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Hunsche C, Hernandez O, Mela V, Viveros MP, De la Fuente M. The Postnatal Leptin Surge Supports Immune Cell Function in Rats. Immunol Invest 2021; 51:1347-1363. [PMID: 34121590 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2021.1940199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: Leptin plays an important role in the regulation of the immune response. There is a physiological surge of leptin in rodents during the neonatal period, which has mainly been studied in the context of brain development. However, little is known about the effects of this neonatal leptin surge on immunity. Therefore, we investigated whether blocking this leptin surge could affect several immune functions.Methods: Male and female rats were injected subcutaneously with 5 mg/Kg/day of rat pegylated super leptin antagonist during the neonatal period (PND5-9). On the peripubertal period, relevant functions as well as cytokine release by spleen leukocytes were studied in these animals.Results: The results showed that the animals significantly display an impaired anti-tumor NK activity and chemotactic and proliferation capacity of lymphocytes in response to mitogens. In addition, several cytokine concentrations, released under mitogen-stimulated conditions, were also altered.Conclusion: In conclusion, the neonatal leptin surge seems to be involved in the establishment of an adequate immune response and cytokine profile, which are crucial for the maintenance of a healthy life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Hunsche
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology (Unit of Animal Physiology). Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (I+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Oskarina Hernandez
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology (Unit of Animal Physiology). Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Virginia Mela
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology (Unit of Animal Physiology). Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Paz Viveros
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology (Unit of Animal Physiology). Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica De la Fuente
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology (Unit of Animal Physiology). Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (I+12), Madrid, Spain
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Alves RL, Portugal CC, Summavielle T, Barbosa F, Magalhães A. Maternal separation effects on mother rodents’ behaviour: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 117:98-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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3
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Zhang L, Hu XZ, Li H, Li X, Yu T, Dohl J, Ursano RJ. Updates in PTSD Animal Models Characterization. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2011:331-344. [PMID: 31273708 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9554-7_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a chronic, debilitating mental disorder afflicting more than 7% of the US population and 12% of military service members. Since the Afghanistan and Iraq wars, thousands of US service members have returned home with PTSD. Despite recent progress, the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathology of PTSD are poorly understood. To promote research on PTSD (especially its molecular mechanisms) and to set a molecular basis for discovering novel medications for this disorder, well-validated animal models are needed. However, to develop PTSD animal models is a challenging process, due to predisposing factors such as physiological, behavioral, emotional, and cognitive changes that emerge after trauma. Currently, there is no well-validated animal model of PTSD, although several stress paradigms mimic the behavioral symptoms and neurological alterations seen in PTSD. In this chapter, we will provide an overview of animal models of PTSD including learned helplessness, footshock, restraint stress, inescapable tail shock, single-prolonged stress, underwater trauma, social isolation, social defeat, early-life stress, and predator-based stress. We emphasize rodent models because they reproduce some of the behavioral and biotical phenotypes seen in PTSD. We will also present data showing that homologous biological measures are increasingly incorporated in studies to assess markers of risk and therapeutic response in these models. Therefore, PTSD animal models may be refined in hopes of capitalizing on the understanding of the molecular mechanisms and delivering tools in order to develop new and more efficacious treatments for PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Xian-Zhang Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - He Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tianzheng Yu
- Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jacob Dohl
- Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert J Ursano
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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4
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Mela V, Hernandez O, Hunsche C, Diaz F, Chowen JA, De la Fuente M. Administration of a leptin antagonist during the neonatal leptin surge induces alterations in the redox and inflammatory state in peripubertal /adolescent rats. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017. [PMID: 28641938 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The importance of the neonatal leptin surge in rodents in neurodevelopmental processes has aroused curiosity in its implication in other physiological systems. Given the role of leptin in neuro-immune interactions, we hypothesized that the neonatal leptin surge could have an effect on the oxidative and inflammatory stress situations of both systems. We blocked the neonatal leptin surge by a leptin antagonist and measured several parameters of oxidative and inflammatory stress in the spleen, hypothalamus and adipose tissue of peripubertal/adolescent rats. The treated rats showed lower activity of several antioxidant enzymes in the spleen and their leukocytes released lower levels of mitogen-stimulated IL-10 and IL-13 and higher levels of TNF-alpha. In conclusion, the neonatal leptin surge may have a key role in the establishment of adequate redox and inflammatory states in the immune system, which is important for the generation of adequate immune responses and to obtain and maintain good health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Mela
- Department of Physiology (Animal Physiology II), Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Oskarina Hernandez
- Department of Physiology (Animal Physiology II), Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Caroline Hunsche
- Department of Physiology (Animal Physiology II), Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisca Diaz
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julie A Chowen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica De la Fuente
- Department of Physiology (Animal Physiology II), Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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5
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Mela V, Piscitelli F, Berzal AL, Chowen J, Silvestri C, Viveros MP, Di Marzo V. Sex-dependent effects of neonatal maternal deprivation on endocannabinoid levels in the adipose tissue: influence of diet. J Physiol Biochem 2017; 73:349-357. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-017-0558-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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6
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Burke NN, Finn DP, McGuire BE, Roche M. Psychological stress in early life as a predisposing factor for the development of chronic pain: Clinical and preclinical evidence and neurobiological mechanisms. J Neurosci Res 2016; 95:1257-1270. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikita N. Burke
- Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland; Galway Ireland
- Centre for Pain Research and Galway Neuroscience Centre, NCBES, National University of Ireland; Galway Ireland
| | - David P. Finn
- Centre for Pain Research and Galway Neuroscience Centre, NCBES, National University of Ireland; Galway Ireland
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland; Galway Ireland
| | - Brian E. McGuire
- Centre for Pain Research and Galway Neuroscience Centre, NCBES, National University of Ireland; Galway Ireland
- Psychology, National University of Ireland; Galway Ireland
| | - Michelle Roche
- Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland; Galway Ireland
- Centre for Pain Research and Galway Neuroscience Centre, NCBES, National University of Ireland; Galway Ireland
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7
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Feldcamp L, Doucet JS, Pawling J, Fadel MP, Fletcher PJ, Maunder R, Dennis JW, Wong AHC. Mgat5 modulates the effect of early life stress on adult behavior and physical health in mice. Behav Brain Res 2016; 312:253-64. [PMID: 27329152 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Psychosocial adversity in early life increases the likelihood of mental and physical illness, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Mgat5 is an N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase in the Golgi pathway that remodels the N-glycans of glycoproteins at the cell surface. Mice lacking Mgat5 display conditional phenotypes in behaviour, immunity, metabolism, aging and cancer susceptibility. Here we investigated potential gene-environment interactions between Mgat5 and early life adversity on behaviour and physiological measures of physical health. Mgat5(-/-) mutant and Mgat5(+/+) wild-type C57Bl/6 littermates were subject to maternal separation or foster rearing as an early life stressor, in comparison to control mice reared normally. We found an interaction between Mgat5 genotype and maternal rearing condition in which Mgat5(-/-) mice subjected to early life stress had lower glucose levels and higher bone density. Mgat5(-/-) genotype was also associated with less immobility in the forced swim test and greater sucrose consumption, consistent with a less depression-like phenotype. Cortical neuron dendrite spine density and branching was altered by Mgat5 deletion as well. In general, Mgat5 genotype affects both behaviour and physical outcomes in response to early life stress, suggesting some shared pathways for both in this model. These results provide a starting point for studying the mechanisms by which protein N-glycosylation mediates the effects of early life adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Feldcamp
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Room 2374, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Jean-Sebastien Doucet
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Judy Pawling
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Marc P Fadel
- Ontario Shores Centre for Mental Health Sciences, 700 Gordon St, Whitby, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, 8th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Paul J Fletcher
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Robert Maunder
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, 8th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - James W Dennis
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Room 4386, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, 6th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Albert H C Wong
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Room 2374, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, 8th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Rm 4207, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada,.
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Environmental enrichment does not reverse the effects of maternal deprivation on NMDAR and Balb/c mice behaviors. Brain Res 2015; 1624:479-488. [PMID: 26300221 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Early adverse life experiences have been associated with anxiety-like behavior and memory impairment. N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) play an important role in brain development. Enriched environments are known to positively influence emotional and cognitive functions in the brain. We examined the effects of maternal deprivation (MD) on NMDAR subunits in the hippocampus, locomotor activity, anxiety behaviors, and learning-memory performance of Balb/c mice. We also examined whether these effects could be reversed by raising the offspring in an enriched environment. The mice were separated from their mothers for a single 24h episode on postnatal day (PND) 9. The mice were weaned on day 21 and were housed under either standard (SE) or enriched (EE) environmental conditions. Emotional behaviors and cognitive processes of mice were evaluated using an open field (OF) test, an elevated plus maze (EPM) test, and a Morris water-maze (MWM). NMDAR subunits (GluN1, GluN2A, and GluN2B) mRNA expression levels in the hippocampus were examined by real-time PCR. In OF, MD had no effect on horizontal locomotor activity. MD increased anxiety-like behaviors in the EPM and decreased spatial learning performance in MWM; however, these effects were not reversed by EE. MD (in SE and EE conditions) increased GluN1, GluN2A, and GluN2B mRNA expressions in the hippocampus. In conclusion, MD led to the deterioration of the emotional and cognitive processes during adulthood. Moreover, environmental enrichment did not reverse the deleterious effects of the MD on emotional and cognitive functions and increased the NMDAR levels.
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9
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The maternal deprivation animal model revisited. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 51:151-63. [PMID: 25616179 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Early life stress, in the form of MD (24h at pnd 9), interferes with brain developmental trajectories modifying both behavioral and neurobiochemical parameters. MD has been reported to enhance neuroendocrine responses to stress, to affect emotional behavior and to impair cognitive function. More recently, changes in body weight gain, metabolic parameters and immunological responding have also been described. Present data give support to the fact that neuronal degeneration and/or astrocyte proliferation are present in specific brain regions, mainly hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and hypothalamus, which are particularly vulnerable to the effects of neonatal stress. The MD animal model arises as a valuable tool for the investigation of the brain processes occurring at the narrow time window comprised between pnd 9 and 10 that are critical for the establishment of brain circuitries critical for the regulation of behavior, metabolism and energy homeostasis. In the present review we will discuss three possible mechanisms that might be crucial for the effects of MD, namely, the rapid increase in glucocorticoids, the lack of the neonatal leptin surge, and the enhanced endocannabinoid signaling during the specific critical period of MD. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the detrimental consequences of MD is a concern for public health and may provide new insights into mental health prevention strategies and into novel therapeutic approaches in neuropsychiatry.
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Hupa KL, Schmiedl A, Pabst R, Von Hörsten S, Stephan M. Maternal Deprivation Decelerates Postnatal Morphological Lung Development of F344 Rats. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 297:317-26. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.22848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Luise Hupa
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Andreas Schmiedl
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Reinhard Pabst
- Institute of Immunomorphology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Stephan Von Hörsten
- Department for Experimental Therapy; Franz-Penzoldt-Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - Michael Stephan
- Clinic for Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
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11
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Llorente-Berzal A, Assis MA, Rubino T, Zamberletti E, Marco EM, Parolaro D, Ambrosio E, Viveros MP. Sex-dependent changes in brain CB1R expression and functionality and immune CB2R expression as a consequence of maternal deprivation and adolescent cocaine exposure. Pharmacol Res 2013; 74:23-33. [PMID: 23680694 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Early life stress has been associated with several psychiatric disorders, including drug addiction. Actually, maternal deprivation (MD) alters the endocannabinoid system, which participates in motivation and reward for drugs, including cocaine. At youth, the rate of cocaine abuse is alarmingly increasing. Herein, we have investigated the consequences of MD and/or adolescent cocaine exposure in brain CB1Rs and CB2Rs in immune tissues. Control and maternally deprived (24h on postnatal day, pnd, 9) male and female Wistar rats were administered cocaine (8mg/kg/day) or saline during adolescence (pnd 28-42). At adulthood, [(3)H]-CP-55,940 autoradiographic binding was employed for the analysis of CB1R density and CP-55,940-stimulated [(35)S]-GTPgammaS binding for CB1R functionality; CB2R expression was analyzed by Western blotting. Sex differences in CB1R expression and functionality were found, and MD induced important and enduring sex-dependent changes. In addition, the plastic changes induced by adolescent cocaine administration in brain CB1Rs were differentially influenced by early life events. MD increased spleen CB2R expression while adolescent cocaine administration attenuated this effect; cocaine exposure also diminished CB2R expression in bone marrow. Present findings provide evidence for changes in brain CB1R expression and functionality and immune CB2R expression as a consequence of early life stress and adolescent cocaine exposure, and indicate functional interactions between both treatments, which in many regions differ between males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Llorente-Berzal
- Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
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12
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Early maternal deprivation-induced modifications in the neurobiological, neurochemical and behavioral profile of adult rats. Behav Brain Res 2013; 244:29-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Novak G, Fan T, O'Dowd BF, George SR. Postnatal maternal deprivation and pubertal stress have additive effects on dopamine D2 receptor and CaMKII beta expression in the striatum. Int J Dev Neurosci 2013; 31:189-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Novak
- Centre for Addiction and Mental HealthTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Theresa Fan
- Centre for Addiction and Mental HealthTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Brian F. O'Dowd
- Centre for Addiction and Mental HealthTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Susan R. George
- Centre for Addiction and Mental HealthTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of MedicineUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
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Salgado JV, Sandner G. A critical overview of animal models of psychiatric disorders: challenges and perspectives. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2013; 35 Suppl 2:S77-81. [DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2013-1156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joao Vinicius Salgado
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil; Fundacao Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Impairment of proliferation and NK activity of spleen leucocytes in young rats treated with a leptin antagonist during the physiological leptin surge through postnatal days 5–10. Proc Nutr Soc 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665113000864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Llorente R, Miguel-Blanco C, Aisa B, Lachize S, Borcel E, Meijer OC, Ramirez MJ, De Kloet ER, Viveros MP. Long term sex-dependent psychoneuroendocrine effects of maternal deprivation and juvenile unpredictable stress in rats. J Neuroendocrinol 2011; 23:329-44. [PMID: 21219484 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We have analysed the long-term psychoneuroendocrine effects of maternal deprivation (MD) [24 h at postnatal day (PND) 9] and/or exposure to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) during the periadolescent period (PND 28 to PND 43) in male and female Wistar rats. Animals were tested in the elevated plus maze (EPM, anxiety) at PND 44 and in two memory tests, spontaneous alternation and novel object recognition (NOT) in adulthood. The expression of hippocampal glucocorticoid (GR) and mineralocorticoid (MR) receptors, as well as of synaptophysin, neural cell adhesion molecule and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, was analysed by in situ hybridisation in selected hippocampal regions. Endocrine determinations of leptin, testosterone and oestradiol plasma levels were carried out by radioimmunoassay. Young CUS animals showed decreased anxiety behaviour in the EPM (increased percentage of time and entries in the open arms) irrespective of neonatal treatment. Memory impairments were induced by the two stressful treatments as was revealed by the NOT, with males being most clearly affected. Although each stressful procedure, when considered separately, induced different (always decrements) effects on the three synaptic molecules analysed and affected males and females differently, the combination of MD and CUS induced an unique disruptive effect on the three synaptic plasticity players. MD induced a long-term significant decrease in hippocampal GR only in males, whereas CUS tended to increase MR in males and decrease MR in females. Both neonatal MD and periadolescent CUS induced marked reductions in testosterone and oestradiol in males, whereas MD male animals also showed significantly decreased leptin levels. By contrast, in females, none of the hormones analysed was altered by any of the stressful procedures. Taking our data together in support of the 'two-hit' hypothesis, MD during neonatal life and/or exposure to CUS during the periadolescent period induced a permanent deficit in memory, which was accompanied by a decrement in markers for hippocampal plasticity. The long-term effects on body weight and hormone levels, particularly among males, might reflect sex-dependent lasting metabolic alterations as well as an impaired reproductive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Llorente
- Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Otani H, Udagawa J, Hatta T, Kagohashi Y, Hashimoto R, Matsumoto A, Satow F, Nimura M. Individual variation in organ histogenesis as a causative factor in the developmental origins of health and disease: unnoticed congenital anomalies? Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2010; 50:205-11. [PMID: 20831656 DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4520.2010.00295.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Morphological studies of congenital anomalies have mainly focused on abnormal shape (i.e. malformation) and thus on disturbed organogenesis. However, in regard to postnatal functions of organs that develop through branching mechanisms, organ size is another important morphological feature. These organs consist of a large number of structural and functional units, such as nephrons in the kidney, and the total number of these units, that is approximately proportional to the organ size, has been shown to vary widely among individuals. Organ-specific cells are differentiated and organized to form structural units and realize organ-specific functions during the histogenetic period (i.e. from mid-gestation to the early postnatal period). The total number of units is attained at the end of histogenesis and determines the total functional capacity, including the functional reserve of the organ, and thus may be related to predispositions to postnatal organ-based diseases, because the functional reserve decreases during the course of life and eventually become short of the minimum requirement of each organ. Therefore, it may be hypothesized that a smaller number of units of organs at the end of histogenesis is one of the predisposing factors for postnatal diseases (i.e. a form of unnoticed but late-manifested congenital anomalies), in this era of extended longevity. However, the mechanisms that control the total number of units in each organ during histogenesis and the possible relationship among the numbers of units in different organs remain unknown. Here, we review our trials based on the above hypothesis in order to (1) mathematically analyze the morphometric data of the different organs in fetuses to elucidate relationship among developing organs, (2) analyze the developing neuro-immuno-endocrine network as a series of mechanisms to systemically correlate the histogenesis of multiple organs, and (3) examine the maternal environment, including dietary fat, as a factor to influence histogenesis and thus the predisposition to type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Otani
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Shimane, Japan.
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Brain CB₂ Receptors: Implications for Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:2517-2553. [PMID: 27713365 PMCID: PMC4033937 DOI: 10.3390/ph3082517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although previously thought of as the peripheral cannabinoid receptor, it is now accepted that the CB2 receptor is expressed in the central nervous system on microglia, astrocytes and subpopulations of neurons. Expression of the CB2 receptor in the brain is significantly lower than that of the CB1 receptor. Conflicting findings have been reported on the neurological effects of pharmacological agents targeting the CB2 receptor under normal conditions. Under inflammatory conditions, CB2 receptor expression in the brain is enhanced and CB2 receptor agonists exhibit potent anti-inflammatory effects. These findings have prompted research into the CB2 receptor as a possible target for the treatment of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders. Neuroinflammatory alterations are also associated with neuropsychiatric disorders and polymorphisms in the CB2 gene have been reported in depression, eating disorders and schizophrenia. This review will examine the evidence to date for a role of brain CB2 receptors in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Early maternal deprivation induces changes on the expression of 2-AG biosynthesis and degradation enzymes in neonatal rat hippocampus. Brain Res 2010; 1349:162-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Llorente R, O'Shea E, Gutierrez-Lopez MD, Llorente-Berzal A, Colado MI, Viveros MP. Sex-dependent maternal deprivation effects on brain monoamine content in adolescent rats. Neurosci Lett 2010; 479:112-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2010] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ishiguro H, Horiuchi Y, Ishikawa M, Koga M, Imai K, Suzuki Y, Morikawa M, Inada T, Watanabe Y, Takahashi M, Someya T, Ujike H, Iwata N, Ozaki N, Onaivi ES, Kunugi H, Sasaki T, Itokawa M, Arai M, Niizato K, Iritani S, Naka I, Ohashi J, Kakita A, Takahashi H, Nawa H, Arinami T. Brain cannabinoid CB2 receptor in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 67:974-82. [PMID: 19931854 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Revised: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neural endocannabinoid function appears to be involved in schizophrenia. Two endocannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, are found in the brain and elsewhere in the body. We investigated roles of CB2 in schizophrenia. MATERIALS AND METHODS An association study was performed between tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CNR2 gene encoding the CB2 receptor and schizophrenia in two independent case-control populations. Allelic differences of associated SNPs were analyzed in human postmortem brain tissues and in cultured cells. Prepulse inhibition and locomotor activity in C57BL/6JJmsSlc mice with CB2 receptor antagonist AM630 administration was examined. RESULTS The analysis in the first population revealed nominally significant associations between schizophrenia and two SNPs, and the associations were replicated in the second population. The R63 allele of rs2501432 (R63Q) (p = .001), the C allele of rs12744386 (p = .005) and the haplotype of the R63-C allele (p = 5 x 10(-6)) were significantly increased among 1920 patients with schizophrenia compared with 1920 control subjects in the combined population. A significantly lower response to CB2 ligands in cultured CHO cells transfected with the R63 allele compared with those with Q63, and significantly lower CB2 receptor mRNA and protein levels found in human brain with the CC and CT genotypes of rs12744386 compared with TT genotype were observed. AM630 exacerbated MK-801- or methamphetamine-induced disturbance of prepulse inhibition and hyperactivity in C57BL/6JJmsSlc mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate an increased risk of schizophrenia for people with low CB2 receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ishiguro
- Department of Medical Genetics, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Long-term consequences of early maternal deprivation in serotonergic activity and HPA function in adult rat. Neurosci Lett 2010; 480:7-11. [PMID: 20435091 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 04/03/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing body of evidence indicates that early life stressful events may induce permanent alterations in neurodevelopment, which in turn, could lead to the development of psychopathologies in adulthood. In particular, maternal deprivation (MD) for 24h in rats has been associated with several abnormalities in brain and behaviour during adulthood, relevant to the neurobiological substrate of anxiety disorders. The aim of the present study was to clarify the long-term effects of MD, on hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity and serotonergic (5-HT) function, in adulthood, subjects that have not been yet thoroughly investigated. For this purpose, Wistar rat pups were deprived from their mothers for a 24-h single period at postnatal day 9 (pnd 9) and were examined when aged 69-90 days. Plasma corticosterone and ACTH levels along with the animal's behaviour in an open field were used as indices of stress. Moreover, serotonergic activity was estimated in hypothalamus and hippocampus, key structures in the coordination of neuroendocrine and behavioural responses to stress. Interestingly, in adulthood, MD rats compared to controls, displayed decreased body weight, increased serotonergic activity and "anxiety" related behaviour, as well as elevated plasma corticosterone and ACTH levels. The findings of this study showed that MD results in long-term modifications in HPA axis and serotonergic activity indicating a clear relationship between early life stressful events and the development of anxiety-like disorders later in adulthood.
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Viveros MP, Díaz F, Mateos B, Rodríguez N, Chowen JA. Maternal deprivation induces a rapid decline in circulating leptin levels and sexually dimorphic modifications in hypothalamic trophic factors and cell turnover. Horm Behav 2010; 57:405-14. [PMID: 20100487 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pathological outcomes, including metabolic and endocrine disturbances, of maternal deprivation (MD) in Wistar rats depend on gender and the timing of deprivation during development. We analyzed the effect of MD between postnatal days 9 and 10, a critical period in hypothalamic development, on circulating hormones and local production of trophic factors involved in this process, as well as on markers of cell turnover and maturation. Males and females were studied 12 and 24 h after MD and 12 h (MD36) after returning the dam to her pups. Circulating corticosterone levels were increased and glucose and leptin levels decreased throughout the study in both sexes. Hypothalamic mRNA levels of leptin receptor increased significantly at MD24 in both sexes, normalizing in females at MD36, but not in males. In male rats insulin-like growth factor mRNA levels were significantly decreased at MD24 and brain derived neurotrophic factor mRNA levels decreased at MD12 and MD24, with both trophic factors unaffected in females. In males cell proliferation was significantly decreased at MD36, as were the glial structural proteins, glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin. In females, nestin levels decreased significantly at MD24. These results indicate that MD differently affects trophic factors and cell-turnover in the hypothalamus of males and females, which may underlie the sex differences seen in the endocrine and metabolic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Paz Viveros
- Department of Physiology (Animal Physiology II), Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Viveros MP, Llorente R, López-Gallardo M, Suarez J, Bermúdez-Silva F, De la Fuente M, Rodriguez de Fonseca F, Garcia-Segura LM. Sex-dependent alterations in response to maternal deprivation in rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009; 34 Suppl 1:S217-26. [PMID: 19553026 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2009] [Revised: 05/24/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We review here our latest results regarding short- and long-term effects of a neonatal maternal deprivation (MD) stress [24h at postnatal day (PND) 9] on diverse psychoneuroimmunoendocrine parameters, pointing out the existence of numerous sexual dimorphisms. Behavioral changes observed in MD animals might be at least in part attributable to neurodevelopmental effects of MD-induced elevated corticosterone levels. Our findings of short-term effects of MD on hippocampal and cerebellar neurons and glial cells appear to support this hypothesis. However, it is important to note that these cellular effects were more marked in males than in females. Moreover, in analyzing the effects of this neonatal stress on the endocannabinoid system (hippocampal endocannabinoid levels and CB1 receptors) we have also found that males were more affected by MD. Since all these sexual dimorphisms were found at an early neonatal age (PND 13), they are attributable to organizational effects of gonadal steroids. We discuss the potential implications of the elevated corticosterone and decreased leptin levels shown by MD animals in their diverse functional alterations, including the above mentioned neural effects as well as the intriguing persistent deficit in their immunological system. We also emphasize the necessity of analyzing the important influence of sex as regards the specific consequences of early life stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Viveros
- Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
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