVB-induced skin cancer by targeting inflammatory mediators, cell cycle regulators and cell survival signals in UVB-exposed skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudit Vaid
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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DONG GEUNWOO, DO NAMYONG, LIM SUNGCHUL. Relation between proinflammatory mediators and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Exp Ther Med 2010; 1:885-891. [PMID: 22993614 PMCID: PMC3445903 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2010.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that the tumor microenvironment plays an important role in tumor progression and oncogenesis. Various proinflammatory mediators contribute to tumor proliferation, neoangiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, and resistance to cancer therapy such as hormonal therapy and chemotherapy. The major causes of death related to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) include cervical node and distant metastases. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been identified to play a key role in mediating the tumor invasion and metastasis of carcinomas. Herein, the relationship between proinflammatory mediators and EMT in HNSCC was investigated. Immunohistochemical expression of interleukin-1 β (IL-1β), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), Slug and E-cadherin in relationship to histologic differentiation, clinical stage and nodal status was evaluated in 146 surgical specimens of HNSCC. A correlation was noted between increased expression of IL-1β and nodal status, as well as increased expression of COX-2 and histologic differentiation, clinical stage and nodal status. Increased Slug expression was correlated with histologic differentiation and clinical stage. Decreased E-cadherin expression was correlated with histologic differentiation and nodal status. A significant relationship was observed between IL-1β and COX-2. However, a significant inverse correlation was noted between Slug and E-cadherin. A significant relationship was observed between increased proinflammatory mediator IL-1β/COX-2 expression and increased EMT marker Slug/E-cadherin expression. These results indicate that proinflammatory mediators IL-1β and COX-2 may induce EMT through an increase in Slug and a decrease in E-cadherin. The present findings suggest that various anti-inflammatory agents could be used as an adjuvant treatment modality with anti-cancer chemotherapeutic drugs in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - SUNG-CHUL LIM
- Pathology
- Research Center for Resistant Cells, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju,
Korea
- Correspondence to: Dr Sung-Chul Lim, Depa rtment of Pathology, Chosun University Hospital, 588 Seosuk-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju 501-717, Korea, E-mail:
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Omura N, Griffith M, Vincent A, Li A, Hong SM, Walter K, Borges M, Goggins M. Cyclooxygenase-deficient pancreatic cancer cells use exogenous sources of prostaglandins. Mol Cancer Res 2010; 8:821-32. [PMID: 20530583 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-09-0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genes that are differentially expressed in pancreatic cancers and under epigenetic regulation are of considerable biological and therapeutic interest. We used global gene expression profiling and epigenetic treatment of pancreatic cell lines including pancreatic cancer cell lines, pancreatic cancer-associated fibroblasts, and cell lines derived from nonneoplastic pancreata. We examined expression and epigenetic alterations of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and COX-2 in pancreatic cancers and normal pancreas and performed proliferation, knockdown, and coculture experiments to understand the role of stromal sources of prostaglandins for pancreatic cancers. We identify COX-1 as a gene under epigenetic regulation in pancreatic cancers. We find that COX-1 expression is absent in many pancreatic cancer cells and some of these cancers also lack COX-2 expression. Suspecting that such cancers must rely on exogenous sources of prostaglandins, we show that pancreatic cancer stromal cells, such as fibroblasts expressing COX-1 and COX-2, are a likely source of prostaglandins for pancreatic cancer cells deficient in COX. Knocking down the prostaglandin transporter multidrug resistance-associated protein-4 in fibroblasts suppresses the proliferation of cocultured pancreatic cancer cells lacking COX. Pancreatic cancers that lack COX can use exogenous sources of prostaglandins. Blocking multidrug resistance-associated protein-4 may be a useful therapeutic strategy to deplete COX-deficient pancreatic cancers of prostaglandins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Omura
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, CRBII Room 342, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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Sharma SD, Katiyar SK. Dietary Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins Inhibit UVB-Induced Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression and Other Inflammatory Mediators in UVB-Exposed Skin and Skin Tumors of SKH-1 Hairless Mice. Pharm Res 2010; 27:1092-102. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0050-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Sharma SD, Katiyar SK. Leptin deficiency-induced obesity exacerbates ultraviolet B radiation-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression and cell survival signals in ultraviolet B-irradiated mouse skin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 244:328-35. [PMID: 20122948 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2009] [Revised: 01/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has been implicated in several inflammatory diseases and in different types of cancer. Chronic inflammation induced by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation has been implicated in various skin diseases, including melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers. As the relationship between obesity and susceptibility to UV radiation-caused inflammation is not clearly understood, we assessed the role of obesity on UVB-induced inflammation, and mediators of this inflammatory response, using the genetically obese (leptin-deficient) mouse model. Leptin-deficient obese (ob/ob) mice and wild-type counterparts (C57/BL6 mice) were exposed to UVB radiation (120 mJ/cm(2)) on alternate days for 1 month. The mice were then euthanized and skin samples collected for analysis of biomarkers of inflammatory responses using immunohistochemistry, western blotting, ELISA and real-time PCR. Here, we report that the levels of inflammatory responses were higher in the UVB-exposed skin of the ob/ob obese mice than those in the UVB-exposed skin of the wild-type non-obese mice. The levels of UVB-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression, prostaglandin-E(2) production, proinflammatory cytokines (i.e., tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen and cell survival signals (phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and p-Akt-Ser(473)) were higher in the skin of the ob/ob obese mice than the those in skin of their wild-type non-obese counterparts. Compared with the wild-type non-obese mice, the leptin-deficient obese mice also exhibited greater activation of NF-kappaB/p65 and fewer apoptotic cells in the UVB-irradiated skin. Our study suggests for the first time that obesity in mice is associated with greater susceptibility to UVB-induced inflammatory responses and, therefore, obesity may increase susceptibility to UVB-induced inflammation-associated skin diseases, including the risk of skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Som D Sharma
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Skin photoprotection by natural polyphenols: anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and DNA repair mechanisms. Arch Dermatol Res 2009; 302:71-83. [PMID: 19898857 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-009-1001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 592] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory studies have implicated solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation in various skin diseases including, premature aging of the skin and melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. Chronic UV radiation exposure-induced skin diseases or skin disorders are caused by the excessive induction of inflammation, oxidative stress and DNA damage, etc. The use of chemopreventive agents, such as plant polyphenols, to inhibit these events in UV-exposed skin is gaining attention. Chemoprevention refers to the use of agents that can inhibit, reverse or retard the process of these harmful events in the UV-exposed skin. A wide variety of polyphenols or phytochemicals, most of which are dietary supplements, have been reported to possess substantial skin photoprotective effects. This review article summarizes the photoprotective effects of some selected polyphenols, such as green tea polyphenols, grape seed proanthocyanidins, resveratrol, silymarin and genistein, on UV-induced skin inflammation, oxidative stress and DNA damage, etc., with a focus on mechanisms underlying the photoprotective effects of these polyphenols. The laboratory studies conducted in animal models suggest that these polyphenols have the ability to protect the skin from the adverse effects of UV radiation, including the risk of skin cancers. It is suggested that polyphenols may favorably supplement sunscreens protection, and may be useful for skin diseases associated with solar UV radiation-induced inflammation, oxidative stress and DNA damage.
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Wada M, Saunders TL, Morrow J, Milne GL, Walker KP, Dey SK, Brock TG, Opp MR, Aronoff DM, Smith WL. Two pathways for cyclooxygenase-2 protein degradation in vivo. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:30742-53. [PMID: 19758985 PMCID: PMC2781473 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.052415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
COX-2, formally known as prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase-2 (PGHS-2), catalyzes the committed step in prostaglandin biosynthesis. COX-2 is induced during inflammation and is overexpressed in colon cancer. In vitro, an 18-amino acid segment, residues 595-612, immediately upstream of the C-terminal endoplasmic reticulum targeting sequence is required for N-glycosylation of Asn(594), which permits COX-2 protein to enter the endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation system. To determine the importance of this COX-2 degradation pathway in vivo, we engineered a del595-612 PGHS-2 (Delta 18 COX-2) knock-in mouse lacking this 18-amino acid segment. Delta 18 COX-2 knock-in mice do not exhibit the renal or reproductive abnormalities of COX-2 null mice. Delta 18 COX-2 mice do have elevated urinary prostaglandin E(2) metabolite levels and display a more pronounced and prolonged bacterial endotoxin-induced febrile response than wild type (WT) mice. Normal brain tissue, cultured resident peritoneal macrophages, and cultured skin fibroblasts from Delta 18 COX-2 mice overexpress Delta 18 COX-2 relative to WT COX-2 expression in control mice. These results indicate that COX-2 can be degraded via the endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation pathway in vivo. Treatment of cultured cells from WT or Delta 18 COX-2 mice with flurbiprofen, which blocks substrate-dependent degradation, attenuates COX-2 degradation, and treatment of normal mice with ibuprofen increases the levels of COX-2 in brain tissue. Thus, substrate turnover-dependent COX-2 degradation appears to contribute to COX-2 degradation in vivo. Curiously, WT and Delta 18 COX-2 protein levels are similar in kidneys and spleens from WT and Delta 18 COX-2 mice. There must be compensatory mechanisms to maintain constant COX-2 levels in these tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jason Morrow
- the Departments of Pharmacology and
- Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, and
| | - Ginger L. Milne
- the Departments of Pharmacology and
- Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, and
| | - Kimberly P. Walker
- the Departments of Pharmacology and
- Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, and
| | - Sudhansu K. Dey
- the **Division of Reproductive Sciences, The Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Thomas G. Brock
- Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | | | - David M. Aronoff
- Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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Mathur A, Law MH, Hamzehloei T, Megson IL, Shaw DJ, Wei J. No association between the PPARG gene and schizophrenia in a British population. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2009; 81:273-7. [PMID: 19560328 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Revised: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It has consistently been reported that patients with schizophrenia have an increased risk of type-2 diabetes. To investigate a genetic link between these two diseases, the combined effects of the PLA2G4A, PTGS2 and PPARG genes were tested among 221 British nuclear families consisting of fathers, mothers and affected offspring with schizophrenia. A total of 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were tested and the likelihood-based association analysis for nuclear families was used to analyse the genotyping data. Eight SNPs detected across the PPARG gene did not show allelic association with schizophrenia; a weak association was detected at rs2745557 in the PTGS2 locus (chi2=4.19, p=0.041) and rs10798059 in the PLA2G4A locus (chi2=4.28, p=0.039) but these associations did not survive after 10,000 permutations to correct the p-value (global p=0.246). The gene-gene interaction test did not show any evidence of either cis-phase interactions for the PLA2G4A and PTGS2 combinations or a trans-phase interaction for the PLA2G4A and PPARG combinations. The PPARG gene has been reported to be strongly associated with type-2 diabetes, but the present study did not support the hypothesis that the PPARG gene may also play an important role in the development of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Mathur
- The Genetics & Immunology Research Group, Department of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Science, UHI Millennium Institute, Inverness IV3 8GY, UK
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Sharma SD, Meeran SM, Katiyar N, Tisdale GB, Yusuf N, Xu H, Elmets CA, Katiyar SK. IL-12 deficiency suppresses 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced skin tumor development in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-initiated mouse skin through inhibition of inflammation. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30:1970-7. [PMID: 19759192 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-12 deficiency exacerbates tumorigenesis in ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced skin. Here, we assessed the effects of IL-12 deficiency on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced tumor promotion in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-initiated mouse skin. Using this two-stage chemical carcinogenesis protocol, we found that the development of DMBA/TPA-induced skin tumors was diminished in IL-12p40-knockout mice than in their wild-type counterparts. At the termination of the experiment (at 24 weeks), the skin tumor incidence and tumor multiplicity were significantly lower (P < 0.005) in interleukin-12-knockout (IL-12 KO) mice than in their wild-type counterparts, as was the malignant transformation of DMBA/TPA-induced papillomas to carcinomas (P < 0.01). Analysis of samples collected at the termination of the experiments for biomarkers of inflammation by immunohistochemical analysis, western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed significantly lower levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin (PG) E(2), proliferating cell nuclear antigen, cyclin D1 and the proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6) in the DMBA/TPA-treated tumors and tumor-uninvolved skin of IL-12 KO mice than the skin and tumors of DMBA/TPA-treated wild-type mice. Analysis of the skin 6 h after TPA treatment showed that the TPA-induced promotion of skin edema, inflammatory leukocyte infiltration, COX-2 expression and PGE(2) production was significantly lower in the skin of the IL-12-KO mice than their wild-type counterparts. These results indicate that DMBA/TPA-induced skin tumor development differs from UVB-induced skin tumor development in that endogenous IL-12 acts to inhibit UVB-induced skin tumor development and malignant progression of the skin tumors to carcinoma. In the case of DMBA/TPA-induced skin tumor development, the endogenous IL-12 modulates the tumor promoter stimulation of inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Som D Sharma
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Boulevard, Volker Hall 557, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Metabolic factors affecting the inflammatory response of periparturient dairy cows. Anim Health Res Rev 2009; 10:53-63. [DOI: 10.1017/s1466252309990016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDairy cattle are susceptible to increased incidence and severity of disease during the periparturient period. Increased health disorders have been associated with alterations in bovine immune mechanisms. Many different aspects of the bovine immune system change during the periparturient period, but uncontrolled inflammation is a dominant factor in several economically important disorders such as metritis and mastitis. In human medicine, the metabolic syndrome is known to trigger several key events that can initiate and promote uncontrolled systemic inflammation. Altered lipid metabolism, increased circulating concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids and oxidative stress are significant contributing factors to systemic inflammation and the development of inflammatory-based diseases in humans. Dairy cows undergo similar metabolic adaptations during the onset of lactation, and it was postulated that some of these physiological events may negatively impact the magnitude and duration of inflammation. This review will discuss how certain types of fatty acids may promote uncontrolled inflammation either directly or through metabolism into potent lipid mediators. The relationship of increased lipid metabolism and oxidative stress to inflammatory dysfunction will be reviewed as well. Understanding more about the underlying cause of periparturient health disorders may facilitate the design of nutritional regimens that will meet the energy requirements of cows during early lactation and reduce the susceptibility to disease as a function of compromised inflammatory responses.
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Identification of 5-lipoxygenase and microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 as functional targets of the anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic garcinol. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 77:1513-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2008] [Revised: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Matzkin ME, Gonzalez-Calvar SI, Mayerhofer A, Calandra RS, Frungieri MB. Testosterone induction of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 expression and prostaglandin F(2alpha) production in hamster Leydig cells. Reproduction 2009; 138:163-75. [PMID: 19357132 DOI: 10.1530/rep-09-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have previously observed expression of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), the key enzyme in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins (PGs), in reproductively active Syrian hamster Leydig cells, and reported an inhibitory role of PGF(2alpha) on hamster testicular steroidogenesis. In this study, we further investigated PTGS2 expression in hamster Leydig cells during sexual development and photoperiodic gonadal regression. Since PTGS2 is mostly expressed in pubertal and reproductively active adult hamsters with high circulating levels of LH and androgens, we studied the role of these hormones in the regulation/maintenance of testicular PTGS2/PGF(2alpha). In active hamster Leydig cells, LH/hCG and testosterone induced PTGS2 and PGF(2alpha) production, and their actions were abolished by the antiandrogen bicalutamide (Bi). These results indicate that LH does not exert a direct effect on PG synthesis. Testosterone also stimulated phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase isoforms 3/1 (MAPK3/1) within minutes and hours, but the testosterone metabolite dihydrotestosterone had no effect on PTGS2 and MAPK3/1. Because Bi and U0126, an inhibitor of the MAP kinase kinases 1 and 2 (MAP2K1/2), abolished testosterone actions on MAPK3/1 and PTGS2, our studies suggest that testosterone directly induces PTGS2/PGF(2alpha) in hamster Leydig cells via androgen receptors and a non-classical mechanism that involves MAPK3/1 activation. Since PGF(2alpha) inhibits testosterone production, it might imply the existence of a regulatory loop that is setting a brake on steroidogenesis. Thus, the androgen environment might be crucial for the regulation of testicular PG production at least during sexual development and photoperiodic variations in hamsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- María E Matzkin
- Laboratorio de Esteroides, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
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Seidman MA, Chew TW, Schenkel AR, Muller WA. PECAM-independent thioglycollate peritonitis is associated with a locus on murine chromosome 2. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4316. [PMID: 19180231 PMCID: PMC2628736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have demonstrated that knockout or inhibition of Platelet/Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (PECAM, CD31) in a number of murine strains results in impaired inflammatory responses, but that no such phenotype is seen in the C57BL/6 (B6) murine background. Methodology/Principal Findings We have undertaken a quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping effort between FVB/n (FVB) and B6 mice deficient for PECAM to identify the gene or genes responsible for this unique feature of B6 mice. We have identified a locus on murine chromosome 2 at approximately 35.8 Mb that is strongly associated (LOD score = 9.0) with inflammatory responses in the absence of PECAM. Conclusions/Significance These data potentiate further study of the diapedesis machinery, as well as potential identification of new components of this machinery. As such, this study is an important step to better understanding the processes of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Seidman
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Tina W. Chew
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alan R. Schenkel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - William A. Muller
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Meeran SM, Vaid M, Punathil T, Katiyar SK. Dietary grape seed proanthocyanidins inhibit 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate-caused skin tumor promotion in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-initiated mouse skin, which is associated with the inhibition of inflammatory responses. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30:520-8. [PMID: 19158151 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPs) possess anticarcinogenic activities. Here, we assessed the effects of dietary GSPs on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced skin tumor promotion in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-initiated mouse skin. Administration of dietary GSPs (0.2 and 0.5%, wt/wt) supplemented with control AIN76A diet resulted in significant inhibition of TPA-induced skin tumor promotion in C3H/HeN mice. The mice treated with GSPs developed a significantly lower tumor burden in terms of the percentage of mice with tumors (P < 0.05), total number of tumors per group (P < 0.01, n = 20) and total tumor volume per tumor-bearing mouse (P < 0.01-0.001) as compared with the mice that received the control diet. GSPs also delayed the malignant progression of papillomas into carcinomas. As TPA-induced inflammatory responses are used routinely as markers of skin tumor promotion, we assessed the effect of GSPs on biomarkers of TPA-induced inflammation. Immunohistochemical analysis and western blotting revealed that GSPs significantly inhibited expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and markers of proliferation (proliferating cell nuclear antigen and cyclin D1) in both the DMBA-initiated/TPA-promoted mouse skin and skin tumors. In short-term experiments in which the mouse skin was treated with acute or multiple TPA applications, we found that dietary GSPs inhibited TPA-induced edema, hyperplasia, leukocytes infiltration, myeloperoxidase, COX-2 expression and PGE(2) production in the mouse skin. The inhibitory effect of GSPs was also observed against other structurally different skin tumor promoter-induced inflammation in the skin. Together, our results show that dietary GSPs inhibit chemical carcinogenesis in mouse skin and that the inhibition of skin tumorigenesis by GSPs is associated with the inhibition of inflammatory responses caused by tumor promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M Meeran
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Inhibition of UVB-induced skin tumor development by drinking green tea polyphenols is mediated through DNA repair and subsequent inhibition of inflammation. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 129:1258-70. [PMID: 19020550 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of green tea polyphenols (GTPs) in drinking water prevents photocarcinogenesis in mice; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying this effect have not been fully elucidated. Using IL-12p40 knockout (KO) mice and their wild-type counterparts and an established photocarcinogenesis protocol, we found that although administration of GTPs (0.2%, w/v) in drinking water significantly reduced UVB-induced tumor development in wild-type mice, this treatment had a nonsignificant effect in IL-12-KO mice. GTPs resulted in reduction in the levels of markers of inflammation (cyclooxygenase-2, prostaglandin E(2), proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and cyclin D1) and proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-6, and IL-1beta) in chronically UVB-exposed skin and skin tumors of wild-type mice but less effective in IL-12p40-KO mice. UVB-induced DNA damage (cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers) was resolved rapidly in GTPs-treated wild-type mice than untreated wild-type mice and this resolution followed the same time course as the GTPs-induced reduction in the levels of inflammatory responses. This effect of GTPs was less pronounced in IL-12-KO mice. The above results were confirmed by treatment of IL-12-KO mice with murine recombinant IL-12 and treatment of wild-type mice with neutralizing anti-IL-12 antibody. To our knowledge, it is previously unreported that prevention of photocarcinogenesis by GTPs is mediated through IL-12-dependent DNA repair and a subsequent reduction in skin inflammation.
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Su Y, Huang X, Raskovalova T, Zacharia L, Lokshin A, Jackson E, Gorelik E. Cooperation of adenosine and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in amplification of cAMP-PKA signaling and immunosuppression. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:1611-23. [PMID: 18327580 PMCID: PMC11030951 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0494-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We hypothesize that adenosine and PGE2 could have a complementary immunosuppressive effect that is mediated via common cAMP-PKA signaling. MATERIALS AND METHODS To test this hypothesis, the effect of adenosine and PGE2 on the cytotoxic activity and cytokine production of lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells was investigated. RESULTS PGE2 and adenosine inhibited LAK cells cytotoxic activity and production of INF-gamma, GM-CSF and TNF-alpha. In combination they showed substantially higher inhibition than each modality used alone. Using agonists and antagonists specific for PGE2 and adenosine receptors we found that cooperation of PGE2 and adenosine in their inhibitory effects are mediated via EP2 and A2A receptors, respectively. LAK cells have 35-fold higher expression of EP2 than A2A. Combined PGE2 and adenosine treatment resulted in augmentation of cAMP production, PKA activity, CREB phosphorylation and inhibition of Akt phosphorylation. Wortmannin and LY294002 enhanced the suppressive effects of adenosine and PGE2. In contrast, Rp-8-Br-cAMPS, an inhibitor of PKA type I blocked their immunosuppressive effects, suggesting that the inhibitory effects of PGE2 and adenosine are mediated via common pathway with activation of cAMP-PKA and inhibition of Akt. CONCLUSION In comparison to other immunosuppressive molecules (TGF-beta and IL-10), adenosine and PGE2 are unique in their ability to inhibit the executive function of highly cytotoxic cells. High intratumor levels of adenosine and PGE2 could protect tumor from immune-mediated destruction by inactivation of the tumor infiltrating functionally active immune cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine/pharmacology
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cell Survival/immunology
- Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/immunology
- Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Dinoprostone/pharmacology
- Female
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/metabolism
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance
- Immunosuppression Therapy
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-10/pharmacology
- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Oxytocics/pharmacology
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype
- Receptors, Purinergic P1/genetics
- Receptors, Purinergic P1/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/pharmacology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Su
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Xiaojun Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Tatiana Raskovalova
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Lefteris Zacharia
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Anna Lokshin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Edwin Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Elieser Gorelik
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
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Neil JR, Johnson KM, Nemenoff RA, Schiemann WP. Cox-2 inactivates Smad signaling and enhances EMT stimulated by TGF-beta through a PGE2-dependent mechanisms. Carcinogenesis 2008; 29:2227-35. [PMID: 18725385 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgn202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is well established that mammary tumorigenesis converts transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) from a tumor suppressor to a tumor promoter, the molecular, cellular and microenvironmental mechanisms underlying the dichotomous nature of TGF-beta in mammary epithelial cells (MECs) remains to be determined definitively. Aberrant upregulation of the inducible cyclooxygenase, Cox-2, occurs frequently in breast cancers and is associated with increasing disease severity and the acquisition of metastasis; however, the impact of Cox-2 expression on normal and malignant MEC response to TGF-beta remains unknown. We show here that TGF-beta induced Cox-2 expression in normal MECs during their acquisition of an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype. Moreover, stable Cox-2 expression in normal MECs stimulated their invasion, EMT and anchorage-independent growth and inhibited their activation of Smad2/3 by TGF-beta. Conversely, antagonizing TGF-beta signaling in malignant, metastatic MECs significantly reduced their expression of Cox-2 as well as enhanced their activation of Smad2/3 by TGF-beta. Along these lines, elevated Cox-2 expression elicited prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production and the autocrine activation of EP receptors, which antagonized Smad2/3 signaling in normal and malignant MECs. Importantly, rendering normal and malignant MECs Cox-2 deficient inhibited their production of PGE(2) and acquisition of an EMT morphology as well as potentiated their nuclear accumulation of Smad2/3 and transcription of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and p15 messenger RNA. Collectively, our findings establish Cox-2 as a novel antagonist of Smad2/3 signaling in normal and malignant MECs; they also suggest that chemotherapeutic targeting of Cox-2 may offer new inroads in restoring the tumor-suppressing activities of TGF-beta in malignant, metastatic breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Neil
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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