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Popper SJ, Strouts FR, Lindow JC, Cheng HK, Montoya M, Balmaseda A, Durbin AP, Whitehead SS, Harris E, Kirkpatrick BD, Relman DA. Early Transcriptional Responses After Dengue Vaccination Mirror the Response to Natural Infection and Predict Neutralizing Antibody Titers. J Infect Dis 2018; 218:1911-1921. [PMID: 30010906 PMCID: PMC6217718 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several promising live attenuated dengue vaccines are in development, but information about innate immune responses and early correlates of protection is lacking. Methods We characterized human genome-wide transcripts in whole blood from 10 volunteers at 11 time points after immunization with the dengue virus type 3 (DENV-3) component of the National Institutes of Health dengue vaccine candidate TV003 and from 30 hospitalized children with acute primary DENV-3 infection. We compared day-specific gene expression patterns with subsequent neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers. Results The transcriptional response to vaccination was largely confined to days 5-20 and was dominated by an interferon-associated signature and a cell cycle signature that peaked on days 8 and 14, respectively. Changes in transcript abundance were much greater in magnitude and scope in symptomatic natural infection than following vaccination (maximum fold-change >200 vs 21 postvaccination; 3210 vs 286 transcripts with significant fold-change), but shared gene modules were induced in the same sequence. The abundances of 131 transcripts on days 8 and 9 postvaccination were strongly correlated with NAb titers measured 6 weeks postvaccination. Conclusions Live attenuated dengue vaccination elicits early transcriptional responses that mirror those found in symptomatic natural infection and provide candidate early markers of protection against DENV infection. Clinical Trials Registration NCT00831012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Popper
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, California
| | - Fiona R Strouts
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, California
| | - Janet C Lindow
- Vaccine Testing Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington
| | - Henry K Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, California
| | - Magelda Montoya
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Angel Balmaseda
- Laboratorio Nacional de Virología, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Anna P Durbin
- Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore
| | - Stephen S Whitehead
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Beth D Kirkpatrick
- Vaccine Testing Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington
| | - David A Relman
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, California
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, California
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2
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Adriani M, Nytrova P, Mbogning C, Hässler S, Medek K, Jensen PEH, Creeke P, Warnke C, Ingenhoven K, Hemmer B, Sievers C, Lindberg Gasser RL, Fissolo N, Deisenhammer F, Bocskei Z, Mikol V, Fogdell-Hahn A, Kubala Havrdova E, Broët P, Dönnes P, Mauri C, Jury EC. Monocyte NOTCH2 expression predicts IFN-β immunogenicity in multiple sclerosis patients. JCI Insight 2018; 3:99274. [PMID: 29875313 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.99274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by CNS inflammation leading to demyelination and axonal damage. IFN-β is an established treatment for MS; however, up to 30% of IFN-β-treated MS patients develop neutralizing antidrug antibodies (nADA), leading to reduced drug bioactivity and efficacy. Mechanisms driving antidrug immunogenicity remain uncertain, and reliable biomarkers to predict immunogenicity development are lacking. Using high-throughput flow cytometry, NOTCH2 expression on CD14+ monocytes and increased frequency of proinflammatory monocyte subsets were identified as baseline predictors of nADA development in MS patients treated with IFN-β. The association of this monocyte profile with nADA development was validated in 2 independent cross-sectional MS patient cohorts and a prospective cohort followed before and after IFN-β administration. Reduced monocyte NOTCH2 expression in nADA+ MS patients was associated with NOTCH2 activation measured by increased expression of Notch-responsive genes, polarization of monocytes toward a nonclassical phenotype, and increased proinflammatory IL-6 production. NOTCH2 activation was T cell dependent and was only triggered in the presence of serum from nADA+ patients. Thus, nADA development was driven by a proinflammatory environment that triggered activation of the NOTCH2 signaling pathway prior to first IFN-β administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsilio Adriani
- Department of Rheumatology, University College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Petra Nytrova
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Cyprien Mbogning
- CESP, Fac. De Médecine-Univ. Paris-Sud, Fac. De Médecine-UVSQ, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Signe Hässler
- CESP, Fac. De Médecine-Univ. Paris-Sud, Fac. De Médecine-UVSQ, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Karel Medek
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Poul Erik H Jensen
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, DMSC, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Region H, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul Creeke
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clemens Warnke
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Research Group for Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,University Hospital Koeln, Deptartment of Neurology, Koeln, Germany
| | - Kathleen Ingenhoven
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Research Group for Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hemmer
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Sievers
- Laboratory of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raija Lp Lindberg Gasser
- Laboratory of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Fissolo
- Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Florian Deisenhammer
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Zsolt Bocskei
- Translational Sciences Unit, Sanofi R&D, 91385 Chilly-Mazarin, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Mikol
- Translational Sciences Unit, Sanofi R&D, 91385 Chilly-Mazarin, Paris, France
| | - Anna Fogdell-Hahn
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine (CMM), Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden
| | - Eva Kubala Havrdova
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Philippe Broët
- CESP, Fac. De Médecine-Univ. Paris-Sud, Fac. De Médecine-UVSQ, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.,Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Claudia Mauri
- Department of Rheumatology, University College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth C Jury
- Department of Rheumatology, University College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Huber AK, Duncker PC, Irani DN. The conundrum of interferon-β non-responsiveness in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Cytokine 2015; 74:228-36. [PMID: 25691330 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of controlled clinical trials have shown that exogenous interferon-beta (IFN-β) benefits patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) by reducing relapse rate, disability progression, and the formation of new brain and spinal cord lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Unfortunately, however, the effectiveness of IFN-β is limited in this setting by the occurrence of treatment non-responsiveness in nearly 25% of patients. Furthermore, clinicians who care for RRMS patients remain unable to accurately identify IFN-β non-responders prior to the initiation of therapy, causing delays in the use of alternative treatments and sometimes requiring that patients turn to medications with more significant side effects to control their disease. Progress has been made toward understanding how both endogenous and exogenous IFN-β act to slow RRMS as well as the related mouse model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Most studies point to its inhibitory actions on circulating immune cells as being important for suppressing both disorders, but multiple potential target cells and inflammatory pathways have been implicated and those essential to confer its benefits remain undefined. This review focuses on the role of both endogenous and exogenous IFN-β in RRMS, paying particular attention to the issue of why certain individuals appear refractory to its disease-modifying effects. A continued goal in this field remains the identification of a convenient biomarker that accurately predicts IFN-β treatment non-responsiveness in individual RRMS patients. Development of such an assay will allow clinicians to customize therapy for patients with this complex disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Huber
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Patrick C Duncker
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David N Irani
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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4
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Abstract
In relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), type I interferon (IFN) is considered immuno-modulatory, and recombinant forms of IFN-β are the most prescribed treatment for this disease. However, within the RRMS population, 30-50% of MS patients are nonresponsive to this treatment, and it consistently worsens neuromyelitis optica (NMO), a disease once considered to be a form of RRMS. In contrast to RRMS, type I IFNs have been shown to have properties that drive the inflammatory pathologies in many other autoimmune diseases. These diseases include Sjögren's syndrome, system lupus erythematosus (SLE), neuromyelitis optica (NMO), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriasis. Historically, autoimmune diseases were thought to be driven by a TH1 response to auto-antigens. However, since the discovery of the TH17 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), it is now generally thought that TH17 plays an important role in MS and all other autoimmune diseases. In this article, we will discuss recent clinical and basic research advances in the field of autoimmunity and argue that IFN-β and other type I IFNs are immuno-modulatory in diseases driven predominantly by TH1 but in contrast are inflammatory in diseases that have a predominant Th17 response.
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5
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Abstract
In multiple sclerosis, type I interferon (IFN) is considered immune-modulatory, and recombinant forms of IFN-β are the most prescribed treatment for this disease. This is in contrast to most other autoimmune disorders, because type I IFN contributes to the pathologies. Even within the relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) population, 30-50% of MS patients are non-responsive to this treatment, and it consistently worsens neuromyelitis optica, a disease similar to RRMS. In this article, we discuss the recent advances in the field of autoimmunity and introduce the theory explain how type I IFNs can be pro-inflammatory in disease that is predominantly driven by a Th17 response and are therapeutic when disease is predominantly Th1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Axtell
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5316, USA.
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Gavasso S, Gjertsen B, Anderssen E, Myhr K, Vedeler C. Immunogenic effects of recombinant interferon-beta therapy disrupt the JAK/STAT pathway in primary immune cells from patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2012; 18:1116-24. [PMID: 22287540 DOI: 10.1177/1352458511434066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunogenicity of recombinant interferon-β (IFN-β) is a known complication in the therapy of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) that can interfere with efficacy are quantified using in vitro bioassays; however, these assays do not reveal the immunogenic state of the patient and are not predictive of treatment outcome. OBJECTIVE Assessment of the impact of NAbs on IFN-β responsive cells and signalling pathways in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with phospho-specific flow cytometry. METHOD PBMCs from 10 IFN-β-treated patients with RRMS, two untreated patients, and two healthy controls were re-stimulated in autologous sera and media with a serial dilution of IFN-β (0-8000 U/ml) and levels of phosphorylation of STAT1/3/4/5/6 transcription factors were quantified in PBMC subtypes (NAb titres 0 to > 6000 neutralizing units). Data was subjected to principal component analysis, Hotelling's T (2), and partial least squares analysis. RESULTS Three significantly distinct clusters of individuals were revealed in autologous sera: therapy-naïve and healthy, treated NAb-negative, and treated NAb-positive. Compared with controls STATs signalling patterns were modulated in treated NAb-negative patients and inhibited in all treated NAb-positive patients independently of NAb titres. In media no clustering of patients could be found. The predictability of NAb titres based on the phospho-flow data was 74%. CONCLUSION Phospho-specific flow cytometry can delineate subset-specific cell responses that can act as surrogates for NAb exposure in blood. Immunogenic effects alter the response in primary cells even at low NAb levels. Cell line-based immunogenicity testing is not readily transferable to the immunogenic response in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gavasso
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
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7
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The role of cell type-specific responses in IFN-β therapy of multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:19689-94. [PMID: 22106296 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1117347108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of IFN-β therapy in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is not well understood, but induction of apoptosis in specific leukocyte subsets is likely to be important. Enhanced expression of TNFSF10 or TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) mRNA in unseparated leukocytes has been put forward as a therapeutic response marker, but it is unclear which leukocyte subsets express TRAIL. We investigated the basis of TRAIL expression in response to IFN-β by studying activation of STATs 1, 3, and 5, p38 MAPK, and NF-κB in different leukocyte subsets of patients with RRMS. Monocytes, B cells, and T cells showed substantial differences in the activation of p38 and the STATs in response to i.m. injection of IFN-β1a or stimulation in vitro. Induction of cell-surface TRAIL, analyzed in nine leukocyte subsets, was observed only on monocytes and granulocytes and correlated with the activation of p38 and/or NF-κB in these subsets only, in agreement with previous work in fibroblasts showing that the induction of TRAIL in response to IFN-β depends on the activation of p38 and NF-κB as well as STATs 1 and 2. We propose that, in myeloid cells, the differential activation of p38 and NF-κB and induction of TRAIL, which sensitizes cells to apoptosis, can help to explain differences in responsiveness to IFN-β therapy among patients with RRMS and, furthermore, that such differential patterns of activation and expression may also be important in understanding the therapeutic responses to IFN-α/β in hepatitis and cancer.
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8
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Rudick RA, Rani MRS, Xu Y, Lee JC, Na J, Shrock J, Josyula A, Fisher E, Ransohoff RM. Excessive biologic response to IFNβ is associated with poor treatment response in patients with multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19262. [PMID: 21602934 PMCID: PMC3094352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferon-beta (IFNβ) is used to inhibit disease activity in multiple sclerosis (MS), but its mechanisms of action are incompletely understood, individual treatment response varies, and biological markers predicting response to treatment have yet to be identified. METHODS The relationship between the molecular response to IFNβ and treatment response was determined in 85 patients using a longitudinal design in which treatment effect was categorized by brain magnetic resonance imaging as good (n = 70) or poor response (n = 15). Molecular response was quantified using a customized cDNA macroarray assay for 166 IFN-regulated genes (IRGs). RESULTS The molecular response to IFNβ differed significantly between patients in the pattern and number of regulated genes. The molecular response was strikingly stable for individuals for as long as 24 months, however, suggesting an individual 'IFN response fingerprint'. Unexpectedly, patients with poor response showed an exaggerated molecular response. IRG induction ratios demonstrated an exaggerated molecular response at both the first and 6-month IFNβ injections. CONCLUSION MS patients exhibit individually unique but temporally stable biological responses to IFNβ. Poor treatment response is not explained by the duration of biological effects or the specific genes induced. Rather, individuals with poor treatment response have a generally exaggerated biological response to type 1 IFN injections. We hypothesize that the molecular response to type I IFN identifies a pathogenetically distinct subset of MS patients whose disease is driven in part by innate immunity. The findings suggest a strategy for biologically based, rational use of IFNβ for individual MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Rudick
- Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America.
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Borden EC, Williams BR. Interferon-stimulated genes and their protein products: what and how? J Interferon Cytokine Res 2011; 31:1-4. [PMID: 21226605 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2010.0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of the action of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and their protein products have resulted in fundamental discoveries relevant to translational control, regulation of RNA stability and editing, and protein transport and turnover. Actions of ISGs will remain critical to improved clinical application of agonists and antagonists of the toll-like receptor and the interferon signaling cascades--now 25 years after the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and worldwide regulatory approval of the pharmaceutical product produced by recombinant DNA technology. Because the antiviral and cellular actions of these several hundred genes (what?) and their protein products are now being functionally (how?) further elucidated but have been comprehensively summarized to only limited extents, we have selected some of the most potently induced ISGs for review in this special issue of the Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest C Borden
- Cleveland Clinic and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
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10
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Beta-interferon for multiple sclerosis. Exp Cell Res 2011; 317:1301-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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11
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Croze E. Differential gene expression and translational approaches to identify biomarkers of interferon beta activity in multiple sclerosis. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2011; 30:743-9. [PMID: 20874251 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2010.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 16 years ago human interferon-β-1b (IFN-β-1β) was shown to be effective in the treatment of the relapsing-remitting form of multiple sclerosis (MS). Over time, IFN-β has been demonstrated to be both a safe and effective treatment. However, the mechanism of action of IFN-β in MS remains unknown. To better understand the mechanism of action of IFN-β, considerable effort has been made in transcriptional profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected from MS patients. IFN-β is known to induce a large number of genes that play an important role in regulating responses to viral infection, immune modulation, and cell proliferation. Identifying differentially induced genes that are linked to the beneficial effects observed during treatment is under active investigation. IFN biomarkers in MS patients have been proposed but have not been clearly confirmed in independent studies or consistently correlated with clinical measures of disease progression. Organizing single genes or gene signatures grouped according to molecular mechanisms meaningful in MS may help to link IFN activity measurements to clinical outcomes. In this review, IFN activity measurements will be discussed with a specific emphasis on what is known about differential gene expression and treatment effects in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed Croze
- Translational Research, Global Medical Affairs, Neurology, Specialty Medicine, Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Richmond, California 94804, USA.
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Borden EC, Jacobs B, Hollovary E, Rybicki L, Elson P, Olencki T, Triozzi P. Gene regulatory and clinical effects of interferon β in patients with metastatic melanoma: a phase II trial. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2011; 31:433-40. [PMID: 21235385 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2010.0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-β in preclinical studies, compared to IFN-α2, bound with higher affinity to its receptor, induced to higher levels of IFN-stimulated gene products, induced more apoptosis in melanoma cells, and had antitumor effects against melanoma. A maximally tolerated dose of 12 × 10(6) international units/m(2) after 2 weeks subcutaneously daily with dose escalation to 18 × 10(6) international units/m(2) was thus used in a phase II trial of IFN-β1a in cutaneous metastatic melanoma (n = 17) and uveal melanoma (n = 4). It resulted in expected but reversible drug-related severe (grade 3) adverse events in 13/21 patients; anorexia and fatigue were mostly of mild or moderate severity and infrequently needed dose reduction. Although a single patient had a sustained regression, overall IFN-β1a did not have clinical benefit (response rate <10%; median progression-free survival 1.8 months). Effective and potent induction in peripheral blood cells and into serum of products of IFN-stimulated genes such as the pro-apoptotic cytokine, TRAIL, and the immunomodulatory and anti-angiogenic chemokines, CXCL10 and CCL8, confirmed gene regulatory actions. To probe further anti-angiogenic mechanisms, both VEGF-A and CXCL-5 were assessed; compared to before treatment, both proteins decreased. Continued improvements in understanding of antitumor mechanisms will enhance usefulness of IFNs for nodal or distant metastases from melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest C Borden
- Center for Hematology and Oncology Molecular Therapeutics, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
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Donnelly RP, Young HA, Rosenberg AS. An overview of cytokines and cytokine antagonists as therapeutic agents. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1182:1-13. [PMID: 20074270 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05382.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cytokine-based therapies have the potential to provide novel treatments for cancer, autoimmune diseases, and many types of infectious disease. However, to date, the full clinical potential of cytokines as drugs has been limited by a number of factors. To discuss these limitations and explore ways to overcome them, the FDA partnered with the New York Academy of Sciences in March 2009 to host a two-day forum to discuss more effective ways to harness the clinical potential of cytokines and cytokine antagonists as therapeutic agents. The first day was focused primarily on the use of recombinant cytokines as therapeutic agents for treatment of human diseases. The second day focused largely on the use of cytokine antagonists as therapeutic agents for treatment of human diseases. This issue of the Annals includes more than a dozen papers that summarize much of the information that was presented during this very informative two-day conference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond P Donnelly
- Division of Therapeutic Proteins, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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