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Giusepponi M, Cifani C, Micioni Di Bonaventura MV, Mattioli L, Hudson A, Diamanti E, Del Bello F, Giannella M, Mammoli V, Paoletti CD, Piergentili A, Pigini M, Quaglia W. Combined Interactions with I 1-, I 2-Imidazoline Binding Sites and α 2-Adrenoceptors To Manage Opioid Addiction. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:956-961. [PMID: 27774136 PMCID: PMC5066154 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tolerance and dependence associated with chronic opioid exposure result from molecular, cellular, and neural network adaptations. Such adaptations concern opioid and nonopioid systems, including α2-adrenoceptors (α2-ARs) and I1- and I2-imidazoline binding sites (IBS). Agmatine, one of the hypothesized endogenous ligands of IBS, targeting several systems including α2-ARs and IBS, proved to be able to regulate opioid-induced analgesia and to attenuate the development of tolerance and dependence. Interested in the complex pharmacological profile of agmatine and considering the nature of its targets, we evaluated two series of imidazolines, rationally designed to simultaneously interact with I1-/I2-IBS or I1-/I2-IBS/α2-ARs. The compounds showing the highest affinities for I1-/I2-IBS or I1-/I2-IBS/α2-ARs have been selected for their in vivo evaluation on opiate withdrawal syndrome. Interestingly, 9, displaying I1-/I2-IBS/α2-ARs interaction profile, appears more effective in reducing expression and acquisition of morphine dependence and, therefore, might be considered a promising tool in managing opioid addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria
Elena Giusepponi
- School
of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University
of Camerino, Via Madonna
delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Carlo Cifani
- School
of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University
of Camerino, Via Madonna
delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | | | - Laura Mattioli
- School
of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University
of Camerino, Via Madonna
delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Alan Hudson
- Department
of Pharmacology, Medical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Eleonora Diamanti
- School of
Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University
of Camerino, Via S. Agostino
1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Fabio Del Bello
- School of
Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University
of Camerino, Via S. Agostino
1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Mario Giannella
- School of
Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University
of Camerino, Via S. Agostino
1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Valerio Mammoli
- School of
Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University
of Camerino, Via S. Agostino
1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Corinne Dalila Paoletti
- School of
Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University
of Camerino, Via S. Agostino
1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Piergentili
- School of
Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University
of Camerino, Via S. Agostino
1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Maria Pigini
- School of
Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University
of Camerino, Via S. Agostino
1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Wilma Quaglia
- School of
Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University
of Camerino, Via S. Agostino
1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
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Chao PC, Chang CH, Niu HS, Huang GC, Chen LJ, Cheng JT. Canavanine increases glucose uptake in C2 C12 cells through the activation of imidazoline I-2B receptors. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 42:1045-50. [PMID: 26192192 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Canavanine is a guanidinium derivative that contains the basic structure of the ligand(s) of imidazoline receptor (I-R). Canavanine has been reported to activate the imidazoline I-3 receptor (I-3R) both in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, the activation of the imidazoline I-2B receptor (I-2BR) by guanidinium derivatives may increase glucose uptake. Therefore, the effect of canavanine on the I-2BR was investigated in the present study. Glucose uptake into cultured C2 C12 cells was determined using the radio-ligated tracer 2-[(14) C]-deoxy-glucose. The changes in 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) expression were also identified using Western blotting analysis. The canavanine-induced glucose uptake was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by BU224 (0.01-1 μmol/L), which is a specific I-2BR antagonist, in the C2 C12 cells. Additionally, the canavanine-stimulated AMPK phosphorylation and glucose transporter (GLUT4) expression were also sensitive to BU224 inhibition in the C2 C12 cells. Moreover, both canavanine-stimulated glucose uptake and AMPK phosphorylation were attenuated by high concentrations of amiloride (1-2 μmol/L), which is another established I-2BR inhibitor, in a dose-dependent manner in C2 C12 cells. Additionally, compound C abolished the canavanine-induced glucose uptake and AMPK phosphorylation at a concentration (0.1 μmol/L) sufficient to inhibit AMPK. In conclusion, these data demonstrated that canavanine has an ability to activate I-2BR through the AMPK pathway to increase glucose uptake, which indicates I-2BR as a new target for diabetic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Chun Chao
- Bachelor Program of Senior Services, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Yong Kang, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hong Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Yong Kang, Tainan City, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Yong Kang, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Shan Niu
- Department of Nursing, Tzu Chi College of Technology, Hualien City, Taiwan
| | - Gin-Chi Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Li-Jen Chen
- Department of Nursing, Tzu Chi College of Technology, Hualien City, Taiwan
| | - Juei-Tang Cheng
- Department of Medical Research, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Yong Kang, Tainan City, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan.,Institute of Medical Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Guei-Ren, Tainan City, Taiwan
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Abstract
Twin and triplet drugs are defined as compounds that contain respectively two and three pharmacophore components exerting pharmacological effects in a molecule. The twin drug bearing the same pharmacophores is a "symmetrical twin drug", whereas that possessing different pharmacophores is a "nonsymmetrical twin drug." In general, the symmetrical twin drug is expected to produce more potent and/or selective pharmacological effects, whereas the nonsymmetrical twin drug is anticipated to show both pharmacological activities stemming from the individual pharmacophores (dual action). On the other hand, nonsymmetrical triplet drugs, which have two of the same pharmacophores and one different moiety, are expected to elicit both increased pharmacological action and dual action. The two identical portions could bind the same receptor sites simultaneously while the third portion could bind a different receptor site or enzyme. This review will mainly focus on the twin and triplet drugs with an evaluation of their in vivo pharmacological effects, and will also include a description of their pharmacology and synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Fujii
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan.
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Idazoxan attenuates spinal cord injury by enhanced astrocytic activation and reduced microglial activation in rat experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Brain Res 2009; 1253:198-209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Revised: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Dardonville C, Fernandez-Fernandez C, Gibbons SL, Ryan GJ, Jagerovic N, Gabilondo AM, Meana JJ, Callado LF. Synthesis and pharmacological studies of new hybrid derivatives of fentanyl active at the mu-opioid receptor and I2-imidazoline binding sites. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:6570-80. [PMID: 16797997 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2006] [Revised: 05/11/2006] [Accepted: 06/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Two series of fentanyl-derived hybrid molecules bearing potent I2-imidazoline binding site (IBS) ligands (i.e., guanidine and BU224 moieties) linked with an aliphatic (m=2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 12 methylene units) or aromatic spacer were prepared. Their affinities for the mu-opioid receptors and for the I2-IBS were determined through competition binding studies on human postmortem brain membranes. Whereas the BU224 hybrid molecules bound to the mu-opioid receptor and the I2-IBS in the micromolar to low micromolar range, the alkaneguanidine series exhibited remarkable affinities in the nanomolar range for both receptors. [35S]GTPgammaS functional assays were performed on human postmortem brain membranes with selected ligands from each series (4f and 8g) showing the highest dual affinity for the mu-opioid receptor and I2-IBS affinities. Both compounds displayed agonist properties: at the mu-opioid receptor for the alkaneguanidine derivative 4f (spacer: six methylene units) and at a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) which remains to be determined for 8g. The lack of analgesic properties of 4f in vivo (i.e., hot plate and writhing tests in mice), discordant with the good in vitro binding data (Ki mu=1.04+/-0.28 nM, Ki I2=409+/-238 nM), may possibly be due to the low intrinsic efficacy of the compound. Alternatively, a low access to the central nervous system for this kind of hybrid molecules cannot be ruled out. Two new compounds reported here (9f and 13), which were not dual acting, are worth mentioning for their outstanding binding affinities; 9f bound to the mu-opioid receptor with a picomolar affinity (Ki=0.0098+/-0.0033 nM), whereas 13 presented an I2-IBS affinity (Ki=18+/-11 nM) similar to the reference compound BU224.
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Dardonville C, Rozas I. Imidazoline binding sites and their ligands: an overview of the different chemical structures. Med Res Rev 2004; 24:639-61. [PMID: 15224384 DOI: 10.1002/med.20007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Since Bousquet et al. discovered the imidazoline binding sites (IBS) two decades ago, when they realized that the antihypertensive drug clonidine interacts not only with the alpha2-adrenenoceptors (alpha2-AR) but also with a distinct imidazoline preferring binding site, these receptors have been paid a great deal of attention. At least two subtypes, I1 and I2, have been characterised based on their binding affinity for different radioligands, but their structures still remain unknown. The pharmacological profile of these IBSs has been the objective of several and very thorough reviews. However, a medicinal chemistry overview of the different IBS ligands prepared to date has never been attempted. In this study, we attempt to compile all the different chemical structures reported to date as IBS ligands and classify them in function of their chemical structure and binding affinity for the different IBS subtypes. Thus, we comment on the different endogenous IBS ligands known as well as the drugs described to interact with the I1-IBS which have found application as antihypertensive drugs. Then, we review those compounds described in the literature to interact with the I2-IBS, classifying them by their chemical families (imidazolines, guanidines, 2-aminoimidazolines, beta-carbolines). Finally, some conclusions are drawn.
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Dardonville C, Jagerovic N, Callado LF, Meana JJ. Fentanyl derivatives bearing aliphatic alkaneguanidinium moieties: a new series of hybrid molecules with significant binding affinity for mu-opioid receptors and I2-imidazoline binding sites. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:491-3. [PMID: 14698188 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A new series of fentanyl derivatives [i.e., N-[1-(2-phenethyl)-4-piperidyl]-N-(guanidinoalkyl)propanamide] bearing aliphatic alkaneguanidinium moieties were prepared. Their affinities for the micro opioid receptors and for the I(2)-imidazoline binding sites (I(2)-IBS) were determined on human post-mortem prefrontal cortex membranes. All of these hybrid compounds had significant and/or very high affinity for both receptors in the nanomolar range, meaning an improvement compared to the prototype N-[1-(2-phenethyl)-4-piperidyl]-N-(guanidinopropyl)propanamide previously reported.
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Chang-Fong J, Tyacke RJ, Lau A, Westaway J, Hudson AL, Glennon RA. Pyrazino[1,2- a ]indoles as novel high-affinity and selective imidazoline I 2 receptor ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:1003-5. [PMID: 15013010 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2003] [Accepted: 12/01/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
1,2,3,4-Tetrahydropyrazino[1,2-a]indoles are described as a novel class of I(2) imidazoline receptor ligands. In particular, 8-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrazino[1,2-a]indole (8-OMe THPI; 3c) binds with high affinity at I(2) imidazoline receptors (K(i)=6.2 nM) and with exceptional (> or =1000-fold) selectivity relative to its affinity for I(1) imidazoline receptors, alpha(2)adrenergic receptors, and 5-HT(2A) and 5-HT(2C) serotonin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Chang-Fong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0540 USA
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