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Lindow JC, Hughes JL, South C, Minhajuddin A, Gutierrez L, Bannister E, Trivedi MH, Byerly MJ. The Youth Aware of Mental Health Intervention: Impact on Help Seeking, Mental Health Knowledge, and Stigma in U.S. Adolescents. J Adolesc Health 2020; 67:101-107. [PMID: 32115325 PMCID: PMC7311230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Suicide is a leading cause of death among U.S. youth aged 12-18 years. Youth Aware of Mental Health (YAM), a promising, universal, school-based mental health promotion/suicide primary prevention intervention for adolescents, has been evaluated in Europe but not in the U.S. The present study used an uncontrolled, pretest/post-test design to document the potential for YAM to reduce suicidal ideation, attempt, and suicide. A demonstration that help seeking behaviors, mental health literacy, and mental health stigmatizing attitudes improve after the intervention would suggest that the program is promising in the U.S., as well as in Europe, and that further investigation is merited. METHODS YAM was delivered to 1,878 students in 11 schools as part of regular school curricula. A subset of these students (n = 436) completed surveys before and 3 months postdelivery. Surveys included five questions about help seeking behaviors, a measure of intent to seek help (General Help Seeking Questionnaire), two mental health literacy scales, and two mental illness stigma scales (Reported and Intended Behavior Scale and Personal Stigma and Social Distance Scale). Both McNemar's test and repeated measures linear models were used to determine whether the survey outcomes changed after YAM delivery. RESULTS Among the 436 adolescents (286 and 150 in Montana and Texas, respectively), significant increases were found pre- to post-intervention in three of five help seeking behaviors, along with improved mental health literacy and decreased mental health-related stigma. Intent to seek help was unchanged. CONCLUSIONS Several help seeking behavioral factors, mental health knowledge, and stigma improved post-YAM intervention. All three domains are likely protective against suicide. A randomized controlled trial testing the efficacy of YAM in preventing suicidal behaviors is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet C. Lindow
- Center for Mental Health Research and Recovery, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA,Correspondence: Address correspondence to: Janet Lindow, PhD, Biomedical Research and Education Foundation of Southern Arizona, 3601 S. 6 Ave. Bldg. 77, MC (0-151), Tucson, AZ 85723; phone: +1-520-1450 x6631;
| | - Jennifer L. Hughes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Charles South
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA,Department of Clinical Science, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Abu Minhajuddin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA,Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Luis Gutierrez
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Elizabeth Bannister
- Center for Mental Health Research and Recovery, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Madhukar H. Trivedi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Matthew J. Byerly
- Center for Mental Health Research and Recovery, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
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Nakonezny PA, Lindow JC, Stroup TS, McEvoy JP, Swartz MS, Rosenheck RA, Byerly MJ. A single assessment with the Brief Adherence Rating Scale (BARS) discriminates responders to long-acting injectable antipsychotic treatment in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2020; 220:92-97. [PMID: 32269005 PMCID: PMC7306424 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if a single baseline adherence assessment (Brief Adherence Rating Scale [BARS]) could identify patients who are likely to respond to long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotic treatment. METHOD The current secondary analysis included a sub-sample of adult outpatients (N = 176) with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder who participated in the "A Comparison of Long-Acting Injectable Medications for Schizophrenia (ACLAIMS)" trial and had a baseline BARS assessment and a baseline and month 3 Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) rating. The main outcome was LAI treatment response, defined as a ≥ 20% decrease (baseline to month 3) on the PANSS total score. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) and Area Under the Curve (AUC) analysis was conducted to determine the optimal cutpoint of baseline BARS adherence in discriminating LAI treatment response at month 3. A logistic mixed model estimated the odds of response to LAI treatment at month 3 from the optimal baseline BARS cutpoint. RESULTS The ROC analysis determined that the single baseline BARS rating (cutoff ≤66%), indicating low adherence, best discriminated patients likely to respond to LAI treatment (AUC = 0.603, SE = 0.046, 95% binomial exact CI = 0.527 to 0.676, p = 0.025), with 38% sensitivity and 85% specificity. The logistic mixed model analysis revealed that patients with ≤66% BARS adherence had 3.464 times the predicted odds (95% CI = 1.604 to 7.480, p = 0.001) of responding to LAI treatment than those who were >66% BARS adherent. CONCLUSION A single baseline BARS assessment discriminated response to LAI treatment suggesting it is a reasonable tool to identify candidates for LAI antipsychotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Nakonezny
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA,Department of Population and Data Sciences, Division of Biostatistics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Janet C. Lindow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Biomedical Research Foundation of Southern Arizona, and Southern Arizona VA Health Care System, Tucson, AZ 85723 USA
| | - T. Scott Stroup
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Joseph P. McEvoy
- Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
| | - Marvin S. Swartz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert A. Rosenheck
- Veterans Affairs (VA) New England Mental Illness, Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, and the Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06516 USA
| | - Matthew J. Byerly
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona and Southern Arizona VA Health Care System, Tucson, AZ 85723 USA
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Lindow JC, Hughes JL, South C, Gutierrez L, Bannister E, Trivedi MH, Byerly MJ. Feasibility and Acceptability of the Youth Aware of Mental Health (YAM) Intervention in US Adolescents. Arch Suicide Res 2020; 24:269-284. [PMID: 31159674 PMCID: PMC6942243 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2019.1624667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Suicide is the second leading cause of death among US adolescents, and rates of suicide among youth have been increasing for the past decade. This study assessed the feasibility and acceptability of the universal, school-based Youth Aware of Mental Health (YAM) program, a promising mental health promotion and suicide primary prevention intervention, in US youth. Using an uncontrolled design, the feasibility and acceptability of delivering and studying YAM were assessed in Montana and Texas schools. Thirteen of 16 (81.3%) schools agreed to support YAM delivery, and five Montana and 6 Texas schools were included in analyses. Facilitators delivered YAM in 78 classes (1,878 students) as regular high school curriculum. Of the total number of students who received YAM, 519 (27.6%) provided parental consent and assent. 436 (84.0%) consented students participated in pre- and post-surveys. Students, parents, and school staff found YAM highly acceptable based on satisfaction surveys. In summary, this study found YAM feasible to implement in US schools. Results also suggest students, parents, and school staff supported school-based programs and were highly satisfied with the YAM program. A randomized controlled trial is warranted to test the efficacy of YAM in promoting mental health and preventing suicidal thoughts and behaviors in US adolescents.
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Hacker KP, Sacramento GA, Cruz JS, de Oliveira D, Nery N, Lindow JC, Carvalho M, Hagan J, Diggle PJ, Begon M, Reis MG, Wunder EA, Ko AI, Costa F. Influence of Rainfall on Leptospira Infection and Disease in a Tropical Urban Setting, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:311-314. [PMID: 31961288 PMCID: PMC6986844 DOI: 10.3201/eid2602.190102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of hospitalized leptospirosis patients was positively associated with increased precipitation in Salvador, Brazil. However, Leptospira infection risk among a cohort of city residents was inversely associated with rainfall. These findings indicate that, although heavy rainfall may increase severe illness, Leptospira exposures can occur year-round.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jaqueline S. Cruz
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA (K.P. Hacker)
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA (K.P. Hacker, J.C. Lindow, J. Hagan, E.A. Wunder, Jr., A.I. Ko, F. Costa)
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil (G.A. Sacramento, J.S. Cruz, D. de Oliveira, N. Nery, Jr., J.C. Lindow, M. Carvalho, J. Hagan, M.G Reis, A.I. Ko, F. Costa)
- Montana State University Bozeman, Bozeman, Montana, USA (J.C. Lindow); Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK (P.J. Diggle)
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (P.J. Diggle)
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (M. Begon)
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador (M.G. Reis, F. Costa)
| | - Daiana de Oliveira
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA (K.P. Hacker)
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA (K.P. Hacker, J.C. Lindow, J. Hagan, E.A. Wunder, Jr., A.I. Ko, F. Costa)
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil (G.A. Sacramento, J.S. Cruz, D. de Oliveira, N. Nery, Jr., J.C. Lindow, M. Carvalho, J. Hagan, M.G Reis, A.I. Ko, F. Costa)
- Montana State University Bozeman, Bozeman, Montana, USA (J.C. Lindow); Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK (P.J. Diggle)
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (P.J. Diggle)
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (M. Begon)
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador (M.G. Reis, F. Costa)
| | - Nivison Nery
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA (K.P. Hacker)
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA (K.P. Hacker, J.C. Lindow, J. Hagan, E.A. Wunder, Jr., A.I. Ko, F. Costa)
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil (G.A. Sacramento, J.S. Cruz, D. de Oliveira, N. Nery, Jr., J.C. Lindow, M. Carvalho, J. Hagan, M.G Reis, A.I. Ko, F. Costa)
- Montana State University Bozeman, Bozeman, Montana, USA (J.C. Lindow); Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK (P.J. Diggle)
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (P.J. Diggle)
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (M. Begon)
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador (M.G. Reis, F. Costa)
| | - Janet C. Lindow
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA (K.P. Hacker)
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA (K.P. Hacker, J.C. Lindow, J. Hagan, E.A. Wunder, Jr., A.I. Ko, F. Costa)
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil (G.A. Sacramento, J.S. Cruz, D. de Oliveira, N. Nery, Jr., J.C. Lindow, M. Carvalho, J. Hagan, M.G Reis, A.I. Ko, F. Costa)
- Montana State University Bozeman, Bozeman, Montana, USA (J.C. Lindow); Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK (P.J. Diggle)
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (P.J. Diggle)
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (M. Begon)
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador (M.G. Reis, F. Costa)
| | - Mayara Carvalho
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA (K.P. Hacker)
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA (K.P. Hacker, J.C. Lindow, J. Hagan, E.A. Wunder, Jr., A.I. Ko, F. Costa)
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil (G.A. Sacramento, J.S. Cruz, D. de Oliveira, N. Nery, Jr., J.C. Lindow, M. Carvalho, J. Hagan, M.G Reis, A.I. Ko, F. Costa)
- Montana State University Bozeman, Bozeman, Montana, USA (J.C. Lindow); Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK (P.J. Diggle)
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (P.J. Diggle)
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (M. Begon)
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador (M.G. Reis, F. Costa)
| | - Jose Hagan
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA (K.P. Hacker)
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA (K.P. Hacker, J.C. Lindow, J. Hagan, E.A. Wunder, Jr., A.I. Ko, F. Costa)
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil (G.A. Sacramento, J.S. Cruz, D. de Oliveira, N. Nery, Jr., J.C. Lindow, M. Carvalho, J. Hagan, M.G Reis, A.I. Ko, F. Costa)
- Montana State University Bozeman, Bozeman, Montana, USA (J.C. Lindow); Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK (P.J. Diggle)
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (P.J. Diggle)
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (M. Begon)
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador (M.G. Reis, F. Costa)
| | - Peter J. Diggle
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA (K.P. Hacker)
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA (K.P. Hacker, J.C. Lindow, J. Hagan, E.A. Wunder, Jr., A.I. Ko, F. Costa)
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil (G.A. Sacramento, J.S. Cruz, D. de Oliveira, N. Nery, Jr., J.C. Lindow, M. Carvalho, J. Hagan, M.G Reis, A.I. Ko, F. Costa)
- Montana State University Bozeman, Bozeman, Montana, USA (J.C. Lindow); Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK (P.J. Diggle)
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (P.J. Diggle)
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (M. Begon)
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador (M.G. Reis, F. Costa)
| | - Mike Begon
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA (K.P. Hacker)
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA (K.P. Hacker, J.C. Lindow, J. Hagan, E.A. Wunder, Jr., A.I. Ko, F. Costa)
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil (G.A. Sacramento, J.S. Cruz, D. de Oliveira, N. Nery, Jr., J.C. Lindow, M. Carvalho, J. Hagan, M.G Reis, A.I. Ko, F. Costa)
- Montana State University Bozeman, Bozeman, Montana, USA (J.C. Lindow); Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK (P.J. Diggle)
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (P.J. Diggle)
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (M. Begon)
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador (M.G. Reis, F. Costa)
| | - Mitermayer G. Reis
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA (K.P. Hacker)
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA (K.P. Hacker, J.C. Lindow, J. Hagan, E.A. Wunder, Jr., A.I. Ko, F. Costa)
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil (G.A. Sacramento, J.S. Cruz, D. de Oliveira, N. Nery, Jr., J.C. Lindow, M. Carvalho, J. Hagan, M.G Reis, A.I. Ko, F. Costa)
- Montana State University Bozeman, Bozeman, Montana, USA (J.C. Lindow); Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK (P.J. Diggle)
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (P.J. Diggle)
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (M. Begon)
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador (M.G. Reis, F. Costa)
| | - Elsio A. Wunder
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA (K.P. Hacker)
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA (K.P. Hacker, J.C. Lindow, J. Hagan, E.A. Wunder, Jr., A.I. Ko, F. Costa)
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil (G.A. Sacramento, J.S. Cruz, D. de Oliveira, N. Nery, Jr., J.C. Lindow, M. Carvalho, J. Hagan, M.G Reis, A.I. Ko, F. Costa)
- Montana State University Bozeman, Bozeman, Montana, USA (J.C. Lindow); Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK (P.J. Diggle)
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (P.J. Diggle)
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (M. Begon)
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador (M.G. Reis, F. Costa)
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Schure MB, Lindow JC, Greist JH, Nakonezny PA, Bailey SJ, Bryan WL, Byerly MJ. Use of a Fully Automated Internet-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy Intervention in a Community Population of Adults With Depression Symptoms: Randomized Controlled Trial. J Med Internet Res 2019; 21:e14754. [PMID: 31738173 PMCID: PMC6887812 DOI: 10.2196/14754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although internet-based cognitive behavior therapy (iCBT) interventions can reduce depression symptoms, large differences in their effectiveness exist. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an iCBT intervention called Thrive, which was designed to enhance engagement when delivered as a fully automated, stand-alone intervention to a rural community population of adults with depression symptoms. Methods Using no diagnostic or treatment exclusions, 343 adults with depression symptoms were recruited from communities using an open-access website and randomized 1:1 to the Thrive intervention group or the control group. Using self-reports, participants were evaluated at baseline and 4 and 8 weeks for the primary outcome of depression symptom severity and secondary outcome measures of anxiety symptoms, work and social adjustment, psychological resilience, and suicidal ideation. Results Over the 8-week follow-up period, the intervention group (n=181) had significantly lower depression symptom severity than the control group (n=162; P<.001), with a moderate treatment effect size (d=0.63). Moderate to near-moderate effect sizes favoring the intervention group were observed for anxiety symptoms (P<.001; d=0.47), work/social functioning (P<.001; d=0.39), and resilience (P<.001; d=0.55). Although not significant, the intervention group was 45% less likely than the control group to experience increased suicidal ideation (odds ratio 0.55). Conclusions These findings suggest that the Thrive intervention was effective in reducing depression and anxiety symptom severity and improving functioning and resilience among a mostly rural community population of US adults. The effect sizes associated with Thrive were generally larger than those of other iCBT interventions delivered as a fully automated, stand-alone intervention. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03244878; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03244878
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Schure
- Department of Health & Human Development, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States.,Center for Mental Health Research and Recovery, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Janet C Lindow
- Center for Mental Health Research and Recovery, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Biomedical Research and Education Foundation of Southern Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Southern Arizona VA Health Care System, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - John H Greist
- Center for Mental Health Research and Recovery, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States.,Healthcare Technology Systems, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Paul A Nakonezny
- Department of Population and Data Science, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Sandra J Bailey
- Department of Health & Human Development, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States.,Center for Mental Health Research and Recovery, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States.,Montana State University Extension, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - William L Bryan
- Center for Mental Health Research and Recovery, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States.,One Montana, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Matthew J Byerly
- Center for Mental Health Research and Recovery, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Southern Arizona VA Health Care System, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
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Lindow JC, Becker MN, Nakonezny PA, Byerly MJ. Evaluating an antistigma intervention combining personal account with musical performance among rural adolescents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1037/rmh0000122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lindow JC, Tsay AJ, Montgomery RR, Reis EAG, Wunder EA, Araújo G, Nery NRR, Mohanty S, Shaw AC, Lee PJ, Reis MG, Ko AI. Elevated Activation of Neutrophil Toll-Like Receptors in Patients with Acute Severe Leptospirosis: An Observational Study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019; 101:585-589. [PMID: 31333152 PMCID: PMC6726964 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is the leading cause of zoonotic morbidity and mortality globally, yet little is known about the immune mechanisms that may contribute to pathogenesis and severe disease. Although neutrophils are a key component of early immune responses to infection, they have been associated with tissue damage and inflammation in some febrile infections. To assess whether neutrophils contribute to the pathogenesis observed in severe leptospirosis, we quantitated levels of neutrophil activation markers in patients with varying disease severities. Hospitalized leptospirosis patients had significantly higher levels of toll-like receptors 2 and 4 (TLR2 and TLR4, respectively) on peripheral neutrophils than healthy controls, with the highest levels detected in patients with organ dysfunction. We observed no significant differences in other neutrophil baseline activation markers (CD62L and CD11b) or activation capacity (CD62L and CD11b levels following stimulation), regardless of disease severity. Our results provide preliminary evidence supporting the hypothesis that higher initial bacterial loads or inadequate or delayed neutrophil responses, rather than TLR-driven inflammation, may drive severe disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet C. Lindow
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Annie J. Tsay
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ruth R. Montgomery
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Eliana A. G. Reis
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Elsio A. Wunder
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Araújo
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Nivison R. R. Nery
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Subhasis Mohanty
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Albert C. Shaw
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Patty J. Lee
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mitermayer G. Reis
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Albert I. Ko
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, Brazil
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Popper SJ, Strouts FR, Lindow JC, Cheng HK, Montoya M, Balmaseda A, Durbin AP, Whitehead SS, Harris E, Kirkpatrick BD, Relman DA. Early Transcriptional Responses After Dengue Vaccination Mirror the Response to Natural Infection and Predict Neutralizing Antibody Titers. J Infect Dis 2018; 218:1911-1921. [PMID: 30010906 PMCID: PMC6217718 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several promising live attenuated dengue vaccines are in development, but information about innate immune responses and early correlates of protection is lacking. Methods We characterized human genome-wide transcripts in whole blood from 10 volunteers at 11 time points after immunization with the dengue virus type 3 (DENV-3) component of the National Institutes of Health dengue vaccine candidate TV003 and from 30 hospitalized children with acute primary DENV-3 infection. We compared day-specific gene expression patterns with subsequent neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers. Results The transcriptional response to vaccination was largely confined to days 5-20 and was dominated by an interferon-associated signature and a cell cycle signature that peaked on days 8 and 14, respectively. Changes in transcript abundance were much greater in magnitude and scope in symptomatic natural infection than following vaccination (maximum fold-change >200 vs 21 postvaccination; 3210 vs 286 transcripts with significant fold-change), but shared gene modules were induced in the same sequence. The abundances of 131 transcripts on days 8 and 9 postvaccination were strongly correlated with NAb titers measured 6 weeks postvaccination. Conclusions Live attenuated dengue vaccination elicits early transcriptional responses that mirror those found in symptomatic natural infection and provide candidate early markers of protection against DENV infection. Clinical Trials Registration NCT00831012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Popper
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, California
| | - Fiona R Strouts
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, California
| | - Janet C Lindow
- Vaccine Testing Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington
| | - Henry K Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, California
| | - Magelda Montoya
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Angel Balmaseda
- Laboratorio Nacional de Virología, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Anna P Durbin
- Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore
| | - Stephen S Whitehead
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Beth D Kirkpatrick
- Vaccine Testing Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington
| | - David A Relman
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, California
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, California
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9
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Schneider AG, Casanovas-Massana A, Hacker KP, Wunder EA, Begon M, Reis MG, Childs JE, Costa F, Lindow JC, Ko AI. Quantification of pathogenic Leptospira in the soils of a Brazilian urban slum. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006415. [PMID: 29624576 PMCID: PMC5906024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leptospirosis is an important zoonotic disease that causes considerable morbidity and mortality globally, primarily in residents of urban slums. While contact with contaminated water plays a critical role in the transmission of leptospirosis, little is known about the distribution and abundance of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in soil and the potential contribution of this source to human infection. Methods/Principal findings We collected soil samples (n = 70) from three sites within an urban slum community endemic for leptospirosis in Salvador, Brazil. Using qPCR of Leptospira genes lipl32 and 16S rRNA, we quantified the pathogenic Leptospira load in each soil sample. lipl32 qPCR detected pathogenic Leptospira in 22 (31%) of 70 samples, though the median concentration among positive samples was low (median = 6 GEq/g; range: 4–4.31×102 GEq/g). We also observed heterogeneity in the distribution of pathogenic Leptospira at the fine spatial scale. However, when using 16S rRNA qPCR, we detected a higher proportion of Leptospira-positive samples (86%) and higher bacterial concentrations (median: 4.16×102 GEq/g; range: 4–2.58×104 GEq/g). Sequencing of the qPCR amplicons and qPCR analysis with all type Leptospira species revealed that the 16S rRNA qPCR detected not only pathogenic Leptospira but also intermediate species, although both methods excluded saprophytic Leptospira. No significant associations were identified between the presence of pathogenic Leptospira DNA and environmental characteristics (vegetation, rat activity, distance to an open sewer or a house, or soil clay content), though samples with higher soil moisture content showed higher prevalences. Conclusion/Significance This is the first study to successfully quantify the burden of pathogenic Leptospira in soil from an endemic region. Our results support the hypothesis that soil may be an under-recognized environmental reservoir contributing to transmission of pathogenic Leptospira in urban slums. Consequently, the role of soil should be considered when planning interventions aimed to reduce the burden of leptospirosis in these communities. Leptospirosis is a globally distributed zoonotic disease that disproportionately affects vulnerable populations in urban slums. The disease is transmitted by direct contact with water, soil, or mud that has been contaminated with infected urine shed from chronically infected animals. Despite the critical role the environment plays in the epidemiology of the disease, the contribution of soil to the transmission cycle remains largely undescribed. Herein, we investigated the distribution of pathogenic Leptospira in soil samples from an endemic urban slum in Brazil. We found pathogenic Leptospira in nearly one-third of the soil samples, predominantly in low concentrations (<5×102 GEq/g). However, we observed considerable variation in the distribution and concentration of the pathogen at the fine spatial scale within the slum. Our results indicate that soil is likely an important additional environmental reservoir of pathogenic Leptospira in urban slums and prevention strategies should consider soil to help prevent the transmission of the disease in similar settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G. Schneider
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Arnau Casanovas-Massana
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ACM); (AIK)
| | - Kathryn P. Hacker
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Elsio A. Wunder
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Mike Begon
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Mitermayer G. Reis
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - James E. Childs
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Federico Costa
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Janet C. Lindow
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Albert I. Ko
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- * E-mail: (ACM); (AIK)
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10
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Lindow JC, Wunder EA, Popper SJ, Min JN, Mannam P, Srivastava A, Yao Y, Hacker KP, Raddassi K, Lee PJ, Montgomery RR, Shaw AC, Hagan JE, Araújo GC, Nery N, Relman DA, Kim CC, Reis MG, Ko AI. Correction: Cathelicidin Insufficiency in Patients with Fatal Leptospirosis. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006646. [PMID: 28950012 PMCID: PMC5614647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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11
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Lessa-Aquino C, Lindow JC, Randall A, Wunder E, Pablo J, Nakajima R, Jasinskas A, Cruz JS, Damião AO, Nery N, Ribeiro GS, Costa F, Hagan JE, Reis MG, Ko AI, Medeiros MA, Felgner PL. Distinct antibody responses of patients with mild and severe leptospirosis determined by whole proteome microarray analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005349. [PMID: 28141801 PMCID: PMC5302828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis is an important zoonotic disease worldwide. Humans usually present a mild non-specific febrile illness, but a proportion of them develop more severe outcomes, such as multi-organ failure, lung hemorrhage and death. Such complications are thought to depend on several factors, including the host immunity. Protective immunity is associated with humoral immune response, but little is known about the immune response mounted during naturally-acquired Leptospira infection. METHODS AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here, we used protein microarray chip to profile the antibody responses of patients with severe and mild leptospirosis against the complete Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni predicted ORFeome. We discovered a limited number of immunodominant antigens, with 36 antigens specific to patients, of which 11 were potential serodiagnostic antigens, identified at acute phase, and 33 were potential subunit vaccine targets, detected after recovery. Moreover, we found distinct antibody profiles in patients with different clinical outcomes: in the severe group, overall IgM responses do not change and IgG responses increase over time, while both IgM and IgG responses remain stable in the mild patient group. Analyses of individual patients' responses showed that >74% of patients in the severe group had significant IgG increases over time compared to 29% of patients in the mild group. Additionally, 90% of IgM responses did not change over time in the mild group, compared to ~51% in the severe group. CONCLUSIONS In the present study, we detected antibody profiles associated with disease severity and speculate that patients with mild disease were protected from severe outcomes due to pre-existing antibodies, while patients with severe leptospirosis demonstrated an antibody profile typical of first exposure. Our findings represent a significant advance in the understanding of the humoral immune response to Leptospira infection, and we have identified new targets for the development of subunit vaccines and diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janet C. Lindow
- Fiocruz, Gonçalo Moniz Research Institute, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Arlo Randall
- Antigen Discovery Inc, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Elsio Wunder
- Fiocruz, Gonçalo Moniz Research Institute, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Jozelyn Pablo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Rie Nakajima
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Algis Jasinskas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Jaqueline S. Cruz
- Fiocruz, Gonçalo Moniz Research Institute, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Alcineia O. Damião
- Fiocruz, Gonçalo Moniz Research Institute, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Nívison Nery
- Fiocruz, Gonçalo Moniz Research Institute, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Guilherme S. Ribeiro
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Federico Costa
- Fiocruz, Gonçalo Moniz Research Institute, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - José E. Hagan
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Mitermayer Galvão Reis
- Fiocruz, Gonçalo Moniz Research Institute, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Albert I. Ko
- Fiocruz, Gonçalo Moniz Research Institute, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | | | - Philip L. Felgner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Lindow JC, Wunder EA, Popper SJ, Min JN, Mannam P, Srivastava A, Yao Y, Hacker KP, Raddassi K, Lee PJ, Montgomery RR, Shaw AC, Hagan JE, Araújo GC, Nery N, Relman DA, Kim CC, Reis MG, Ko AI. Cathelicidin Insufficiency in Patients with Fatal Leptospirosis. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005943. [PMID: 27812211 PMCID: PMC5094754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide; however, the role of the host immune response in disease progression and high case fatality (>10-50%) is poorly understood. We conducted a multi-parameter investigation of patients with acute leptospirosis to identify mechanisms associated with case fatality. Whole blood transcriptional profiling of 16 hospitalized Brazilian patients with acute leptospirosis (13 survivors, 3 deceased) revealed fatal cases had lower expression of the antimicrobial peptide, cathelicidin, and chemokines, but more abundant pro-inflammatory cytokine receptors. In contrast, survivors generated strong adaptive immune signatures, including transcripts relevant to antigen presentation and immunoglobulin production. In an independent cohort (23 survivors, 22 deceased), fatal cases had higher bacterial loads (P = 0.0004) and lower anti-Leptospira antibody titers (P = 0.02) at the time of hospitalization, independent of the duration of illness. Low serum cathelicidin and RANTES levels during acute illness were independent risk factors for higher bacterial loads (P = 0.005) and death (P = 0.04), respectively. To investigate the mechanism of cathelicidin in patients surviving acute disease, we administered LL-37, the active peptide of cathelicidin, in a hamster model of lethal leptospirosis and found it significantly decreased bacterial loads and increased survival. Our findings indicate that the host immune response plays a central role in severe leptospirosis disease progression. While drawn from a limited study size, significant conclusions include that poor clinical outcomes are associated with high systemic bacterial loads, and a decreased antibody response. Furthermore, our data identified a key role for the antimicrobial peptide, cathelicidin, in mounting an effective bactericidal response against the pathogen, which represents a valuable new therapeutic approach for leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet C. Lindow
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Elsio A. Wunder
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Stephen J. Popper
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jin-na Min
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Praveen Mannam
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Anup Srivastava
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Yi Yao
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Kathryn P. Hacker
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Khadir Raddassi
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Patty J. Lee
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Ruth R. Montgomery
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Albert C. Shaw
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jose E. Hagan
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Guilherme C. Araújo
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Nivison Nery
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - David A. Relman
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Charles C. Kim
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mitermayer G. Reis
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Albert I. Ko
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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13
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Lindow JC, Dohrmann PR, McHenry CS. DNA Polymerase α Subunit Residues and Interactions Required for Efficient Initiation Complex Formation Identified by a Genetic Selection. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:16851-60. [PMID: 25987558 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.661090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Biophysical and structural studies have defined many of the interactions that occur between individual components or subassemblies of the bacterial replicase, DNA polymerase III holoenzyme (Pol III HE). Here, we extended our knowledge of residues and interactions that are important for the first step of the replicase reaction: the ATP-dependent formation of an initiation complex between the Pol III HE and primed DNA. We exploited a genetic selection using a dominant negative variant of the polymerase catalytic subunit that can effectively compete with wild-type Pol III α and form initiation complexes, but cannot elongate. Suppression of the dominant negative phenotype was achieved by secondary mutations that were ineffective in initiation complex formation. The corresponding proteins were purified and characterized. One class of mutant mapped to the PHP domain of Pol III α, ablating interaction with the ϵ proofreading subunit and distorting the polymerase active site in the adjacent polymerase domain. Another class of mutation, found near the C terminus, interfered with τ binding. A third class mapped within the known β-binding domain, decreasing interaction with the β2 processivity factor. Surprisingly, mutations within the β binding domain also ablated interaction with τ, suggesting a larger τ binding site than previously recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet C Lindow
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303
| | - Paul R Dohrmann
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303
| | - Charles S McHenry
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303
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14
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Fimlaid KA, Lindow JC, Tribble DR, Bunn JY, Maue AC, Kirkpatrick BD. Peripheral CD4+ T cell cytokine responses following human challenge and re-challenge with Campylobacter jejuni. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112513. [PMID: 25397604 PMCID: PMC4232357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of human gastroenteritis worldwide; however, our understanding of the human immune response to C. jejuni infection is limited. A previous human challenge model has shown that C. jejuni elicits IFNγ production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells, a response associated with protection from clinical disease following re-infection. In this study, we investigate T lymphocyte profiles associated with campylobacteriosis using specimens from a new human challenge model in which C. jejuni-naïve subjects were challenged and re-challenged with C. jejuni CG8421. Multiparameter flow cytometry was used to investigate T lymphocytes as a source of cytokines, including IFNγ, and to identify cytokine patterns associated with either campylobacteriosis or protection from disease. Unexpectedly, all but one subject evaluated re-experienced campylobacteriosis after re-challenge. We show that CD4+ T cells make IFNγ and other pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to infection; however, multifunctional cytokine response patterns were not found. Cytokine production from peripheral CD4+ T cells was not enhanced following re-challenge, which may suggest deletion or tolerance. Evaluation of alternative paradigms or models is needed to better understand the immune components of protection from campylobacteriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A. Fimlaid
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, 05405, United States of America
- University of Vermont College of Medicine, Vaccine Testing Center and Unit of Infectious Diseases, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Janet C. Lindow
- University of Vermont College of Medicine, Vaccine Testing Center and Unit of Infectious Diseases, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - David R. Tribble
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Janice Y. Bunn
- University of Vermont College of Mathematics, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Alexander C. Maue
- Naval Medical Research Center, Enteric Diseases Department, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Beth D. Kirkpatrick
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, 05405, United States of America
- University of Vermont College of Medicine, Vaccine Testing Center and Unit of Infectious Diseases, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
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15
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Lessa-Aquino C, Wunder EA, Lindow JC, Rodrigues CB, Pablo J, Nakajima R, Jasinskas A, Liang L, Reis MG, Ko AI, Medeiros MA, Felgner PL. Proteomic features predict seroreactivity against leptospiral antigens in leptospirosis patients. J Proteome Res 2014; 14:549-56. [PMID: 25358092 PMCID: PMC4286151 DOI: 10.1021/pr500718t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
![]()
With
increasing efficiency, accuracy, and speed we can access complete
genome sequences from thousands of infectious microorganisms; however,
the ability to predict antigenic targets of the immune system based
on amino acid sequence alone is still needed. Here we use a Leptospira interrogans microarray expressing 91% (3359)
of all leptospiral predicted ORFs (3667) and make an empirical accounting
of all antibody reactive antigens recognized in sera from naturally
infected humans; 191 antigens elicited an IgM or IgG response, representing
5% of the whole proteome. We classified the reactive antigens into
26 annotated COGs (clusters of orthologous groups), 26 JCVI Mainrole
annotations, and 11 computationally predicted proteomic features.
Altogether, 14 significantly enriched categories were identified,
which are associated with immune recognition including mass spectrometry
evidence of in vitro expression and in vivo mRNA up-regulation. Together,
this group of 14 enriched categories accounts for just 25% of the
leptospiral proteome but contains 50% of the immunoreactive antigens.
These findings are consistent with our previous studies of other Gram-negative
bacteria. This genome-wide approach provides an empirical basis to
predict and classify antibody reactive antigens based on structural,
physical–chemical, and functional proteomic features and a
framework for understanding the breadth and specificity of the immune
response to L. interrogans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Lessa-Aquino
- Fiocruz, Bio-Manguinhos, Brazilian Ministry of Health , Avenida Brasil, 4365 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil
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16
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Lindow JC, Durbin AP, Whitehead SS, Pierce KK, Carmolli MP, Kirkpatrick BD. Vaccination of volunteers with low-dose, live-attenuated, dengue viruses leads to serotype-specific immunologic and virologic profiles. Vaccine 2013; 31:3347-52. [PMID: 23735680 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
There are currently no vaccines or therapeutics to prevent dengue disease which ranges in severity from asymptomatic infections to life-threatening illness. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Division of Intramural Research has developed live, attenuated vaccines to each of the four dengue serotypes (DENV-1-DENV-4). Two doses (10PFU and 1000PFU) of three monovalent vaccines were tested in human clinical trials to compare safety and immunogenicity profiles. DEN4Δ30 had been tested previously at multiple doses. The three dengue vaccine candidates tested (DEN1Δ30, DEN2/4Δ30, and DEN3Δ30/31) were very infectious, each with a human infectious dose 50%≤ 10PFU. Further, infectivity rates ranged from 90 to 100% regardless of dose, excepting DEN2/4Δ30 which dropped from 100% at the 1000PFU dose to 60% at the 10PFU dose. Mean geometric peak antibody titers did not differ significantly between doses for DEN1Δ30 (92 ± 19 vs. 214 ± 97, p=0.08); however, significant differences were observed between the 10PFU and 1000PFU doses for DEN2/4Δ30, 19 ± 9 vs. 102 ± 25 (p=0.001), and DEN3Δ30/31, 119 ± 135 vs. 50 ± 50 (p=0.046). No differences in the incidences of rash, neutropenia, or viremia were observed between doses for any vaccines, though the mean peak titer of viremia for DEN1Δ30 was higher at the 1000PFU dose (0.5 ± 0 vs. 1.1 ± 0.1, p=0.007). These data demonstrate that a target dose of 1000PFU for inclusion of each dengue serotype into a tetravalent vaccine is likely to be safe and generate a balanced immune response for all serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet C Lindow
- University of Vermont College of Medicine, Vaccine Testing Center and Unit of Infectious Diseases, 95 Carrigan Drive, Stafford Hall 110, Burlington, VT, USA
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17
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Durbin AP, Kirkpatrick BD, Pierce KK, Elwood D, Larsson CJ, Lindow JC, Tibery C, Sabundayo BP, Shaffer D, Talaat KR, Hynes NA, Wanionek K, Carmolli MP, Luke CJ, Murphy BR, Subbarao K, Whitehead SS. A single dose of any of four different live attenuated tetravalent dengue vaccines is safe and immunogenic in flavivirus-naive adults: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. J Infect Dis 2013; 207:957-65. [PMID: 23329850 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue virus (DENV) causes hundreds of millions of infections annually. Four dengue serotypes exist, and previous infection with one serotype increases the likelihood of severe disease with a second, heterotypic DENV infection. METHODS In a randomized, placebo-controlled study, the safety and immunogenicity of 4 different admixtures of a live attenuated tetravalent (LATV) dengue vaccine were evaluated in 113 flavivirus-naive adults. Serum neutralizing antibody levels to all 4 dengue viruses were measured on days 0, 28, 42, and 180. RESULTS A single dose of each LATV admixture induced a trivalent or better neutralizing antibody response in 75%-90% of vaccinees. There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse events between vaccinees and placebo-recipients other than rash. A trivalent or better response correlated with rash and with non-black race (P < .0001). Black race was significantly associated with a reduced incidence of vaccine viremia. CONCLUSIONS TV003 induced a trivalent or greater antibody response in 90% of flavivirus-naive vaccinees and is a promising candidate for the prevention of dengue. Race was identified as a factor influencing the infectivity of the LATV viruses, reflecting observations of the effect of race on disease severity in natural dengue infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna P Durbin
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N Broadway, Rm 217, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Lyon CE, Sadigh KS, Carmolli MP, Harro C, Sheldon E, Lindow JC, Larsson CJ, Martinez T, Feller A, Ventrone CH, Sack DA, DeNearing B, Fingar A, Pierce K, Dill EA, Schwartz HI, Beardsworth EE, Kilonzo B, May JP, Lam W, Upton A, Budhram R, Kirkpatrick BD. In a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial, the single oral dose typhoid vaccine, M01ZH09, is safe and immunogenic at doses up to 1.7 x 10(10) colony-forming units. Vaccine 2010; 28:3602-8. [PMID: 20188175 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Revised: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
M01ZH09, S. Typhi (Ty2 Delta aroC Delta ssaV) ZH9, is a single oral dose typhoid vaccine with independently attenuating deletions. A phase II randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalating trial evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of M01ZH09 to 1.7 x 10(10) colony-forming units (CFU). 187 Healthy adults received vaccine or placebo in four cohorts. Serologic responses and IgA ELISPOT were measured. At all doses, the vaccine was well tolerated and without bacteremias. One subject had a transient low-grade fever. 62.2-86.1% of subjects seroconverted S. Typhi-specific LPS IgG and 83.3-97.4% IgA; 92.1% had a positive S. Typhi LPS ELISPOT. M01ZH09 is safe and immunogenic up to 1.7 x 10(10)CFU. Efficacy testing of this single-dose oral typhoid vaccine is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Lyon
- The University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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Abstract
The Bacillus subtilis structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) protein is a member of a large family of proteins involved in chromosome organization. We found that SMC is a moderately abundant protein ( approximately 1000 dimers per cell). In vivo cross-linking and immunoprecipitation assays revealed that SMC binds to many regions on the chromosome. Visualization of SMC in live cells using a fusion to the green fluorescent protein (GFP) and in fixed cells using immunofluorescence microscopy indicated that a portion of SMC localizes as discrete foci in positions similar to that of the DNA replication machinery (replisome). When visualized simultaneously, SMC and the replisome were often in similar regions of the cell but did not always co-localize. Persistence of SMC foci did not depend on ongoing replication, but did depend on ScpA and ScpB, two proteins thought to interact with SMC. Our results indicate that SMC is bound to many sites on the chromosome and a concentration of SMC is localized near replication forks, perhaps there to bind and organize newly replicated DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet C Lindow
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Abstract
Structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) proteins are found in nearly all organisms. Members of this protein family are involved in chromosome condensation and sister chromatid cohesion. Bacillus subtilis SMC protein (BsSMC) plays a role in chromosome organization and partitioning. To better understand the function of BsSMC, we studied the effects of an smc null mutation on DNA supercoiling in vivo. We found that an smc null mutant was hypersensitive to the DNA gyrase inhibitors coumermycin A1 and norfloxacin. Furthermore, depleting cells of topoisomerase I substantially suppressed the partitioning defect of an smc null mutant. Plasmid DNA isolated from an smc null mutant was more negatively supercoiled than that from wild-type cells. In vivo cross-linking experiments indicated that BsSMC was bound to the plasmid. Our results indicate that BsSMC affects supercoiling in vivo, most likely by constraining positive supercoils, an activity which contributes to chromosome compaction and organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet C Lindow
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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