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Zhu W, Neuwirth LS, Cadet P. Regulation of the Endogenous Opiate Signaling Pathway against Oxidative Stress and Inflammation: A Considerable Approach for Exploring Preclinical Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Pharmacology 2023; 108:550-564. [PMID: 37820589 DOI: 10.1159/000533775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oxidative stress and inflammation are major factors contributing to the progressive death of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent studies have demonstrated that morphine's biosynthetic pathway, coupled with nitric oxide (NO) release, is evolutionarily conserved throughout animals and humans. Moreover, dopamine is a key precursor for morphine biosynthesis. METHOD The present study evaluated a series of preclinical experiments to evaluate the effects of low-level morphine treatment upon neuro-immune tissues exposed to rotenone and 6-OHDA as models of PD, followed by an 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide cell proliferation assay and cell/tissue computer-assisted imaging analyses to assess cell/neuronal viability. RESULTS Morphine at normal physiological concentrations (i.e., 10-6 M and 10-7 M) provided neuroprotection, as it significantly inhibited rotenone and 6-OHDA dopaminergic insults; thereby, reducing and/or forestalling cell death in invertebrate ganglia and human nerve cells. To ensure that morphine caused this neuroprotective effect, naloxone, a potent opiate receptor antagonist, was employed and the results showed that it blocked morphine's neuroprotective effects. Additionally, co-incubation of NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME also blocked morphine's neuroprotective effects against rotenone and 6-OHDA insults. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the present preclinical study showed that while morphine can attenuate lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and cell death, both naloxone and L-NAME can abolish this effect. Preincubation of morphine precursors (i.e., L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, reticuline, and trihexyphenidyl [THP] at physiological concentrations) mimics the observed morphine effect. However, high concentrations of THP, a precursor of the morphine biosynthetic pathway, induced cell death, indicating the physiological importance of morphine biosynthesis in neural tissues. Thus, understanding the morphine biosynthetic pathway coupled with a NO signaling mechanism as a molecular target for neuroprotection against oxidative stress and inflammation in other preclinical models of PD is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- SUNY Neuroscience Research Institute (NRI), Old Westbury, New York, USA
- Department of Psychology, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, New York, USA
- Department of Biology, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - Lorenz S Neuwirth
- SUNY Neuroscience Research Institute (NRI), Old Westbury, New York, USA
- Department of Psychology, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - Patrick Cadet
- SUNY Neuroscience Research Institute (NRI), Old Westbury, New York, USA
- Department of Biology, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, New York, USA
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Danek PJ, Daniel WA. Long-Term Treatment with Atypical Antipsychotic Iloperidone Modulates Cytochrome P450 2D (CYP2D) Expression and Activity in the Liver and Brain via Different Mechanisms. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123472. [PMID: 34943983 PMCID: PMC8700221 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
CYP2D enzymes engage in the synthesis of endogenous neuroactive substances (dopamine, serotonin) and in the metabolism of neurosteroids. The present work investigates the effect of iloperidone on CYP2D enzyme expression and activity in rat brains and livers. Iloperidone exerted a weak direct inhibitory effect on CYP2D activity in vitro in the liver and brain microsomes (Ki = 11.5 μM and Ki = 462 μM, respectively). However, a two-week treatment with iloperidone (1 mg/kg ip.) produced a significant decrease in the activity of liver CYP2D, which correlated positively with the reduced CYP2D1, CYP2D2 and CYP2D4 protein and mRNA levels. Like in the liver, iloperidone reduced CYP2D activity and protein levels in the frontal cortex and cerebellum but enhanced these levels in the nucleus accumbens, striatum and substantia nigra. Chronic iloperidone did not change the brain CYP2D4 mRNA levels, except in the striatum, where they were significantly increased. In conclusion, by affecting CYP2D activity in the brain, iloperidone may modify its pharmacological effect, via influencing the rate of dopamine and serotonin synthesis or the metabolism of neurosteroids. By elevating the CYP2D expression/activity in the substantia nigra and striatum (i.e., in the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway), iloperidone may attenuate extrapyramidal symptoms, while by decreasing the CYP2D activity and metabolism of neurosteroiods in the frontal cortex and cerebellum, iloperidone can have beneficial effects in the treatment of schizophrenia. In the liver, pharmacokinetic interactions involving chronic iloperidone and CYP2D substrates are likely to occur.
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Esch T, Winkler J, Auwärter V, Gnann H, Huber R, Schmidt S. Neurobiological Aspects of Mindfulness in Pain Autoregulation: Unexpected Results from a Randomized-Controlled Trial and Possible Implications for Meditation Research. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 10:674. [PMID: 28184192 PMCID: PMC5266722 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Research has demonstrated that short meditation training may yield higher pain tolerance in acute experimental pain. Our study aimed at examining underlying mechanisms of this alleged effect. In addition, placebo research has shown that higher pain tolerance is mediated via endogenous neuromodulators: experimental inhibition of opioid receptors by naloxone antagonized this effect. We performed a trial to discern possible placebo from meditation-specific effects on pain tolerance and attention. Objectives: It was proposed that (i) meditation training will increase pain tolerance; (ii) naloxone will inhibit this effect; (iii) increased pain tolerance will correlate with improved attention performance and mindfulness. Methods: Randomized-controlled, partly blinded trial with 31 healthy meditation-naïve adults. Pain tolerance was assessed by the tourniquet test, attention performance was measured by Attention Network Test (ANT), self-perceived mindfulness by Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory. 16 participants received a 5-day meditation training, focusing on body/breath awareness; the control group (N = 15) received no intervention. Measures were taken before the intervention and on 3 consecutive days after the training, with all participants receiving either no infusion, naloxone infusion, or saline infusion (blinded). Blood samples were taken in order to determine serum morphine and morphine glucuronide levels by applying liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Results: The meditation group produced fewer errors in ANT. Paradoxically, increases in pain tolerance occurred in both groups (accentuated in control), and correlated with reported mindfulness. Naloxone showed a trend to decrease pain tolerance in both groups. Plasma analyses revealed sporadic morphine and/or morphine metabolite findings with no discernable pattern. Discussion: Main objectives could not be verified. Since underlying study goals had not been made explicit to participants, on purpose (framing effects toward a hypothesized mindfulness-pain tolerance correlation were thus avoided, trainees had not been instructed how to 'use' mindfulness, regarding pain), the question remains open whether lack of meditation effects on pain tolerance was due to these intended 'non-placebo' conditions, cultural effects, or other confounders, or on an unsuitable paradigm. Conclusion: Higher pain tolerance through meditation could not be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Esch
- Division of Integrative Health Promotion, Coburg University of Applied SciencesCoburg, Germany; School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke UniversityWitten, Germany; Institute for General Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-EssenEssen, Germany
| | - Jeremy Winkler
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Medical Center, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg Freiburg, Germany
| | - Volker Auwärter
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg Freiburg, Germany
| | - Heike Gnann
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roman Huber
- Center for Complementary Medicine, Medical Center, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Schmidt
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Medical Center, Medical Faculty, University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany; Institute for Transcultural Health Studies, European University ViadrinaFrankfurt (Oder), Germany
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Fiorito G, Affuso A, Basil J, Cole A, de Girolamo P, D'Angelo L, Dickel L, Gestal C, Grasso F, Kuba M, Mark F, Melillo D, Osorio D, Perkins K, Ponte G, Shashar N, Smith D, Smith J, Andrews PLR. Guidelines for the Care and Welfare of Cephalopods in Research -A consensus based on an initiative by CephRes, FELASA and the Boyd Group. Lab Anim 2016; 49:1-90. [PMID: 26354955 DOI: 10.1177/0023677215580006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This paper is the result of an international initiative and is a first attempt to develop guidelines for the care and welfare of cephalopods (i.e. nautilus, cuttlefish, squid and octopus) following the inclusion of this Class of ∼700 known living invertebrate species in Directive 2010/63/EU. It aims to provide information for investigators, animal care committees, facility managers and animal care staff which will assist in improving both the care given to cephalopods, and the manner in which experimental procedures are carried out. Topics covered include: implications of the Directive for cephalopod research; project application requirements and the authorisation process; the application of the 3Rs principles; the need for harm-benefit assessment and severity classification. Guidelines and species-specific requirements are provided on: i. supply, capture and transport; ii. environmental characteristics and design of facilities (e.g. water quality control, lighting requirements, vibration/noise sensitivity); iii. accommodation and care (including tank design), animal handling, feeding and environmental enrichment; iv. assessment of health and welfare (e.g. monitoring biomarkers, physical and behavioural signs); v. approaches to severity assessment; vi. disease (causes, prevention and treatment); vii. scientific procedures, general anaesthesia and analgesia, methods of humane killing and confirmation of death. Sections covering risk assessment for operators and education and training requirements for carers, researchers and veterinarians are also included. Detailed aspects of care and welfare requirements for the main laboratory species currently used are summarised in Appendices. Knowledge gaps are highlighted to prompt research to enhance the evidence base for future revision of these guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziano Fiorito
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Napoli, Italy Association for Cephalopod Research 'CephRes', Italy
| | - Andrea Affuso
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Napoli, Italy Animal Model Facility - BIOGEM S.C.A.R.L., Ariano Irpino (AV), Italy
| | - Jennifer Basil
- Biology Department, Brooklyn College - CUNY Graduate Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Alison Cole
- Association for Cephalopod Research 'CephRes', Italy
| | - Paolo de Girolamo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions - University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy AISAL - Associazione Italiana per le Scienze degli Animali da Laboratorio, Milano, Italy
| | - Livia D'Angelo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions - University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy AISAL - Associazione Italiana per le Scienze degli Animali da Laboratorio, Milano, Italy
| | - Ludovic Dickel
- Groupe mémoire et Plasticité comportementale, University of Caen Basse-Normandy, Caen, France
| | - Camino Gestal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Frank Grasso
- BioMimetic and Cognitive Robotics, Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College - CUNY, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Michael Kuba
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Felix Mark
- Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Daniela Melillo
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniel Osorio
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Sussex, UK
| | - Kerry Perkins
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Sussex, UK
| | | | - Nadav Shashar
- Department of Life Sciences, Eilat Campus, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer, Sheva, Israel
| | - David Smith
- FELASA, Federation for Laboratory Animal Science Associations
| | | | - Paul L R Andrews
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, St George's University of London, London, UK Association for Cephalopod Research 'CephRes', Italy
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Duncan MW. Good mass spectrometry and its place in good science. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2012; 47:795-809. [PMID: 22707172 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The mass spectrometry community has expanded as instruments became more powerful, user-friendly, affordable and readily available. This opens up opportunities for novice users to perform high impact research, using highly advanced instrumentation. This introductory tutorial is targeted at the novice user working in a research setting. It aims to offer the benefit of other people's experiences and to help newcomers avoid known pitfalls and problematic issues. It discusses some of the essential features of sound analytical chemistry and highlights the need to use validated analytical methods that provide high quality results along with a measure of their uncertainty. Examples are used to illustrate potential pitfalls and their consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Duncan
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver-School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA.
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Mantione KJ, Kream RM, Stefano GB. Catechol-O-methyltransferase: potential relationship to idiopathic hypertension. Arch Med Sci 2010; 6:291-5. [PMID: 22371762 PMCID: PMC3282503 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2010.14246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Catecholamine signaling pathways in the peripheral and central nervous systems (PNS, CNS, respectively) utilize catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) as a major regulatory enzyme responsible for deactivation of dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E). Accordingly, homeostasis of COMT gene expression is hypothesized to be functionally linked to regulation of autonomic control of normotensive vascular events. Recently, we demonstrated that morphine administration in vitro resulted in decreased cellular concentrations of COMT-encoding mRNA levels, as compared to control values. In contrast, cells treated with E up regulated their COMT gene expression. In sum, these observations indicate a potential reciprocal linkage between end product inhibition of COMT gene expression by E and morphine. Interestingly, the observed effects of administered E on COMT gene expression suggest an enhancement of its own catabolism or, reciprocally, a stimulation morphine biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk J Mantione
- Neuroscience Research Institute, State University of New York - College at Old Westbury, New York, USA
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