1
|
Perkins RS, Singh R, Abell AN, Krum SA, Miranda-Carboni GA. The role of WNT10B in physiology and disease: A 10-year update. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1120365. [PMID: 36814601 PMCID: PMC9939717 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1120365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
WNT10B, a member of the WNT family of secreted glycoproteins, activates the WNT/β-catenin signaling cascade to control proliferation, stemness, pluripotency, and cell fate decisions. WNT10B plays roles in many tissues, including bone, adipocytes, skin, hair, muscle, placenta, and the immune system. Aberrant WNT10B signaling leads to several diseases, such as osteoporosis, obesity, split-hand/foot malformation (SHFM), fibrosis, dental anomalies, and cancer. We reviewed WNT10B a decade ago, and here we provide a comprehensive update to the field. Novel research on WNT10B has expanded to many more tissues and diseases. WNT10B polymorphisms and mutations correlate with many phenotypes, including bone mineral density, obesity, pig litter size, dog elbow dysplasia, and cow body size. In addition, the field has focused on the regulation of WNT10B using upstream mediators, such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). We also discussed the therapeutic implications of WNT10B regulation. In summary, research conducted during 2012-2022 revealed several new, diverse functions in the role of WNT10B in physiology and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S. Perkins
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Rishika Singh
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Amy N. Abell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Susan A. Krum
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States,Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Gustavo A. Miranda-Carboni
- Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States,*Correspondence: Gustavo A. Miranda-Carboni,
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Understanding the Roles of the Hedgehog Signaling Pathway during T-Cell Lymphopoiesis and in T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (T-ALL). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032962. [PMID: 36769284 PMCID: PMC9917970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (HH) signaling network is one of the main regulators of invertebrate and vertebrate embryonic development. Along with other networks, such as NOTCH and WNT, HH signaling specifies both the early patterning and the polarity events as well as the subsequent organ formation via the temporal and spatial regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation. However, aberrant activation of HH signaling has been identified in a broad range of malignant disorders, where it positively influences proliferation, survival, and therapeutic resistance of neoplastic cells. Inhibitors targeting the HH pathway have been tested in preclinical cancer models. The HH pathway is also overactive in other blood malignancies, including T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). This review is intended to summarize our knowledge of the biological roles and pathophysiology of the HH pathway during normal T-cell lymphopoiesis and in T-ALL. In addition, we will discuss potential therapeutic strategies that might expand the clinical usefulness of drugs targeting the HH pathway in T-ALL.
Collapse
|
3
|
Structural and Functional Thymic Biomarkers Are Involved in the Pathogenesis of Thymic Epithelial Tumors: An Overview. IMMUNO 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/immuno2020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The normal human thymus originates from the third branchial cleft as two paired anlages that descend into the thorax and fuse on the midline of the anterior–superior mediastinum. Alongside the epithelial and lymphoid components, different types of lymphoid accessory cells, stromal mesenchymal and endothelial cells migrate to, or develop in, the thymus. After reaching maximum development during early postnatal life, the human thymus decreases in size and lymphocyte output drops with age. However, thymic immunological functions persist, although they deteriorate progressively. Several major techniques were fundamental to increasing the knowledge of thymic development and function during embryogenesis, postnatal and adult life; these include immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, in vitro colony assays, transplantation in mice models, fetal organ cultures (FTOC), re-aggregated thymic organ cultures (RTOC), and whole-organ thymic scaffolds. The thymic morphological and functional characterization, first performed in the mouse, was then extended to humans. The purpose of this overview is to provide a report on selected structural and functional biomarkers of thymic epithelial cells (TEC) involved in thymus development and lymphoid cell maturation, and on the historical aspects of their characterization, with particular attention being paid to biomarkers also involved in Thymic Epithelial Tumor (TET) pathogenesis. Moreover, a short overview of targeted therapies in TET, based on currently available experimental and clinical data and on potential future advances will be proposed.
Collapse
|
4
|
Bermick JR, Lincoln PM, Allen RM, Kunkel SL, Schaller MA. Elevated Notch ligands in serum are associated with HIV/TB coinfection. J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis 2021; 24:100258. [PMID: 34307905 PMCID: PMC8258674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jctube.2021.100258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective There is a clear need for improved biomarkers to diagnose HIV/TB coinfection. Although numerous tests can identify the existence of both of these microbes within the host, a parallel assessment of the host response to HIV/TB coinfection may prove as useful confirmation in cases where microbiological tests are inconclusive. To this end we assessed the levels of Notch ligands found in serum samples of patients with TB, HIV or HIV/TB coinfection. The Notch system is involved in almost every stage of development, including the maturation of the immune response. Upon exposure to a pathogen, the innate immune system will increase expression of Notch ligands Delta-like 1 and Delta-like 4. Previous research has demonstrated that Notch ligand expression is increased on monocytes from patients diagnosed with tuberculosis. We hypothesized that if Notch ligands were present in the peripheral blood of individuals diagnosed with TB, they may serve as a novel marker for infection. Design: Serum samples from patients with HIV, TB or HIV/TB coinfection were compared to serum from uninfected individuals to determine levels of DLL1 and DLL4 in a case controlled study. Methods DLL1 and DLL4 were measured by ELISA. Linear regression with post tests were used to determine if levels of DLL1 and DLL4 were increased in individuals with HIV/TB coinfection as compared to individuals infected with either HIV or TB or healthy controls. Results Delta-like 1 and Delta-like 4 were significantly increased in the serum of patients with HIV and HIV/ M. tuberculosis coinfection compared to other groups. Conclusions Assessment of Notch ligands in peripheral blood may enhance the diagnosis of individuals with active TB that are co-infected with HIV. The study will also need to be validated in in a larger cohort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Bermick
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Pamela M Lincoln
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ronald M Allen
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Steven L Kunkel
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Matthew A Schaller
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bam M, Yang X, Busbee BP, Aiello AE, Uddin M, Ginsberg JP, Galea S, Nagarkatti PS, Nagarkatti M. Increased H3K4me3 methylation and decreased miR-7113-5p expression lead to enhanced Wnt/β-catenin signaling in immune cells from PTSD patients leading to inflammatory phenotype. Mol Med 2020; 26:110. [PMID: 33189141 PMCID: PMC7666486 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-020-00238-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric disorder accompanied by chronic peripheral inflammation. What triggers inflammation in PTSD is currently unclear. In the present study, we identified potential defects in signaling pathways in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from individuals with PTSD. METHODS RNAseq (5 samples each for controls and PTSD), ChIPseq (5 samples each) and miRNA array (6 samples each) were used in combination with bioinformatics tools to identify dysregulated genes in PBMCs. Real time qRT-PCR (24 samples each) and in vitro assays were employed to validate our primary findings and hypothesis. RESULTS By RNA-seq analysis of PBMCs, we found that Wnt signaling pathway was upregulated in PTSD when compared to normal controls. Specifically, we found increased expression of WNT10B in the PTSD group when compared to controls. Our findings were confirmed using NCBI's GEO database involving a larger sample size. Additionally, in vitro activation studies revealed that activated but not naïve PBMCs from control individuals expressed more IFNγ in the presence of recombinant WNT10B suggesting that Wnt signaling played a crucial role in exacerbating inflammation. Next, we investigated the mechanism of induction of WNT10B and found that increased expression of WNT10B may result from epigenetic modulation involving downregulation of hsa-miR-7113-5p which targeted WNT10B. Furthermore, we also observed that WNT10B overexpression was linked to higher expression of H3K4me3 histone modification around the promotor of WNT10B. Additionally, knockdown of histone demethylase specific to H3K4me3, using siRNA, led to increased expression of WNT10B providing conclusive evidence that H3K4me3 indeed controlled WNT10B expression. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our data demonstrate for the first time that Wnt signaling pathway is upregulated in PBMCs of PTSD patients resulting from epigenetic changes involving microRNA dysregulation and histone modifications, which in turn may promote the inflammatory phenotype in such cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marpe Bam
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
- William Jennings Bryan Dorn Veterans Medical Center, 6439 Garners Ferry Road, Columbia, SC, 29209-1639, USA
| | - Brandon P Busbee
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - Allison E Aiello
- Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Mcgavran-Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7435, USA
| | - Monica Uddin
- Genomics Program, University of South Florida College of Public Health, 3720 Spectrum Blvd., Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jay P Ginsberg
- William Jennings Bryan Dorn Veterans Medical Center, 6439 Garners Ferry Road, Columbia, SC, 29209-1639, USA
| | - Sandro Galea
- School of Public Health, Boston University, 715 Albany Street-Talbot 301, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Prakash S Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - Mitzi Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Progenitor T-cell differentiation from hematopoietic stem cells using Delta-like-4 and VCAM-1. Nat Methods 2017; 14:531-538. [PMID: 28394335 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.4258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The molecular and cellular signals that guide T-cell development from hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) remain poorly understood. The thymic microenvironment integrates multiple niche molecules to potentiate T-cell development in vivo. Recapitulating these signals in vitro in a stromal cell-free system has been challenging and limits T-cell generation technologies. Here, we describe a fully defined engineered in vitro niche capable of guiding T-lineage development from HSPCs. Synergistic interactions between Notch ligand Delta-like 4 and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) were leveraged to enhance Notch signaling and progenitor T-cell differentiation rates. The engineered thymus-like niche enables in vitro production of mouse Sca-1+cKit+ and human CD34+ HSPC-derived CD7+ progenitor T-cells capable of in vivo thymus colonization and maturation into cytokine-producing CD3+ T-cells. This engineered thymic-like niche provides a platform for in vitro analysis of human T-cell development as well as clinical-scale cell production for future development of immunotherapeutic applications.
Collapse
|
7
|
Guidi N, Sacma M, Ständker L, Soller K, Marka G, Eiwen K, Weiss JM, Kirchhoff F, Weil T, Cancelas JA, Florian MC, Geiger H. Osteopontin attenuates aging-associated phenotypes of hematopoietic stem cells. EMBO J 2017; 36:840-853. [PMID: 28254837 PMCID: PMC5376966 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201694969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon aging, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) undergo changes in function and structure, including skewing to myeloid lineages, lower reconstitution potential and loss of protein polarity. While stem cell intrinsic mechanisms are known to contribute to HSC aging, little is known on whether age-related changes in the bone marrow niche regulate HSC aging. Upon aging, the expression of osteopontin (OPN) in the murine bone marrow stroma is reduced. Exposure of young HSCs to an OPN knockout niche results in a decrease in engraftment, an increase in long-term HSC frequency and loss of stem cell polarity. Exposure of aged HSCs to thrombin-cleaved OPN attenuates aging of old HSCs, resulting in increased engraftment, decreased HSC frequency, increased stem cell polarity and a restored balance of lymphoid and myeloid cells in peripheral blood. Thus, our data suggest a critical role for reduced stroma-derived OPN for HSC aging and identify thrombin-cleaved OPN as a novel niche informed therapeutic approach for ameliorating HSC phenotypes associated with aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Novella Guidi
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Aging Research Center Ulm, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mehmet Sacma
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Aging Research Center Ulm, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ludger Ständker
- Kompetenzzentrum Ulm Peptide Pharmaceuticals, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Karin Soller
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Aging Research Center Ulm, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Gina Marka
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Aging Research Center Ulm, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Karina Eiwen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Aging Research Center Ulm, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Johannes M Weiss
- Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tanja Weil
- Institute of Organic Chemistry III, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jose A Cancelas
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Maria Carolina Florian
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Aging Research Center Ulm, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hartmut Geiger
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Aging Research Center Ulm, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany .,Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Staal FJT, Chhatta A, Mikkers H. Caught in a Wnt storm: Complexities of Wnt signaling in hematopoiesis. Exp Hematol 2016; 44:451-7. [PMID: 27016274 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway is an evolutionary conserved pathway that is involved in the development of almost every organ system in the body and provides self-renewal signals for most, if not all, adult stem cell systems. In recent years, this pathway has been studied by various research groups working on hematopoietic stem cells, resulting in contradicting conclusions. Here, we discuss and interpret the results of these studies and propose that Wnt dosage, the source of hematopoietic stem cells, and interactions with other pathways explain these disparate results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank J T Staal
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Amiet Chhatta
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Harald Mikkers
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Staal FJT, Wiekmeijer AS, Brugman MH, Pike-Overzet K. The functional relationship between hematopoietic stem cells and developing T lymphocytes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1370:36-44. [PMID: 26773328 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to all other blood and immune cells, T lymphocytes do not develop in the bone marrow (BM), but in the specialized microenvironment provided by the thymus. Similar to the other lineages, however, all T cells arise from multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that reside in the BM. Not all HSCs give rise to T cells; but how many and what kind of developmental checkpoints are located along this intricate differentiation path is the subject of intense research. Traditionally, this process has been studied almost exclusively using mouse cells, but recent advances in immunodeficient mouse models, high-speed cell sorting, lentiviral transduction protocols, and deep sequencing techniques have allowed these questions to be addressed using human cells. Here we review the process of thymic seeding by BM-derived cells and T cell commitment in humans, discussing recent insights into the clonal composition of the thymus and the definition of developmental checkpoints, on the basis of insights from human severe combined immunodeficiency patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank J T Staal
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Anna-Sophia Wiekmeijer
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn H Brugman
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Karin Pike-Overzet
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang C, Tian C, Zhang Y. The Interaction Between Niche and Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2016; 32:377-382. [PMID: 27812244 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-016-0639-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are one of the somatic stem cells that have the ability to regenerate the entire blood system in a hierarchical way for the duration of an adult life. HSCs reside in the bone marrow niche which contain different cells and molecules that regulate the balance of HSC dormancy and activation. Here, we describe the interaction between HSCs and their niche, in particularly the involvement of some signaling pathway. Insights into the hematopoietic microenvironment will help to obtain a better understanding of normal hematopoiesis and how environmental factors affect these processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyu Wang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Chen Tian
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Yizhuo Zhang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060 China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Heidel FH, Arreba-Tutusaus P, Armstrong SA, Fischer T. Evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways: acting in the shadows of acute myelogenous leukemia's genetic diversity. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:240-8. [PMID: 25593343 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-1436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Acute myelogenous leukemia stem cells (AML-LSC) give rise to the leukemic bulk population and maintain disease. Relapse can arise from residual LSCs that have distinct sensitivity and dependencies when compared with the AML bulk. AML-LSCs are driven by genetic and epigenomic changes, and these alterations influence prognosis and clonal selection. Therapies targeting these molecular aberrations have been developed and show promising responses in advanced clinical trials; however, so far success with LSCs has been limited. Besides the genetic diversity, AML-LSCs are critically influenced by the microenvironment, and a third crucial aspect has recently come to the fore: A group of evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways such as canonical Wnt signaling, Notch signaling, or the Hedgehog pathway can be essential for maintenance of AML-LSC but may be redundant for normal hematopoietic stem cells. In addition, early reports suggest also regulators of cell polarity may also influence hematopoietic stem cells and AML biology. Interactions between these pathways have been investigated recently and suggest a network of signaling pathways involved in regulation of self-renewal and response to oncogenic stress. Here, we review how recent discoveries on regulation of AML-LSC-relevant evolutionarily conserved pathways may open opportunities for novel treatment approaches eradicating residual disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian H Heidel
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Center for Internal Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Patricia Arreba-Tutusaus
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Center for Internal Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Scott A Armstrong
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Institute, New York, New York
| | - Thomas Fischer
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Center for Internal Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Poggi A, Musso A, Dapino I, Zocchi MR. Mechanisms of tumor escape from immune system: role of mesenchymal stromal cells. Immunol Lett 2014; 159:55-72. [PMID: 24657523 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment represents the site where the tumor tries to survive and escape from immune system-mediated recognition. Indeed, to proliferate tumor cells can divert the immune response inducing the generation of myeloid derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells which can limit the efficiency of effector antitumor lymphocytes in eliminating neoplastic cells. Many components of the tumor microenvironment can serve as a double sword for the tumor and the host. Several types of fibroblast-like cells, which herein we define mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC), secrete extracellular matrix components and surrounding the tumor mass can limit the expansion of the tumor. On the other hand, MSC can interfere with the immune recognition of tumor cells producing immunoregulatory cytokines as transforming growth factor (TGF)ß, releasing soluble ligands of the activating receptors expressed on cytolytic effector cells as decoy molecules, affecting the correct interaction among lymphocytes and tumor cells. MSC can also serve as target for the same anti-tumor effector lymphocytes or simply impede the interaction between these lymphocytes and neoplastic cells. Thus, several evidences point out the role of MSC, both in epithelial solid tumors and hematological malignancies, in regulating tumor cell growth and immune response. Herein, we review these evidences and suggest that MSC can be a suitable target for a more efficient anti-tumor therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Poggi
- Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis Unit, IRCCS AOU San Martino IST, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Musso
- Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis Unit, IRCCS AOU San Martino IST, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Irene Dapino
- Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis Unit, IRCCS AOU San Martino IST, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Raffaella Zocchi
- Division of Immunology, Transplants and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele Milan, 20132 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abrigo M, Alvarez R, Paparella ML, Calb DE, Bal de Kier Joffe E, Gutkind JS, Raimondi AR. Impairing squamous differentiation by Klf4 deletion is sufficient to initiate tongue carcinoma development upon K-Ras activation in mice. Carcinogenesis 2013; 35:662-9. [PMID: 24148820 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is among the most prevalent cancers in the world and is characterized by high morbidity and few therapeutic options. Like most cancers, oral SCC arises from a multistep process involving alterations of genes responsible for balancing proliferation and differentiation. Among these, Krϋppel-like factor 4 (Klf4) suppresses cell proliferation and promotes differentiation and thus helps to maintain epithelial homeostasis. However, the prevailing role of Klf4 in maintenance of normal homeostasis in oral epithelium has not been established in vivo. Here, we used an inducible oral-specific mice model to selectively ablate Klf4 in the oral cavity. We generated K14-CreER(Tam)/Klf4 (f/f) mice that survived to adulthood and did not present overt phenotype. However, histologically these mice showed dysplastic lesions, increased cell proliferation and abnormal differentiation in the tongue 4 months after induction, supporting a homeostatic role of Klf4 in the oral epithelia. Furthermore, by breeding these mutants with a transgenic line expressing at endogenous levels K-ras (G12D), we assessed the role of disrupting differentiation gene programs to the carcinogenesis process. The K14-CreER(TAM)/K-ras (G12D)/Klf4 (-) (/-) mice rapidly develop oral SCC in the tongue. Thus, our findings support the emerging notion that activation of differentiating gene programs may represent a barrier preventing carcinogenesis in epithelial cells harboring oncogenic mutations, and thus that molecules acting upstream and downstream of Klf4 may represent components of a novel tumor-suppressive pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianela Abrigo
- Research Area, Institute of Oncology Angel H. Roffo, School of Medicine and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Sprowl
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Marian L. Waterman
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|