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Qiu X, Duvvuri VR, Gubbay JB, Webby RJ, Kayali G, Bahl J. Lineage-specific epitope profiles for HPAI H5 pre-pandemic vaccine selection and evaluation. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2017; 11:445-456. [PMID: 28715148 PMCID: PMC5963872 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 viruses continue to co-circulate. This has complicated pandemic preparedness and confounded effective vaccine candidate selection and evaluation. OBJECTIVES In this study, we aimed to predict and map the diversity of CD8+ T-cell epitopes among H5 hemagglutinin (HA) gene lineages to estimate CD8+ T-cell immunity in humans induced by vaccine candidates. METHODS A dataset consisting of 1125 H5 HA sequences collected between 1996 and 2017 from avian and humans was assembled for phylogenetic and lineage-specific epitope analyses. Conserved epitopes were predicted from WHO-endorsed vaccine candidates and representative clade-defining strains by pairwise comparison with Immune Epitope Database (IEDB). The distribution of predicted epitopes was mapped to each HPAI H5 lineage. We assume that high similarity and conservancy of predicted epitopes from vaccine candidates among all circulating HPAI H5 lineages is correlated with high immunity. RESULTS A total of 49 conserved CD8+ T-cell epitopes were predicted at 28 different amino acid positions of the HA protein. Mapping these epitopes to the phylogenetic tree allowed us to develop epitope profiles, or "fingerprints," for each HPAI H5 lineage. Vaccine epitope percentage analyses showed some epitope profiles were highly conserved for all H5 isolates and may be valuable for universal vaccine design. However, the positions with low coverage may explain why the vaccine candidates do not always function well. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that our analytical approach to evaluate conserved CD8+ T-cell epitope prediction in a phylogenetic framework may provide important insights for computational design of vaccine selection and future epitope-based design.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Birds
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Drug Design
- Epitope Mapping
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza in Birds/immunology
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Pandemics/prevention & control
- Phylogeny
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Qiu
- Center for Infectious DiseasesSchool of Public HealthUniversity of Texas Health Science CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | | | - Jonathan B. Gubbay
- Public Health OntarioTorontoONCanada
- University of TorontoTorontoONCanada
- Mount Sinai HospitalTorontoONCanada
- The Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoONCanada
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious DiseasesSt. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisTNUSA
| | - Ghazi Kayali
- Center for Infectious DiseasesSchool of Public HealthUniversity of Texas Health Science CenterHoustonTXUSA
- Human LinkHazmiehLebanon
| | - Justin Bahl
- Center for Infectious DiseasesSchool of Public HealthUniversity of Texas Health Science CenterHoustonTXUSA
- Program in Emerging Infectious DiseasesDuke‐National University of Singapore Graduate Medical SchoolSingaporeSingapore
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Zeng W, Tan ACL, Horrocks K, Jackson DC. A lipidated form of the extracellular domain of influenza M2 protein as a self-adjuvanting vaccine candidate. Vaccine 2015; 33:3526-32. [PMID: 26049002 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The highly conserved extracellular domain of Matrix protein 2 (M2e) of influenza A virus has been previously investigated as a potential target for an universal influenza vaccine. In this study we prepared four lipopeptide influenza vaccine candidates in which the TLR2 agonist S-[2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)propyl] cysteine, (Pam2Cys) was attached to either the N- or C-terminus of the M2e consensus sequence SLLTEVETPIRNEWGCRCNDSSDP and its analogue sequence with the two cysteine residues replaced with serine residues. The results of animal study show that each of these lipopeptides induced strong M2e-specific antibody responses in the absence of extraneous T helper cell epitope(s) which are normally incorporated in the previous studies or addition of extraneous adjuvant and that these antibodies are protective against lethal challenge with influenza virus. Comparison of different routes of inoculation demonstrated that intranasal administration of M2e lipopeptide induced higher titers of IgA and IgG2b antibodies in the bronchoalveolar lavage than did subcutaneous vaccination and was better at mitigating the severity of viral challenge. Finally, we show that anti-M2e antibody specificities absent from the antibody repertoire elicited by a commercially available influenza vaccine and by virus infection can be introduced by immunization with M2e-lipopeptide and boosted by viral challenge. Immunization with this lipidated form of the M2e epitope therefore offers a means of using a widely conserved epitope to generate protective antibodies which are not otherwise induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguang Zeng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Amabel C L Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kylie Horrocks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - David C Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Victoria, Australia
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Bolton KJ, McCaw JM, Brown L, Jackson D, Kedzierska K, McVernon J. Prior population immunity reduces the expected impact of CTL-inducing vaccines for pandemic influenza control. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120138. [PMID: 25811654 PMCID: PMC4374977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines that trigger an influenza-specific cytotoxic T cell (CTL) response may aid pandemic control by limiting the transmission of novel influenza A viruses (IAV). We consider interventions with hypothetical CTL-inducing vaccines in a range of epidemiologically plausible pandemic scenarios. We estimate the achievable reduction in the attack rate, and, by adopting a model linking epidemic progression to the emergence of IAV variants, the opportunity for antigenic drift. We demonstrate that CTL-inducing vaccines have limited utility for modifying population-level outcomes if influenza-specific T cells found widely in adults already suppress transmission and prove difficult to enhance. Administration of CTL-inducing vaccines that are efficacious in "influenza-experienced" and "influenza-naive" hosts can likely slow transmission sufficiently to mitigate a moderate IAV pandemic. However if neutralising cross-reactive antibody to an emerging IAV are common in influenza-experienced hosts, as for the swine-variant H3N2v, boosting CTL immunity may be ineffective at reducing population spread, indicating that CTL-inducing vaccines are best used against novel subtypes such as H7N9. Unless vaccines cannot readily suppress transmission from infected hosts with naive T cell pools, targeting influenza-naive hosts is preferable. Such strategies are of enhanced benefit if naive hosts are typically intensively mixing children and when a subset of experienced hosts have pre-existing neutralising cross-reactive antibody. We show that CTL-inducing vaccination campaigns may have greater power to suppress antigenic drift than previously suggested, and targeting adults may be the optimal strategy to achieve this when the vaccination campaign does not have the power to curtail the attack rate. Our results highlight the need to design interventions based on pre-existing cellular immunity and knowledge of the host determinants of vaccine efficacy, and provide a framework for assessing the performance requirements of high-impact CTL-inducing vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty J. Bolton
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - James M. McCaw
- Vaccine and Immunisation Research Group, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lorena Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jodie McVernon
- Vaccine and Immunisation Research Group, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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Cobbin JCA, Zeng W, Jackson DC, Brown LE. Different arms of the adaptive immune system induced by a combination vaccine work in concert to provide enhanced clearance of influenza. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115356. [PMID: 25522323 PMCID: PMC4270762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Current split influenza virus vaccines that induce strain-specific neutralising antibodies provide some degree of protection against influenza infection but there is a clear need to improve their effectiveness. The constant antigenic drift of influenza viruses means that vaccines are often not an exact match to the circulating strain and so levels of relevant antibodies may not be sufficiently high to afford protection. In the situation where the emergent influenza virus is completely novel, as is the case with pandemic strains, existing vaccines may provide no benefit. In this study we tested the concept of a combination vaccine consisting of sub-optimal doses of split influenza virus vaccine mixed with a cross-protective T-cell inducing lipopeptide containing the TLR2 ligand Pam2Cys. Mice immunised with combination vaccines showed superior levels of lung viral clearance after challenge compared to either split virus or lipopeptide alone, mediated through activation of enhanced humoral and/or additional cellular responses. The mechanism of action of these vaccines was dependent on the route of administration, with intranasal administration being superior to subcutaneous and intramuscular routes, potentially through the induction of memory CD8+ T cells in the lungs. This immunisation strategy not only provides a mechanism for minimising the dose of split virus antigen but also, through the induction of cross-protective CD8+ T cells, proves a breadth of immunity to provide potential benefit upon encounter with serologically diverse influenza isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna C. A. Cobbin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Weiguang Zeng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David C. Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lorena E. Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Chua BY, Brown LE, Jackson DC. Considerations for the rapid deployment of vaccines against H7N9 influenza. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:1327-37. [PMID: 25017993 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.938641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The threat of an outbreak of avian-origin influenza H7N9 and the devastating consequences that a pandemic could have on global population health and economies has mobilized programs of constant surveillance and the implementation of preemptive plans. Central to these plans is the production of prepandemic vaccines that can be rapidly deployed to minimize disease severity and deaths resulting from such an occurrence. In this article, we review current H7N9 vaccine strategies in place and the available technologies and options that can help accelerate vaccine production and increase dose-sparing capabilities to provide enough vaccines to cover the population. We also present possible means of reducing disease impact during the critical period after an outbreak occurs before a strain matched vaccine becomes available and consider the use of existing stockpiles and seed strains of phylogenetically related subtypes, alternate vaccination regimes and vaccine forms that induce cross-reactive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon Y Chua
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Inactivated influenza vaccine adjuvanted with Bacterium-like particles induce systemic and mucosal influenza A virus specific T-cell and B-cell responses after nasal administration in a TLR2 dependent fashion. Vaccine 2014; 32:2904-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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The design and proof of concept for a CD8(+) T cell-based vaccine inducing cross-subtype protection against influenza A virus. Immunol Cell Biol 2012; 91:96-104. [PMID: 23146941 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2012.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the reactivity of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to a panel of influenza A virus (IAV) CD8(+) T-cell epitopes that are recognised by the major human leukocyte antigen (HLA) groups represented in the human population. We examined the level of recognition in a sample of the human population and the potential coverage that could be achieved if these were incorporated into a T-cell epitope-based vaccine. We then designed a candidate influenza vaccine that incorporated three of the examined HLA-A2-restricted influenza epitopes into Pam2Cys-based lipopeptides. These lipopeptides do not require the addition of an adjuvant and can be delivered directly to the respiratory mucosa enabling the generation of local memory cell populations that are crucial for clearance of influenza. Intranasal administration of a mixture of three lipopeptides to HLA-A2 transgenic HHD mice elicited multiple CD8(+) T-cell specificities in the spleen and lung that closely mimicked the response generated following natural infection with influenza. These CD8(+) T cells were associated with viral reduction following H3N1 influenza virus challenge for as long as 3 months after lipopeptide administration. In addition, lipopeptides containing IAV-targeting epitopes conferred substantial benefit against death following infection with a virulent H1N1 strain. Because CD8(+) T cell epitopes are often derived from highly conserved regions of influenza viruses, such vaccines need not be reformulated annually and unlike current antibody-inducing vaccines could provide cross-protective immunity against newly emerging pandemic viruses.
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McVernon J, Nolan T. Panvax(®): a monovalent inactivated unadjuvanted vaccine against pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009. Expert Rev Vaccines 2011; 10:35-43. [PMID: 21162618 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Panvax(®) (CSL Biotherapies, Parkville, Australia) is one of a number of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 (pH1N1) vaccines fast-tracked for production, clinical trials and licensure in response to the emergence of the novel pH1N1 strain in early-mid-2009. Unexpectedly good immunogenicity following a single 15-µg dose was demonstrated in expedited clinical trials in adults and children. This facilitated early licensure and then rapid rollout for population immunization from October 2009. The vaccine's safety profile in the Australian population has been excellent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie McVernon
- Vaccine and Immunisation Research Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute and Melbourne School of Population Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Zeng W, Horrocks KJ, Robevska G, Wong CY, Azzopardi K, Tauschek M, Robins-Browne RM, Jackson DC. A modular approach to assembly of totally synthetic self-adjuvanting lipopeptide-based vaccines allows conformational epitope building. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:12944-51. [PMID: 21321114 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.227744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The technology described here allows the chemical synthesis of vaccines requiring correctly folded epitopes and that contain difficult or long peptide sequences. The final self-adjuvanting product promotes strong humoral and/or cell-mediated immunity. A module containing common components of the vaccine (T helper cell epitope and the adjuvanting lipid moiety S-[2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)propyl]cysteine) was assembled to enable a plug and play approach to vaccine assembly. The inclusion within the module of a chemical group with chemical properties complementary and orthogonal to a chemical group present in the target epitope allowed chemoselective ligation of the two vaccine components. The heat-stable enterotoxin of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli that requires strict conformational integrity for biological activity and the reproductive hormone luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone were used as the target epitopes for the antibody vaccines. An epitope from the acid polymerase of influenza virus was used to assemble a CD8(+) T cell vaccine. Evaluation of each vaccine candidate in animals demonstrated the feasibility of the approach and that the type of immune response required, viz. antibody or cytotoxic T lymphocyte, dictates the nature of the chemical linkage between the module and target epitope. The use of a thioether bond between the module and target epitope had little or no adverse effect on antibody responses, whereas the use of a disulfide bond between the module and target epitope almost completely abrogated the antibody response. In contrast, better cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses were obtained when a disulfide bond was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguang Zeng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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10
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Brown LE. The role of adjuvants in vaccines for seasonal and pandemic influenza. Vaccine 2010; 28:8043-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Hampson AW. The 'novel' influenza A(H1N1) enigma: is it a pandemic, how should we respond, what should we call it? Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2009; 3:119-20. [PMID: 19627368 PMCID: PMC4634680 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00092.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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