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The Pleiotropy of PAX5 Gene Products and Function. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710095. [PMID: 36077495 PMCID: PMC9456430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PAX5, a member of the Paired Box (PAX) transcription factor family, is an essential factor for B-lineage identity during lymphoid differentiation. Mechanistically, PAX5 controls gene expression profiles, which are pivotal to cellular processes such as viability, proliferation, and differentiation. Given its crucial function in B-cell development, PAX5 aberrant expression also correlates with hallmark cancer processes leading to hematological and other types of cancer lesions. Despite the well-established association of PAX5 in the development, maintenance, and progression of cancer disease, the use of PAX5 as a cancer biomarker or therapeutic target has yet to be implemented. This may be partly due to the assortment of PAX5 expressed products, which layers the complexity of their function and role in various regulatory networks and biological processes. In this review, we provide an overview of the reported data describing PAX5 products, their regulation, and function in cellular processes, cellular biology, and neoplasm.
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Verma M, Agarwal N, Verma M, Kumar V. Epigenetics and animal models: applications in cancer control and treatment. Anim Biotechnol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-811710-1.00004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kaczmarek KA, Clifford RL, Knox AJ. Epigenetic Changes in Airway Smooth Muscle as a Driver of Airway Inflammation and Remodeling in Asthma. Chest 2018; 155:816-824. [PMID: 30414795 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2018.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic changes are heritable changes in gene expression, without changing the DNA sequence. Epigenetic processes provide a critical link between environmental insults to the airway and functional changes that determine how airway cells respond to future stimuli. There are three primary epigenetic processes: histone modifications, DNA modification, and noncoding RNAs. Airway smooth muscle has several important roles in the development and maintenance of the pathologic processes occurring in asthma, including inflammation, remodeling, and contraction/hyperresponsiveness. In this review, we describe the evidence for the role of epigenetic changes in driving these processes in airway smooth muscle cells in asthma, with a particular focus on histone modifications. We also discuss how existing therapies may target some of these changes and how epigenetic processes provide targets for the development of novel asthma therapeutics. Epigenetic marks may also provide a biomarker to assess phenotype and treatment responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia A Kaczmarek
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (City Hospital Campus); and the Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham MRC Molecular Pathology Node
| | - Rachel L Clifford
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (City Hospital Campus); and the Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham MRC Molecular Pathology Node
| | - Alan J Knox
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (City Hospital Campus); and the Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham MRC Molecular Pathology Node.
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Abstract
Liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma or HCC) is a major cancer worldwide. Research in this field is needed to identify biomarkers that can be used for early detection of the disease as well as new approaches to its treatment. Epigenetic biomarkers provide an opportunity to understand liver cancer etiology and evaluate novel epigenetic inhibitors for treatment. Traditionally, liver cirrhosis, proteomic biomarkers, and the presence of hepatitis viruses have been used for the detection and diagnosis of liver cancer. Promising results from microRNA (miRNA) profiling and hypermethylation of selected genes have raised hopes of identifying new biomarkers. Some of these epigenetic biomarkers may be useful in risk assessment and for screening populations to identify who is likely to develop cancer. Challenges and opportunities in the field are discussed in this chapter.
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Verma M, Rogers S, Divi RL, Schully SD, Nelson S, Su LJ, Ross S, Pilch S, Winn DM, Khoury MJ. Epigenetic research in cancer epidemiology: trends, opportunities, and challenges. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 23:223-33. [PMID: 24326628 PMCID: PMC3925982 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics is emerging as an important field in cancer epidemiology that promises to provide insights into gene regulation and facilitate cancer control throughout the cancer care continuum. Increasingly, investigators are incorporating epigenetic analysis into the studies of etiology and outcomes. To understand current progress and trends in the inclusion of epigenetics in cancer epidemiology, we evaluated the published literature and the National Cancer Institute (NCI)-supported research grant awards in this field to identify trends in epigenetics research. We present a summary of the epidemiologic studies in NCI's grant portfolio (from January 2005 through December 2012) and in the scientific literature published during the same period, irrespective of support from the NCI. Blood cells and tumor tissue were the most commonly used biospecimens in these studies, although buccal cells, cervical cells, sputum, and stool samples were also used. DNA methylation profiling was the focus of the majority of studies, but several studies also measured microRNA profiles. We illustrate here the current status of epidemiologic studies that are evaluating epigenetic changes in large populations. The incorporation of epigenomic assessments in cancer epidemiology studies has and is likely to continue to provide important insights into the field of cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Verma
- Epidemiology and Genomics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Scott Rogers
- Epidemiology and Genomics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Rao L. Divi
- Epidemiology and Genomics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Sheri D. Schully
- Epidemiology and Genomics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Stefanie Nelson
- Epidemiology and Genomics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - L. Joseph Su
- Epidemiology and Genomics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Sharon Ross
- Division of Cancer Prevention, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Susan Pilch
- Office of the Director, Information Resources and Services Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Deborah M. Winn
- Epidemiology and Genomics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Muin J. Khoury
- Epidemiology and Genomics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
- Office of Public Health Genomics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
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Kurogi T, Inoue H, Guo Y, Nobukiyo A, Nohara K, Kanno M. A Methyl-Deficient Diet Modifies Early B Cell Development. Pathobiology 2012; 79:209-18. [DOI: 10.1159/000337290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Huang YW, Kuo CT, Stoner K, Huang THY, Wang LS. An overview of epigenetics and chemoprevention. FEBS Lett 2010; 585:2129-36. [PMID: 21056563 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 10/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It is now appreciated that both genetic alteration, e.g. mutations, and aberrant epigenetic changes, e.g. DNA methylation, cause cancer. Epigenetic dysregulation is potentially reversible which makes it attractive as targets for cancer prevention. Synthetic drugs targeting enzymes, e.g. DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase, that regulate epigenetic patterns are active in clinical settings. In addition, dietary factors have been suggested to have potential to reverse aberrant epigenetic patterns. Uncovering the human epigenome can lead us to better understand the dynamics of DNA methylation in disease progression which can further assist in cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Huang
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
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Gao WM, Chadha MS, Kline AE, Clark RS, Kochanek PM, Dixon CE, Jenkins LW. Immunohistochemical analysis of histone H3 acetylation and methylation--evidence for altered epigenetic signaling following traumatic brain injury in immature rats. Brain Res 2006; 1070:31-4. [PMID: 16406269 PMCID: PMC2721467 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2005] [Revised: 10/14/2005] [Accepted: 11/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of histone proteins may result in altered epigenetic signaling after pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI). Hippocampal histone H3 acetylation and methylation in immature rats after moderate TBI were measured and decreased only in CA3 at 6 h and 24 h with persistent methylation decreases up to 72 h after injury. Decreased histone H3 acetylation and methylation suggest altered hippocampal CA3 epigenetic signaling during the first hours to days after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Min Gao
- Critical Care Medicine, U. Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, U. Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Mandeep S. Chadha
- Critical Care Medicine, U. Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, U. Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Anthony E. Kline
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, U. Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, U. Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Robert S.B. Clark
- Critical Care Medicine, U. Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, U. Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Patrick M. Kochanek
- Critical Care Medicine, U. Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, U. Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - C. Edward Dixon
- Neurological Surgery, U. Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, U. Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Larry W. Jenkins
- Neurological Surgery, U. Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, U. Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Corresponding author. Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, 201 Hill Building, 3434 5th Avenue, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA. Fax: +1 412 624 0943. E-mail address: (L.W. Jenkins)
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Abstract
Carcinoma of the exocrine pancreas remains a challenging disease mainly due to advanced stage diagnosis, the early systemic dissemination, aggressive local tumor progression, and subsequent short patient survival. Thus, assessment of incidence markers instead of prevalence indicators is recommended because the time between diagnosis and death is usually very short. Investigations to date have led to the discovery of many rare genes and environmental factors that contribute to pancreatic cancer. However, common genes involved in genetic polymorphisms, and specific risk factors have not been identified. Furthermore, the role of gene-environment interactions on the tumorogenesis and progression of pancreatic cancer need to be further investigated. Given current therapeutic modalities, only early detection of cancer of the pancreas, followed by surgical resection, offers the possibility of lengthening survival time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Verma
- Analytic Epidemiology Research Branch, Epidemiology and Genetics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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Abstract
Both genetics and epigenetics regulate gene expression in cancer. Regulation by genetics involves a change in the DNA sequence, whereas epigenetic regulation involves alteration in chromatin structure and methylation of the promoter region. During the initiation, development, and progression of cancer, a number of genes undergo epigenetic changes. Some of these changes can be used as biomarkers for early detection of cancer as well as to follow treatment. A panel of epigenetic biomarkers is preferred to a single biomarker in clinical assays. Changes in gene expression due to epigenetic regulation can be reversed by chemicals, and this approach opens up a novel approach in cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Verma
- Cancer Biomarkers Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-7324, USA.
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