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Mohn KGI, Brokstad KA, Islam S, Oftung F, Tøndel C, Aarstad HJ, Cox RJ. Early Induction of Cross-Reactive CD8+ T-Cell Responses in Tonsils After Live-Attenuated Influenza Vaccination in Children. J Infect Dis 2021; 221:1528-1537. [PMID: 32255493 PMCID: PMC7137893 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) was licensed for prophylaxis of children 2-17 years old in Europe in 2012 and is administered as a nasal spray. Live-attenuated influenza vaccine induces both mucosal and systemic antibodies and systemic T-cell responses. Tonsils are the lymph nodes serving the upper respiratory tract, acting as both induction and effector site for mucosal immunity. METHODS Here, we have studied the early tonsillar T-cell responses induced in children after LAIV. Thirty-nine children were immunized with trivalent LAIV (containing A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and B viruses) at days 3, 7, and 14 before tonsillectomy. Nonvaccinated controls were included for comparison. Tonsils and peripheral blood (pre- and postvaccination) were collected to study T-cell responses. RESULTS Tonsillar and systemic T-cell responses differed between influenza strains, and both were found against H3N2 and B viruses, whereas only systemic responses were observed against A/H1N1. A significant increase in cross-reactive tonsillar CD8+ T cells recognizing conserved epitopes from a broad range of seasonal and pandemic viruses occurred at day 14. Tonsillar T cells showed significant cytokine responses (Th1, Th2, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor). CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the use of LAIV in children to elicit broadly cross-reactive T cells, which are not induced by traditional inactivated influenza vaccines and may provide protection to novel virus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G-I Mohn
- Influenza Centre, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Center for Influenza Vaccines, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Emergency Care Clinic, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - K A Brokstad
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - S Islam
- Influenza Centre, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Center for Influenza Vaccines, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - F Oftung
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - C Tøndel
- Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - H J Aarstad
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - R J Cox
- Influenza Centre, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Center for Influenza Vaccines, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Research and Development, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Abstract
The development of vaccines is one of the greatest medical interventions in the history of global infectious diseases and has contributed to the annual saving of at least 2 to 3 million lives worldwide. However, many diseases are not preventable through currently available vaccines, and the potential of modulating the immune response during vaccination has not been fully exploited. The first golden age of vaccines was based on the germ theory and the use of live, attenuated, inactivated pathogens or toxins. New strategies and formulations (e.g., adjuvants) with an immunomodulatory capacity to enhance the protective qualities and duration of vaccines have been incompletely exploited. These strategies can prevent disease and improve protection against infectious diseases, modulate the course of some noncommunicable diseases, and increase the immune responses of patients at a high risk of infection, such as the elderly or immunocompromised patients. In this minireview, we focus on how metabolic and epigenetic modulators can amplify and enhance the function of immunity in a given vaccine. We propose the term “amplifier” for such additives, and we pose that future vaccines will have three components: antigen, adjuvant, and amplifier.
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Pezeshki A, Ovsyannikova IG, McKinney BA, Poland GA, Kennedy RB. The role of systems biology approaches in determining molecular signatures for the development of more effective vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:253-267. [PMID: 30700167 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1575208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Emerging infectious diseases are a major threat to public health, and while vaccines have proven to be one of the most effective preventive measures for infectious diseases, we still do not have safe and effective vaccines against many human pathogens, and emerging diseases continually pose new threats. The purpose of this review is to discuss how the creation of vaccines for these new threats has been hindered by limitations in the current approach to vaccine development. Recent advances in high-throughput technologies have enabled scientists to apply systems biology approaches to collect and integrate increasingly large datasets that capture comprehensive biological changes induced by vaccines, and then decipher the complex immune response to those vaccines. AREAS COVERED This review covers advances in these technologies and recent publications that describe systems biology approaches to understanding vaccine immune responses and to understanding the rational design of new vaccine candidates. EXPERT OPINION Systems biology approaches to vaccine development provide novel information regarding both the immune response and the underlying mechanisms and can inform vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brett A McKinney
- b Department of Mathematics , University of Tulsa , Tulsa , OK , USA.,c Tandy School of Computer Science , University of Tulsa , Tulsa , OK , USA
| | - Gregory A Poland
- a Mayo Vaccine Research Group , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA
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Furman D, Davis MM. New approaches to understanding the immune response to vaccination and infection. Vaccine 2015; 33:5271-81. [PMID: 26232539 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.06.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is a network of specialized cell types and tissues that communicates via cytokines and direct contact, to orchestrate specific types of defensive responses. Until recently, we could only study immune responses in a piecemeal, highly focused fashion, on major components like antibodies to the pathogen. But recent advances in technology and in our understanding of the many components of the system, innate and adaptive, have made possible a broader approach, where both the multiple responding cells and cytokines in the blood are measured. This systems immunology approach to a vaccine response or an infection gives us a more holistic picture of the different parts of the immune system that are mobilized and should allow us a much better understanding of the pathways and mechanisms of such responses, as well as to predict vaccine efficacy in different populations well in advance of efficacy studies. Here we summarize the different technologies and methods and discuss how they can inform us about the differences between diseases and vaccines, and how they can greatly accelerate vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Furman
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Mark M Davis
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
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Sridhar S, Brokstad KA, Cox RJ. Influenza Vaccination Strategies: Comparing Inactivated and Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:373-89. [PMID: 26343192 PMCID: PMC4494344 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3020373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a major respiratory pathogen causing annual outbreaks and occasional pandemics. Influenza vaccination is the major method of prophylaxis. Currently annual influenza vaccination is recommended for groups at high risk of complications from influenza infection such as pregnant women, young children, people with underlying disease and the elderly, along with occupational groups such a healthcare workers and farm workers. There are two main types of vaccines available: the parenteral inactivated influenza vaccine and the intranasal live attenuated influenza vaccine. The inactivated vaccines are licensed from 6 months of age and have been used for more than 50 years with a good safety profile. Inactivated vaccines are standardized according to the presence of the viral major surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin and protection is mediated by the induction of vaccine strain specific antibody responses. In contrast, the live attenuated vaccines are licensed in Europe for children from 2-17 years of age and provide a multifaceted immune response with local and systemic antibody and T cell responses but with no clear correlate of protection. Here we discuss the immunological immune responses elicited by the two vaccines and discuss future work to better define correlates of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl A Brokstad
- Broeglemann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Rebecca J Cox
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Research and Development, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
- Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
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Vaccination with adjuvanted recombinant neuraminidase induces broad heterologous, but not heterosubtypic, cross-protection against influenza virus infection in mice. mBio 2015; 6:e02556. [PMID: 25759506 PMCID: PMC4453582 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02556-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In an attempt to assess the cross-protective potential of the influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) as a vaccine antigen, different subtypes of recombinant NA were expressed in a baculovirus system and used to vaccinate mice prior to lethal challenge with homologous, heterologous, or heterosubtypic viruses. Mice immunized with NA of subtype N2 were completely protected from morbidity and mortality in a homologous challenge and displayed significantly reduced viral lung titers. Heterologous challenge with a drifted strain resulted in morbidity but no mortality. Similar results were obtained for challenge experiments with N1 NA. Mice immunized with influenza B virus NA (from B/Yamagata/16/88) displayed no morbidity when sublethally infected with the homologous strain and, importantly, were completely protected from morbidity and mortality when lethally challenged with the prototype Victoria lineage strain or a more recent Victoria lineage isolate. Upon analyzing the NA content in 4 different inactivated-virus vaccine formulations from the 2013-2014 season via Western blot assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay quantification, we found that the amount of NA does indeed vary across vaccine brands. We also measured hemagglutinin (HA) and NA endpoint titers in pre- and postvaccination human serum samples from individuals who received a trivalent inactivated seasonal influenza vaccine from the 2004-2005 season; the induction of NA titers was statistically less pronounced than the induction of HA titers. The demonstrated homologous and heterologous protective capacity of recombinant NA suggests that supplementing vaccine formulations with a standard amount of NA may offer increased protection against influenza virus infection. Despite the existence of vaccine prophylaxis and antiviral therapeutics, the influenza virus continues to cause morbidity and mortality in the human population, emphasizing the continued need for research in the field. While the majority of influenza vaccine strategies target the viral hemagglutinin, the immunodominant antigen on the surface of the influenza virion, antibodies against the viral neuraminidase (NA) have been correlated with less severe disease and decreased viral shedding in humans. Nevertheless, the amount of NA is not standardized in current seasonal vaccines, and the exact breadth of NA-based protection is unknown. Greater insight into the cross-protective potential of influenza virus NA as a vaccine antigen may pave the way for the development of influenza vaccines of greater breadth and efficacy.
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Villa D, Gubbay J, Sutherland DR, Laister R, McGeer A, Cooper C, Fortuno ES, Xu W, Shi L, Kukreti V, Crump M, Kuruvilla J. Evaluation of 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza vaccination in adults with lymphoid malignancies receiving chemotherapy or following autologous stem cell transplant. Leuk Lymphoma 2013; 54:1387-95. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2012.742524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Villa
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Hospital,
Toronto, Canada
| | - Jonathan Gubbay
- Public Health Laboratory, Ontario Agency for Health Protection and Promotion,
Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Robert Laister
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto Canada
| | - Allison McGeer
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai Hospital,
Toronto, Canada
| | - Curtis Cooper
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Ottawa Hospital – General Campus,
Ottawa, Canada
| | - Edgardo S. Fortuno
- Child and Family Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia,
Vancouver, Canada
| | - Wei Xu
- Division of Biostatistics, Princess Margaret Hospital,
Toronto, Canada
| | - Lily Shi
- Public Health Laboratory, Ontario Agency for Health Protection and Promotion,
Toronto, Canada
| | - Vishal Kukreti
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Hospital,
Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael Crump
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Hospital,
Toronto, Canada
| | - John Kuruvilla
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Hospital,
Toronto, Canada
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Cox RJ, Madhun AS, Hauge S, Sjursen H, Major D, Kuhne M, Höschler K, Saville M, Vogel FR, Barclay W, Donatelli I, Zambon M, Wood J, Haaheim LR. A phase I clinical trial of a PER.C6® cell grown influenza H7 virus vaccine. Vaccine 2009; 27:1889-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.01.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Revised: 01/18/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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