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Zhang N, Ding C, Zuo Y, Peng Y, Zuo L. N6-methyladenosine and Neurological Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:1925-1937. [PMID: 35032318 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02739-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a dynamic reversible methylation modification of the adenosine N6 position and is the most common chemical epigenetic modification among mRNA post-transcriptional modifications, including methylation, demethylation, and recognition. Post-transcriptional modification involves multiple protein molecules, including METTL3, METTL14, WTAP, KIAA1429, ALKBH5, YTHDF1/2/3, and YTHDC1/2. m6A-related proteins are expressed in almost all cells. However, the abnormal expression of m6A-related proteins may occur in the nervous system, thereby affecting neuritogenesis, brain volume, learning and memory, memory formation and consolidation, etc., and is implicated in the development of diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, depression, epilepsy, and brain tumors. This review focuses on the functions of m6A in the development of central nervous system diseases, thus contributing to a deeper understanding of disease pathogenesis and providing potential clinical therapeutic targets for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Chunhong Ding
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Yuxin Zuo
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Yu Peng
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Lielian Zuo
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
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Abdollahzade N, Majidinia M, Babri S. Melatonin: a pleiotropic hormone as a novel potent therapeutic candidate in arsenic toxicity. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:6603-6618. [PMID: 34453671 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06669-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arsenic is a natural element which exists in the environment in inorganic and organic forms. In humans, the main reason for the toxicity of arsenic is its uptake via water sources. As polluted water and the problems associated with it can be found in many countries. Therefore, considering all these positive effects of melatonin, this review is aimed at melatonin supplementation therapy on arsenic toxicity which seems to be a suitable therapeutic agent to eliminate the adverse effects of arsenic. METHODS AND RESULTS It is seen in previous studies that chronic exposure to arsenic could cause serious dys functions of organs and induce different degrees of toxicities that is one of the first hazardous materials in the classification of substances by the United States Environmental Protection Agency so leads to costly cleanup operations burdening the economy. Arsenic harmfulness degree depends on the bioavailability, chemical form, valence state, detoxification, and metabolism of human body. The oxidative stress has a major role in arsenic-induced toxicity; on the other hand, it was discovered that melatonin is a powerful scavenger for free radical and it's an extensive-spectrum antioxidant. CONCLUSION Due to its highly lipophilic and small size properties, melatonin accesses all intracellular organs by easily passing via the cell membrane and prevents protein, DNA damage, and lipid peroxidation. In particular, melatonin, by protecting and reducing oxidative stress in mitochondria, can normalize homeostasis and mitochondrial function and ultimately prevent apoptosis and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naseh Abdollahzade
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Majidinia
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Shirin Babri
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Stahl K, Rahmani S, Prydz A, Skauli N, MacAulay N, Mylonakou MN, Torp R, Skare Ø, Berg T, Leergaard TB, Paulsen RE, Ottersen OP, Amiry-Moghaddam M. Targeted deletion of the aquaglyceroporin AQP9 is protective in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194896. [PMID: 29566083 PMCID: PMC5864064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 90% of the cases of Parkinson’s disease have unknown etiology. Gradual loss of dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra is the main cause of morbidity in this disease. External factors such as environmental toxins are believed to play a role in the cell loss, although the cause of the selective vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons remains unknown. We have previously shown that aquaglyceroporin AQP9 is expressed in dopaminergic neurons and astrocytes of rodent brain. AQP9 is permeable to a broad spectrum of substrates including purines, pyrimidines, and lactate, in addition to water and glycerol. Here we test our hypothesis that AQP9 serves as an influx route for exogenous toxins and, hence, may contribute to the selective vulnerability of nigral dopaminergic (tyrosine hydroxylase-positive) neurons. Using Xenopus oocytes injected with Aqp9 cRNA, we show that AQP9 is permeable to the parkinsonogenic toxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+). Stable expression of AQP9 in HEK cells increases their vulnerability to MPP+ and to arsenite—another parkinsonogenic toxin. Conversely, targeted deletion of Aqp9 in mice protects nigral dopaminergic neurons against MPP+ toxicity. A protective effect of Aqp9 deletion was demonstrated in organotypic slice cultures of mouse midbrain exposed to MPP+in vitro and in mice subjected to intrastriatal injections of MPP+in vivo. Seven days after intrastriatal MPP+ injections, the population of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells in substantia nigra is reduced by 48% in Aqp9 knockout mice compared with 67% in WT littermates. Our results show that AQP9 –selectively expressed in catecholaminergic neurons—is permeable to MPP+ and suggest that this aquaglyceroporin contributes to the selective vulnerability of nigral dopaminergic neurons by providing an entry route for parkinsonogenic toxins. To our knowledge this is the first evidence implicating a toxin permeable membrane channel in the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease.
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MESH Headings
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/pharmacokinetics
- Animals
- Aquaporins/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dopaminergic Neurons/drug effects
- Dopaminergic Neurons/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Deletion
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- MPTP Poisoning/genetics
- MPTP Poisoning/metabolism
- MPTP Poisoning/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Neuroprotection/genetics
- Neuroprotective Agents/metabolism
- Parkinson Disease/genetics
- Parkinson Disease/pathology
- Parkinson Disease, Secondary/chemically induced
- Parkinson Disease, Secondary/genetics
- Parkinson Disease, Secondary/metabolism
- Parkinson Disease, Secondary/pathology
- Substantia Nigra/drug effects
- Substantia Nigra/metabolism
- Xenopus laevis
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Stahl
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Soulmaz Rahmani
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Agnete Prydz
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nadia Skauli
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nanna MacAulay
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria N. Mylonakou
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, Norway Biotechnology Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Reidun Torp
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øivind Skare
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Torill Berg
- Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trygve B. Leergaard
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ragnhild E. Paulsen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole P. Ottersen
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mahmood Amiry-Moghaddam
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
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How sodium arsenite improve amyloid β-induced memory deficit? Physiol Behav 2016; 163:97-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Gong X, Ivanov VN, Hei TK. 2,3,5,6-Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) down-regulated arsenic-induced heme oxygenase-1 and ARS2 expression by inhibiting Nrf2, NF-κB, AP-1 and MAPK pathways in human proximal tubular cells. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:2187-2200. [PMID: 26404762 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1600-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Our recent study demonstrated that sodium arsenite at a clinically relevant dose induced nephrotoxicity in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cell line HK-2, which could be inhibited by natural product 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) with antioxidant activity. The present study demonstrated that arsenic exposure resulted in protein and enzymatic induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in dose- and time-dependent manners in HK-2 cells. Blocking HO-1 enzymatic activity by zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP) augmented arsenic-induced apoptosis, ROS production and mitochondrial dysfunction, suggesting a critical role for HO-1 as a renal protectant in this procession. On the other hand, TMP, upstream of HO-1, inhibited arsenic-induced ROS production and ROS-dependent HO-1 expression. TMP also prevented mitochondria dysfunction and suppressed activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway in HK-2 cells. Our results revealed that the regulation of arsenic-induced HO-1 expression was performed through multiple ROS-dependent signal pathways and the corresponding transcription factors, including p38 MAPK and JNK (but not ERK), AP-1, Nrf2 and NF-κB. TMP inhibited arsenic-induced activations of JNK, p38 MAPK, ERK, AP-1 and Nrf2 and block HO-1 protein expression. The present study, furthermore, demonstrated arsenic-induced expression of arsenic response protein 2 (ARS2) that was regulated by p38 MAPK, ERK and NF-κB. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing that ARS2 involved in arsenic-induced nephrotoxicity, while TMP pretreatment prevented such an up-regulation of ARS2 in HK-2 cells. Given ARS2 and HO-1 sharing the similar regulation mechanism, we speculated that ARS2 might also mediate cell survival in this procession. In summary, our study highlighted a role of HO-1 in the protection against arsenic-induced cytotoxicity downstream from the primary targets of TMP and further indicated that TMP may be used as a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of arsenic-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhong Gong
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 274 Zhijiang Middle Road, Shanghai, 200071, China. .,Center for Radiological Research, College of Physician and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Vladimir N Ivanov
- Center for Radiological Research, College of Physician and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Tom K Hei
- Center for Radiological Research, College of Physician and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Physician and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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Chou CT, Lin HT, Hwang PA, Wang ST, Hsieh CH, Hwang DF. Taurine resumed neuronal differentiation in arsenite-treated N2a cells through reducing oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Amino Acids 2014; 47:735-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1901-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) protects against sodium arsenite-induced nephrotoxicity by suppressing ROS production, mitochondrial dysfunction, pro-inflammatory signaling pathways and programed cell death. Arch Toxicol 2014; 89:1057-70. [PMID: 24961358 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1302-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Although kidney is a target organ of arsenic cytotoxicity, the underlying mechanisms of arsenic-induced nephrotoxicity remain poorly understood. As tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) has recently been found to be a renal protectant in multiple kidney injuries, we hypothesize that TMP could suppress arsenic nephrotoxicity. In this study, human renal proximal tubular epithelial cell line HK-2 was used to elucidate the precise mechanisms of arsenic nephrotoxicity as well as the protective mechanism of TMP in these cells. Sodium arsenite exposure dramatically increased cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, decreased levels of cellular glutathione (GSH), decreased cytochrome c oxidase activity and mitochondrial membrane potential, which indicated mitochondrial dysfunction. On the other hand, sodium arsenite activated pro-inflammatory signals, including β-catenin, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), tumor necrosis factor alpha and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Small molecule inhibitors of NF-κB and p38 MAPK blocked arsenic-induced COX-2 expression, suggesting arsenic-induced COX-2 up-regulation was NF-κB- and p38 MAPK-dependent. Finally, sodium arsenite induced autophagy in HK-2 cells at early phase (6 h) and the subsequent apoptosis at 24 h. Treatment by TMP or by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine decreased arsenic-induced ROS production, enhanced GSH levels, prevented mitochondria dysfunction and suppressed the activation of pro-inflammatory signals and the development of autophagy and apoptosis. Our results suggested that TMP may be used as a new potential therapeutic agent to prevent arsenic-induced nephrotoxicity by suppressing these pathological processes.
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Romero A, Ramos E, de Los Ríos C, Egea J, Del Pino J, Reiter RJ. A review of metal-catalyzed molecular damage: protection by melatonin. J Pineal Res 2014; 56:343-70. [PMID: 24628077 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Metal exposure is associated with several toxic effects; herein, we review the toxicity mechanisms of cadmium, mercury, arsenic, lead, aluminum, chromium, iron, copper, nickel, cobalt, vanadium, and molybdenum as these processes relate to free radical generation. Free radicals can be generated in cells due to a wide variety of exogenous and endogenous processes, causing modifications in DNA bases, enhancing lipid peroxidation, and altering calcium and sulfhydryl homeostasis. Melatonin, an ubiquitous and pleiotropic molecule, exerts efficient protection against oxidative stress and ameliorates oxidative/nitrosative damage by a variety of mechanisms. Also, melatonin has a chelating property which may contribute in reducing metal-induced toxicity as we postulate here. The aim of this review was to highlight the protective role of melatonin in counteracting metal-induced free radical generation. Understanding the physicochemical insights of melatonin related to the free radical scavenging activity and the stimulation of antioxidative enzymes is of critical importance for the development of novel therapeutic strategies against the toxic action of these metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Romero
- Departamento de Toxicología y Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Adegunlola JG, Afolabi OK, Akhigbe RE, Adegunlola GA, Adewumi OM, Oyeyipo IP, Ige SF, Afolabi AO. Lipid peroxidation in brain tissue following administration of low and high doses of arsenite and L-ascorbate in wistar strain rats. Toxicol Int 2012; 19:47-50. [PMID: 22736903 PMCID: PMC3339245 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6580.94516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at investigating the mechanism by which sodium arsenite induces brain injury and the role of L-ascorbate. Thirty adult (n=5) Wistar rats weighing between 140 and 160 g were used. Group 1 neither received sodium arsenite nor L-ascorbate (control), group 2 was administered low dose of arsenite only, group 3 received high dose of arsenite only, group 4 was administered L-ascorbate only, group 5 was administered low dose of arsenite and L-ascorbate, and group 6 received high dose of arsenite and L-ascorbate. M0 alon dialdehyde, MDA, levels were significantly increased in rats treated with high dose of arsenite when compared with those treated with low dose of arsenite. However, all treated groups except those treated with L-ascorbate only showed significant increase in MDA levels when compared with the control group. Rats treated with high dose of arsenite and L-ascorbate showed a significantly higher MDA level than those treated with low dose of arsenite and L-ascorbate. However, catalase activity, body weight gain, brain weight and mean food consumption were comparable across all groups. Brain tissue total protein was similar in all groups except in both groups treated with high dose of arsenite, where they were significantly reduced when compared with the control group. I0 n conclusion, sodium arsenite treatment induces brain injury via a mechanism associated with lipid peroxidation, but not catalase-dependent. However, L-ascorbate ameliorates arsenite-induced oxidative injury in the brain. L-ascorbate antioxidative potential in alleviating arsenite-induced brain injury is dependent on the concentration of arsenite.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Adegunlola
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
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