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Li K, Cao JF, Gong Y, Xiong L, Wu M, Qi Y, Ying X, Liu D, Ma X, Zhang X. Rapamycin improves the survival of epilepsy model cells by blocking phosphorylation of mTOR base on computer simulations and cellular experiments. Neurochem Int 2024; 176:105746. [PMID: 38641027 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Epilepsy is a chronic brain dysfunction characterized by recurrent epileptic seizures. Rapamycin is a naturally occurring macrolide from Streptomyces hygroscopicus, and rapamycin may provide a protective effect on the nervous system by affecting mTOR. Therefore, we investigated the pharmacologic mechanism of rapamycin treating epilepsy through bioinformatics analysis, cellular experiments and supercomputer simulation. METHODS Bioinformatics analysis was used to analyze targets of rapamycin treating epilepsy. We established epilepsy cell model by HT22 cells. RT-qPCR, WB and IF were used to verify the effects of rapamycin on mTOR at gene level and protein level. Computer simulations were used to model and evaluate the stability of rapamycin binding to mTOR protein. RESULTS Bioinformatics indicated mTOR played an essential role in signaling pathways of cell growth and cell metabolism. Cellular experiments showed that rapamycin could promote cell survival, and rapamycin did not have an effect on mRNA expression of mTOR. However, rapamycin was able to significantly inhibit the phosphorylation of mTOR at protein level. Computer simulations indicated that rapamycin was involved in the treatment of epilepsy through regulating phosphorylation of mTOR at protein level. CONCLUSION We found that rapamycin was capable of promoting the survival of epilepsy cells by inhibiting the phosphorylation of mTOR at protein level, and rapamycin did not have an effect on mRNA expression of mTOR. In addition to the traditional study that rapamycin affects mTORC1 complex by acting on FKBP12, this study found rapamycin could also directly block the phosphorylation of mTOR, therefore affecting the assembly of mTORC1 complex and mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezhou Li
- College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China; Pancreatic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun-Feng Cao
- Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China; College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Li Xiong
- Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Mei Wu
- Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Qi
- Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | | | | | - Xuntai Ma
- Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Clinical Medical College of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China.
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Tobochnik S, Dorotan MKC, Ghosh HS, Lapinskas E, Vogelzang J, Reardon DA, Ligon KL, Bi WL, Smirnakis SM, Lee JW. Glioma genetic profiles associated with electrophysiologic hyperexcitability. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.02.22.23285841. [PMID: 36865325 PMCID: PMC9980233 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.22.23285841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Distinct genetic alterations determine glioma aggressiveness, however the diversity of somatic mutations contributing to peritumoral hyperexcitability and seizures is uncertain. In a large cohort of patients with sequenced gliomas (n=1716), we used discriminant analysis models to identify somatic mutation variants associated with electrographic hyperexcitability in a subset with continuous EEG recording (n=206). Overall tumor mutational burdens were similar between patients with and without hyperexcitability. A cross-validated model trained exclusively on somatic mutations classified the presence or absence of hyperexcitability with an overall accuracy of 70.9%, and improved estimates of hyperexcitability and anti-seizure medication failure in multivariate analysis incorporating traditional demographic factors and tumor molecular classifications. Somatic mutation variants of interest were also over-represented in patients with hyperexcitability compared to internal and external reference cohorts. These findings implicate diverse mutations in cancer genes associated with the development of hyperexcitability and response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Tobochnik
- Department of Neurology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | - Hia S. Ghosh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Emily Lapinskas
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jayne Vogelzang
- Department of Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - David A. Reardon
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Keith L. Ligon
- Department of Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Wenya Linda Bi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Stelios M. Smirnakis
- Department of Neurology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jong Woo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
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3
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Hsu CM, Lin JJ, Su JH, Liu CI. 13-Acetoxysarcocrassolide induces apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells through mitochondrial dysfunction and suppression of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/p70S6K signalling pathway. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2022; 60:2276-2285. [PMID: 36416062 PMCID: PMC9704080 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2022.2145489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT 13-Acetoxysarcocrasside, isolated from the Taiwanese soft coral Sarcophyton crassocaule Moser (Alcyoniidae), has biological activity and induces apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the mechanisms underlying apoptosis induced by 13-acetoxysarcocrasside in HA22T and HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS MTT and morphology assays were employed to assess the anti-proliferative effects of 13-acetoxysarcocrasside (1-5 μM). TUNEL/DAPI staining and annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide staining were used to detect apoptosis. Cells were treated with13-acetoxysarcocrassolide (0, 1, 2, and 4 μM) for 24 h, and the mechanism of cells apoptotic was detected by western blotting. Cells treated with DMSO were the control. RESULTS Survival of the cells decreased with the addition of 13-acetoxysarcocrassolide, and at 4 μM cell survival was inhibited by approximately 40%. After treatment of cells with 13-acetoxysarcocrassolide, the incidence of early/late apoptosis to be 0.3%/0.5%∼5.4%/22.7% for HA22T cells, in the HePG2 cells were 0.6%/0.2%∼14.4%/23.7%. Western blotting analysis showed that the expression of Bax, Bad, cleaved caspase 3, cleaved caspase 9, cleaved-PARP-1, cytochrome c, and p-4EBP1 increased with an increasing concentration of 13-acetoxysarcocrasside (0, 1, 2, and 4 μM), whereas that of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Mcl-1, p-Bad, p-PI3K, p-AKT, p-mTOR, p-70S6K, p-S6, p-eIF4E, and p-eIF4B decreased. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Apoptosis induced by 13-acetoxysarcocrassolide in HA22T and HepG2 cells is mediated by mitochondrial dysfunction and inactivation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/p70S6K pathway. The potential of 13-acetoxysarcocrassolide as a chemotherapeutic agent should be further assessed for use in human hepatocellular carcinoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Min Hsu
- Antai Medical Care Corporation, Antai Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Jie Lin
- Department of Research & Development, Yu Jun Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hsin Su
- Department of Science Education, National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-I Liu
- Department of Nursing, Meiho University, Pingtung, Taiwan
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4
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Pan B, Wang Y, Shi Y, Yang Q, Han B, Zhu X, Liu Y. Altered expression levels of miR-144-3p and ATP1B2 are associated with schizophrenia. World J Biol Psychiatry 2022; 23:666-676. [PMID: 34989308 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2021.2022757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: Schizophrenia is a devastating mental disease. Various microRNAs were proven to be associated with schizophrenia. Altered microRNA-144-3p (miR-144-3p) levels were found in various neurological and psychotic disorders. Beta2-subunit of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (ATP1B2) regulates neuronal migration and cell growth during brain development through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. The present study explored the associations of miR-144-3p and ATP1B2 with schizophrenia and their mutual interaction.Methods: A schizophrenic animal model employing repeated MK-801 administration was established and 293 T cells over-expressing miR-144-3p were constructed by lentivirus. The in vitro and in vivo levels of miR-144-3p, ATP1B2, and the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway were examined by qRT-PCR and Western Blots. The interaction between miR-144-3p and ATP1B2 was predicted and assessed by using bioinformatic methods and a luciferase reporter gene assay, respectively.Results: MiR-144-3p expression was elevated in the schizophrenic rat hippocampus. ATP1B2 was down-regulated in schizophrenic patients by analysing GEO datasets. Additionally, miR-144-3p can directly bind with ATP1B2. Furthermore, the ATP1B2 expression and PI3K/Akt/mTOR phosphorylation levels were down-regulated in the 293 T cells over-expressing miR-144-3p and schizophrenic rat hippocampus, which could be reversed by risperidone.Conclusions: This study revealed that up-regulated miR-144-3p might be associated with schizophrenia through down-regulating ATP1B2, implicating new targets of schizophrenia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of Gastric Cancer of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, PR China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Yuting Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of Gastric Cancer of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, PR China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Yiwen Shi
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Qianzhan Yang
- Shimadzu (China) Co., LTD. Chongqing Branch, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Bing Han
- The Key Laboratory of Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of Gastric Cancer of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, PR China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of Gastric Cancer of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, PR China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Yanqing Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of Gastric Cancer of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, PR China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, PR China
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5
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Pan B, Xu L, Weng J, Wang Y, Ji H, Han B, Zhu X, Liu Y. Effects of icariin on alleviating schizophrenia-like symptoms by regulating the miR-144-3p/ATP1B2/mTOR signalling pathway. Neurosci Lett 2022; 791:136918. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kapar O, Gurkan ZM, Dolgun M, Sencer A, Gürses C, Bilgic B. Focal cortical dysplasia pathology: diagnostic difficulty, classification, and utility for pathogenesis. Neurosurg Focus 2022; 53:E6. [DOI: 10.3171/2022.7.focus21731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE
In the histopathological examination of treatment-resistant epilepsy, focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is the most common diagnosis in the pediatric group. FCD is classified histopathologically according to the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classification. In the last decade since the ILAE classification has been released, molecular genetic studies have revealed mTOR pathway–related mutations as a major etiology. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of FCD in treatment-resistant epilepsy patients, explore histomorphological and immunohistochemical features, examine clinicopathological correlation, demonstrate mTOR pathway activation using a pS6 antibody immunohistochemically, and try to introduce a candidate for possible targeted therapies.
METHODS
Paraffin blocks and slides of tissue from patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy were reexamined retrospectively. Histopathological subtypes of FCD were determined according to the ILAE classification. NeuN and neurofilament H (NF-H) staining were performed, and additionally a pS6 antibody was used to demonstrate mTOR pathway activation.
RESULTS
In 32 cases diagnosed with FCD, or 17.5% of 183 surgical epilepsy materials, there were no significant differences in the statistical analysis of clinical variables between the ILAE FCD subtypes. Recommended antibody NeuN revealed microcolumnar alignment in the FCD type Ia and IIIa groups and the loss of lamination in the type Ib group. Another recommended antibody, NF-H, was not found to be useful in discriminating between normal and dysmorphic neurons. pS6 expression, showing mTOR pathway activation, was observed in dysmorphic neurons and balloon cells in all FCD type II cases.
CONCLUSIONS
Significant pS6 expression in FCD type II represents the genomic nature of the disease noted in the literature. Nevertheless, the known MTOR gene and mTOR pathway–related mutations remain behind proportionally to explain the mTOR pathway activation in all FCD type II cases. Clinicopathologically and genetically integrated classification and usage of mTOR pathway inhibitors in treatment are expected as a recent evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Kapar
- Department of Pathology, Istanbul University
| | - Zahide Mail Gurkan
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Istanbul University
| | - Muge Dolgun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sultangazi Haseki Training and Research Hospital
| | - Altay Sencer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University; and
| | - Candan Gürses
- Department of Neurology, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
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7
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Cases-Cunillera S, van Loo KMJ, Pitsch J, Quatraccioni A, Sivalingam S, Salomoni P, Borger V, Dietrich D, Schoch S, Becker AJ. Heterogeneity and excitability of BRAF V600E-induced tumors is determined by Akt/mTOR-signaling state and Trp53-loss. Neuro Oncol 2021; 24:741-754. [PMID: 34865163 PMCID: PMC9071348 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noab268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Developmental brain tumors harboring BRAFV600E somatic mutation are diverse. Here, we describe molecular factors that determine BRAFV600E-induced tumor biology and function. Methods Intraventricular in utero electroporation in combination with the piggyBac transposon system was utilized to generate developmental brain neoplasms, which were comprehensively analyzed with regard to growth using near-infrared in-vivo imaging, transcript signatures by RNA sequencing, and neuronal activity by multielectrode arrays. Results BRAF
V600E expression in murine neural progenitors elicits benign neoplasms composed of enlarged dysmorphic neurons and neoplastic astroglia recapitulating ganglioglioma (GG) only in concert with active Akt/mTOR-signaling. Purely glial tumors resembling aspects of polymorphous low-grade neuroepithelial tumors of the young (PLNTYs) emerge from BRAFV600E alone. Additional somatic Trp53-loss is sufficient to generate anaplastic GGs (aGGs) with glioneuronal clonality. Functionally, only BRAFV600E/pAkt tumors intrinsically generate substantial neuronal activity and show enhanced relay to adjacent tissue conferring high epilepsy propensity. In contrast, PLNTY- and aGG models lack significant spike activity, which appears in line with the glial differentiation of the former and a dysfunctional tissue structure combined with reduced neuronal transcript signatures in the latter. Conclusion mTOR-signaling and Trp53-loss critically determine the biological diversity and electrical activity of BRAFV600E-induced tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Cases-Cunillera
- Institute of Neuropathology, Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Karen M J van Loo
- Institute of Neuropathology, Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Epileptology, Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Julika Pitsch
- Department of Epileptology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anne Quatraccioni
- Institute of Neuropathology, Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sugirthan Sivalingam
- Institute of Neuropathology, Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Paolo Salomoni
- Nuclear Function Group, German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Valeri Borger
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dirk Dietrich
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Susanne Schoch
- Department of Epileptology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Albert J Becker
- Corresponding Author: Albert J. Becker, MD, Institute of Neuropathology, Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, D-53127 Bonn, Germany ()
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Ahmad F, Hyvärinen A, Pirinen A, Olsson V, Rummukainen J, Immonen A, Närväinen J, Tuunanen P, Liimatainen T, Kärkkäinen V, Koistinaho J, Ylä-Herttuala S. Lentivirus vector‑mediated genetic manipulation of oncogenic pathways induces tumor formation in rabbit brain. Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:422. [PMID: 33846766 PMCID: PMC8047887 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Translation of promising experimental therapies from rodent models to clinical success has been complicated as the novel therapies often fail in clinical trials. Existing rodent glioma models generally do not allow for preclinical evaluation of the efficiency of novel therapies in combination with surgical resection. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to develop a larger animal model utilizing lentivirus vector‑mediated oncogenic transformation in the rabbit brain. Lentiviruses carrying constitutively active AKT and H‑Ras oncogenes, and p53 small interfering (si)RNA were introduced into newborn rabbit neural stem cells (NSCs) and intracranially implanted into rabbits' brains to initiate tumor formation. In one of the ten rabbits a tumor was detected 48 days after the implantation of transduced NSCs. Histological features of the tumor mimic was similar to a benign Grade II ganglioglioma. Immunostaining demonstrated that the tissues were positive for AKT and H‑Ras. Strong expression of GFAP and Ki‑67 was also detected. Additionally, p53 expression was notably lower in the tumor area. The implantation of AKT, H‑Ras and p53 siRNA transduced NSCs for tumor induction resulted in ganglioglioma formation. Despite the low frequency of tumor formation, this preliminary data provided a proof of principle that lentivirus vectors carrying oncogenes can be used for the generation of brain tumors in rabbits. Moreover, these results offer noteworthy insights into the pathogenesis of a rare brain tumor, ganglioglioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farizan Ahmad
- A.I Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia
| | - Anna Hyvärinen
- A.I Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
- Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
- Department of Surgery, North Karelia Central Hospital, FI-80210 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Agnieszka Pirinen
- A.I Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Venla Olsson
- A.I Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jaana Rummukainen
- Department of Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, FI-70029 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arto Immonen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter in Kuopio University Hospital, FI-70029 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johanna Närväinen
- A.I Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pasi Tuunanen
- A.I Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, FI-70029 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo Liimatainen
- A.I Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Research Unit for Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Virve Kärkkäinen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter in Kuopio University Hospital, FI-70029 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- A.I Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- A.I Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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9
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Kong X, Wang JS, Yang H. Upregulation of lncRNA DARS-AS1 accelerates tumor malignancy in cervical cancer by activating cGMP-PKG pathway. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:1-11. [PMID: 33634536 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper investigates the function of lncRNA DARS-AS1 in cervical cancer (CC) as well as its in-depth mechanism. The differential expression of DARS-AS1 and ATP1B2 were analyzed based on The Cancer Genome Atlas and the Genotype-Tissue Expression databases, and the survival rate was measured using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Biological function experiments were performed to detect cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was carried out to detect the expression of DARS-AS1 and ATP1B2. Western blot analysis was utilized to assess the protein levels of ATP1B2 and cGMP-PKG pathway-related proteins. DARS-AS1 was expressed at high levels in CC tissues and cell lines, and high expression of DARS-AS1 indicated a lower survival rate. CCK-8 and colony formation assays revealed that the overexpression of DARS-AS1 promoted the proliferation of CC cells. Furthermore, bioinformatics analysis suggested that the cGMP-PKG pathway ranks as the first pathway enriched by the differential genes that correlated with DARS-AS1 (|r| > 0.4). ATP1B2, as a cGMP-PKG pathway-related gene, was significantly correlated with the overall survival of CC patients. We further confirmed that ATP1B2 was lowly expressed in CC and negatively correlated with the DARS-AS1 expression. Then, biological function experiments exhibited that the promotion of cell proliferation, invasion, and migration resulted due to the upregulation of DARS-AS1 could be canceled by ATP1B2 overexpression. Finally, Western blot revealed that upregulation of DARS-AS1 could activate the cGMP-PKG pathway, while overexpression of ATP1B2 reversed this activation. Our study revealed that DARS-AS1/ATP1B2 contributes to regulating the progression of CC at least partially by modulating the cGMP-PKG pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Kong
- Department of Oncology, Shanxian Central Hospital, Heze, China
| | - Ji-Shui Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Jining Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Hubei Province Gongan County Chinese Medicine Hospital, Gongan, China
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10
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Goldstein HE, Hauptman JS. The Putative Role of mTOR Inhibitors in Non-tuberous Sclerosis Complex-Related Epilepsy. Front Neurol 2021; 12:639319. [PMID: 33643212 PMCID: PMC7907183 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.639319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy affects ~5 out of every 10,000 children per year. Up to one-third of these children have medically refractory epilepsy, with limited to no options for improved seizure control. mTOR, a ubiquitous 289 kDa serine/threonine kinase in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-related kinases (PIKK) family, is dysregulated in a number of human diseases, including tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) and epilepsy. In cell models of epilepsy and TSC, rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor, has been shown to decrease seizure frequency and duration, and positively affect cell growth and morphology. Rapamycin has also been shown to prevent or improve epilepsy and prolong survival in animal models of TSC. To date, clinical studies looking at the effects of mTOR inhibitors on the reduction of seizures have mainly focused on patients with TSC. Everolimus (Novartis Pharmaceuticals), a chemically modified rapamycin derivative, has been shown to reduce seizure frequency with reasonable safety and tolerability. Mutations in mTOR or the mTOR pathway have been found in hemimegalencephaly (HME) and focal cortical dysplasias (FCDs), both of which are highly correlated with medically refractory epilepsy. Given the evidence to date, a logical next step is to investigate the role of mTOR inhibitors in the treatment of children with medically refractory non-TSC epilepsy, particularly those children who have also failed resective surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Goldstein
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jason S Hauptman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
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11
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Ko A, Lee JS. Factors associated with seizure and cognitive outcomes after epilepsy surgery for low-grade epilepsy-associated neuroepithelial tumors in children. Clin Exp Pediatr 2020; 63:171-177. [PMID: 32024326 PMCID: PMC7254172 DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2019.01151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-grade epilepsy-associated neuroepithelial tumors (LEATs) are responsible for drug-resistant chronic focal epilepsy, and are the second-most common reason for epilepsy surgery in children. LEATs are extremely responsive to surgical treatment, and therefore epilepsy surgery should be considered as a treatment option for LEATs. However, the optimal time for surgery remains controversial, and surgeries are often delayed. In this review, we reviewed published article on the factors associated with seizure and cognitive outcomes after epilepsy surgery for LEATs in children to help clinicians in their decision whether to pursue epilepsy surgery for LEATs. The achievement of gross total resection may be the most important prognostic factor for seizure freedom. A shorter duration of epilepsy, a younger age at surgery, and extended resection of temporal lobe tumors have also been suggested as favorable prognostic factors in terms of seizure control. Poor cognitive function in children with LEATs is associated with a longer duration of epilepsy and a younger age at seizure onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ara Ko
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University Children's Hospital, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Joon Soo Lee
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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12
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Ehrstedt C, Ahlsten G, Strömberg B, Lindskog C, Casar-Borota O. Somatostatin receptor expression and mTOR pathway activation in glioneuronal tumours of childhood. Seizure 2020; 76:123-130. [PMID: 32062323 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the expression of somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) and markers of mTOR pathway in paediatric glioneuronal tumours and correlate these findings with tumour type, BRAFV600E mutational status and clinical characteristics such as tumour location, seizure frequency and duration, and age. METHOD 37 children and adolescents with a neuropathological diagnosis of glioneuronal tumour were identified over a 22-year period. Immunohistochemical analyses for SSTRs type 1, 2A, 3, 5 and ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM) and phosphorylated S6 (pS6), which are indicators of mTOR pathway activation, were performed in tumour specimens from 33 patients and evaluated using the immunoreactive score (IRS). The IRS were compared to tumour type, BRAFV600E status and clinical characteristics. RESULTS Ganglioglioma (GG) was the most frequently encountered subgroup (n = 27), followed by dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour (DNET; n = 4). GGs expressed SSTR2A and SSTR3 to a high extent, 56 % and 44 % respectively. Expression of SSTR2A was also found in DNETs. Signs of mTOR pathway activation were abundant in GGs, but only present in one DNET. No correlations with BRAFV600E presence or clinical characteristics were found. CONCLUSIONS Expression of SSTRs and activation of mTOR pathway in paediatric glioneuronal tumour suggest that somatostatin analogues and mTOR inhibitors may have potential therapeutic implications in a subset of inoperable childhood glioneuronal tumours causing medically refractory epilepsy and/or tumour growth. Further clinical studies are warranted to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Ehrstedt
- Department of Women´s and Children´s Health, Section for Paediatrics, Uppsala University, Sweden; Uppsala University Children´s Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Gunnar Ahlsten
- Department of Women´s and Children´s Health, Section for Paediatrics, Uppsala University, Sweden; Uppsala University Children´s Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bo Strömberg
- Department of Women´s and Children´s Health, Section for Paediatrics, Uppsala University, Sweden; Uppsala University Children´s Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Lindskog
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olivera Casar-Borota
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Clinical Pathology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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13
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Gupta VR, Giller C, Kolhe R, Forseen SE, Sharma S. Polymorphous Low-Grade Neuroepithelial Tumor of the Young: A Case Report with Genomic Findings. World Neurosurg 2019; 132:347-355. [PMID: 31520766 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.08.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polymorphous low-grade neuroepithelial tumor of the young (PLNTY) is a recently recognized epileptogenic neuroepithelial tumor. Despite its distinctiveness, its polymorphous histology and the nature of its oligodendrocyte-like cells remain unclear. CASE DESCRIPTION A 30-year-old, right-handed man was diagnosed with intractable epilepsy since 22 years of age. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed T2 signal hyperintensity and corresponding T1 signal hypointensity within the subcortical white matter of the right middle temporal gyrus. Positron emission tomography scan demonstrated hypometabolism in the right anterior temporal region. Electroencephalography and stereo-electroencephalography monitoring localized seizures to the right temporal lobe, allowing the patient to undergo right temporal lobectomy. Histologic sections demonstrated cortical dysplasia, white matter heterotopia, and hippocampal reactive gliosis without neuronal loss. Interestingly, an approximately 6-mm subcortical neoplasm was identified in the temporal lobectomy. It was composed of well-differentiated oligodendroglial-like cells but exhibited mild-to-moderate nuclear variability and pleomorphism, and mild infiltration into the overlying cortex without perineuronal satellitosis. No mitotic activity, microvascular proliferation, or necrosis was identified, and Ki-67 labeling index was less than 1%. The tumor was diffusely CD34 positive with moderate glial fibrillary acidic protein and retained ATRX staining, and demonstrated the presence of the BRAF V600E mutation. The tumor was negative for reticulin condensation, synaptophysin, SMI31, neuronal nuclei immunostains, and both the IDH1 mutation and 1p19q codeletion. Overall histologic findings were most consistent with PLNTY. CONCLUSIONS The correct diagnosis of PLNTY and its distinction from closely resembling low-grade neuroepithelial tumors is important. We hope our proposed diagnostic features will aid in its proper diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Rohan Gupta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Cole Giller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ravindra Kolhe
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Scott E Forseen
- Department of Radiology and Imaging, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Suash Sharma
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.
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14
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Derouiche A, Geiger KD. Perspectives for Ezrin and Radixin in Astrocytes: Kinases, Functions and Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153776. [PMID: 31382374 PMCID: PMC6695708 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are increasingly perceived as active partners in physiological brain function and behaviour. The structural correlations of the glia–synaptic interaction are the peripheral astrocyte processes (PAPs), where ezrin and radixin, the two astrocytic members of the ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM) family of proteins are preferentially localised. While the molecular mechanisms of ERM (in)activation appear universal, at least in mammalian cells, and have been studied in great detail, the actual ezrin and radixin kinases, phosphatases and binding partners appear cell type specific and may be multiplexed within a cell. In astrocytes, ezrin is involved in process motility, which can be stimulated by the neurotransmitter glutamate, through activation of the glial metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) 3 or 5. However, it has remained open how this mGluR stimulus is transduced to ezrin activation. Knowing upstream signals of ezrin activation, ezrin kinase(s), and membrane-bound binding partners of ezrin in astrocytes might open new approaches to the glial role in brain function. Ezrin has also been implicated in invasive behaviour of astrocytomas, and glial activation. Here, we review data pertaining to potential molecular interaction partners of ezrin in astrocytes, with a focus on PKC and GRK2, and in gliomas and other diseases, to stimulate further research on their potential roles in glia-synaptic physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Derouiche
- Institute of Anatomy II, Goethe-University Frankfurt, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Kathrin D Geiger
- Neuropathology, Institute for Pathology, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, TU Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
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15
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Mühlebner A, Bongaarts A, Sarnat HB, Scholl T, Aronica E. New insights into a spectrum of developmental malformations related to mTOR dysregulations: challenges and perspectives. J Anat 2019; 235:521-542. [PMID: 30901081 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years the role of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway has emerged as crucial for normal cortical development. Therefore, it is not surprising that aberrant activation of mTOR is associated with developmental malformations and epileptogenesis. A broad spectrum of malformations of cortical development, such as focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), have been linked to either germline or somatic mutations in mTOR pathway-related genes, commonly summarised under the umbrella term 'mTORopathies'. However, there are still a number of unanswered questions regarding the involvement of mTOR in the pathophysiology of these abnormalities. Therefore, a monogenetic disease, such as TSC, can be more easily applied as a model to study the mechanisms of epileptogenesis and identify potential new targets of therapy. Developmental neuropathology and genetics demonstrate that FCD IIb and hemimegalencephaly are the same diseases. Constitutive activation of mTOR signalling represents a shared pathogenic mechanism in a group of developmental malformations that have histopathological and clinical features in common, such as epilepsy, autism and other comorbidities. We seek to understand the effect of mTOR dysregulation in a developing cortex with the propensity to generate seizures as well as the aftermath of the surrounding environment, including the white matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mühlebner
- Department of Neuropathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Bongaarts
- Department of Neuropathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H B Sarnat
- Departments of Paediatrics, Pathology (Neuropathology) and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (Owerko Centre), Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - T Scholl
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - E Aronica
- Department of Neuropathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Bongaarts A, Prabowo AS, Arena A, Anink JJ, Reinten RJ, Jansen FE, Spliet WGM, Thom M, Coras R, Blümcke I, Kotulska K, Jozwiak S, Grajkowska W, Söylemezoğlu F, Pimentel J, Schouten-van Meeteren AYN, Mills JD, Iyer AM, van Vliet EA, Mühlebner A, Aronica E. MicroRNA519d and microRNA4758 can identify gangliogliomas from dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumours and astrocytomas. Oncotarget 2018; 9:28103-28115. [PMID: 29963264 PMCID: PMC6021349 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioneuronal tumours, including gangliogliomas and dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumours, represent the most common low-grade epilepsy-associated brain tumours and are a well-recognized cause of intractable focal epilepsy in children and young adults. Classification is predominantly based on histological features, which is difficult due to the broad histological spectrum of these tumours. The aim of the present study was to find molecular markers that can be used to identify entities within the histopathology spectrum of glioneuronal tumours. The focus of this study was on microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs are important post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression and are involved in the pathogenesis of different neurological diseases and oncogenesis. Using a miRNA array, miR-519d and miR-4758 were found to be upregulated in gangliogliomas (n=26) compared to control cortex (n=17), peritumoural tissue (n=7), dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumours (n=9) and astrocytomas (grade I-IV; subependymal giant cell astrocytomas, n=10; pilocytic astrocytoma, n=15; diffuse astrocytoma grade II, n=10; grade III, n=14 and glioblastoma n=15). Furthermore, the PI3K/AKT3/P21 pathway, which is predicated to be targeted by miR-519d and miR-4758, was deregulated in gangliogliomas. Functionally, overexpression of miR-519d in an astrocytic cell line resulted in a downregulation of CDKN1A (P21) and an increase in cell proliferation, whereas co-transfection with miR-4758 counteracted this effect. These results suggest that miR-519d and miR-4758 might work in concert as regulators of the cell cycle in low grade gliomas. Furthermore, these miRNAs could be used to distinguish gangliogliomas from dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumours and other low and high grade gliomas and may lead to more targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Bongaarts
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Avanita S Prabowo
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Arena
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Jasper J Anink
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roy J Reinten
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Floor E Jansen
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wim G M Spliet
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Thom
- Neuropathology Department, University College London, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Roland Coras
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ingmar Blümcke
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Kotulska
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sergiusz Jozwiak
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Child Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wieslawa Grajkowska
- Department of Pathology, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Figen Söylemezoğlu
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - José Pimentel
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - James D Mills
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anand M Iyer
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin A van Vliet
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Angelika Mühlebner
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede, The Netherlands
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17
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Ohno K, Saito Y, Tamasaki-Kondo A, Kambe A, Horie Y, Kato S, Maegaki Y. Cerebellar Ganglioglioma in Childhood: Histopathologic Implications for Management During Long-term Survival: A Case Report. Yonago Acta Med 2018; 60:255-259. [PMID: 29434497 DOI: 10.24563/yam.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We report the case of a 19-year-old female with cerebellar ganglioglioma that was diagnosed at 4 years of age. Despite treatment with partial resection, radiation, and chemotherapy, residual tumor slowly expanded into the brainstem and upper cervical cord, resulting in nocturnal hypopnea, progressive tetraparesis, and feeding difficulty during 8-10 years of age. Initiation of temozolomide and bevacizumab was effective in preventing further expansion of the tumor, and the patient has been treated at home and in school with noninvasive positive pressure ventilation and gastrostomy. Histopathologic examination of the resected tumor tissue revealed phospho-S6-positive tumor cells of either neuronal or astroglial appearance. This suggests that a higher proportion of cells of glial lineage could be linked to the progression of cerebellar ganglioglioma in childhood. Possible treatment options with mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koyo Ohno
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Brain and Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Saito
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Brain and Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Akiko Tamasaki-Kondo
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Brain and Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kambe
- †Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Brain and Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Yasushi Horie
- ‡Division of Organ Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Kato
- §Division of Neuropathology, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Maegaki
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Brain and Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
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18
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Curatolo P, Moavero R, van Scheppingen J, Aronica E. mTOR dysregulation and tuberous sclerosis-related epilepsy. Expert Rev Neurother 2018; 18:185-201. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2018.1428562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Curatolo
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Systems Medicine Department, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Romina Moavero
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Systems Medicine Department, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Child Neurology Unit, Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation Department, “Bambino Gesù” Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Jackelien van Scheppingen
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), The Netherlands
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19
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Drapalo K, Jozwiak J. Parkin, PINK1 and DJ1 as possible modulators of mTOR pathway in ganglioglioma. Int J Neurosci 2017; 128:167-174. [DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2017.1366906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Drapalo
- Center for Biostructure Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Jozwiak
- Center for Biostructure Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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20
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Ohno K, Saito Y, Tamasaki-Kondo A, Kambe A, Horie Y, Kato S, Maegaki Y. Cerebellar Ganglioglioma in Childhood: Histopathologic Implications for Management During Long-term Survival: A Case Report. Yonago Acta Med 2017. [DOI: 10.33160/yam.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koyo Ohno
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Brain and Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Saito
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Brain and Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Akiko Tamasaki-Kondo
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Brain and Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kambe
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Brain and Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Yasushi Horie
- Division of Organ Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Kato
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Maegaki
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Brain and Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
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21
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Kakkar A, Majumdar A, Kumar A, Tripathi M, Pathak P, Sharma MC, Suri V, Tandon V, Chandra SP, Sarkar C. Alterations in BRAF gene, and enhanced mTOR and MAPK signaling in dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors (DNTs). Epilepsy Res 2016; 127:141-151. [PMID: 27599148 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2016.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recently, BRAF V600E mutation, and activation of mTOR and MAPK pathways have been identified in various glial/glioneuronal tumors. Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors (DNTs) are epilepsy-associated glioneuronal neoplasms which have not been analyzed extensively in this respect. METHODS Sequencing for BRAF V600E mutation, analysis of BRAF copy number by qRT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry for mTOR (p-S6, p-4EBP1) and MAPK (p-MAPK) pathways were performed. RESULTS Sixty-four DNTs were identified, accounting for 15.1% of patients with drug-refractory epilepsy (mean age: 15.5 years). Duration of seizures ranged from 1 to 22 years. BRAF V600E mutation was identified in 3.7% of DNTs, while BRAF copy number gain was observed in 33.3%. mTOR-pathway activation indicated by p-S6 or p-4EBP1 immunopositivity was seen in 89.7% cases. Interestingly, p-S6 positivity was also seen in adjacent dysplastic cortex. p-MAPK immunopositivity was seen in 50% cases. MAPK and mTOR pathway activation was independent of BRAF alterations. All patients that underwent incomplete resection had Engel grade II-III outcomes (p<0.001). CONCLUSION BRAF alterations are frequent in DNTs, particularly BRAF copy number gain which is being reported for the first time in these tumors. Evidence of activation of mTOR and MAPK pathways suggests a role for altered signalling in DNT pathogenesis, and will pave the way for development of targeted therapies, particularly relevant for patients having persistent seizures after incomplete resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aanchal Kakkar
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Atreye Majumdar
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anupam Kumar
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Manjari Tripathi
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Pankaj Pathak
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mehar C Sharma
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vaishali Suri
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vivek Tandon
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sarat P Chandra
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Chitra Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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22
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The mTOR signalling cascade: paving new roads to cure neurological disease. Nat Rev Neurol 2016; 12:379-92. [PMID: 27340022 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2016.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Defining the multiple roles of the mechanistic (formerly 'mammalian') target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway in neurological diseases has been an exciting and rapidly evolving story of bench-to-bedside translational research that has spanned gene mutation discovery, functional experimental validation of mutations, pharmacological pathway manipulation, and clinical trials. Alterations in the dual contributions of mTOR - regulation of cell growth and proliferation, as well as autophagy and cell death - have been found in developmental brain malformations, epilepsy, autism and intellectual disability, hypoxic-ischaemic and traumatic brain injuries, brain tumours, and neurodegenerative disorders. mTOR integrates a variety of cues, such as growth factor levels, oxygen levels, and nutrient and energy availability, to regulate protein synthesis and cell growth. In line with the positioning of mTOR as a pivotal cell signalling node, altered mTOR activation has been associated with a group of phenotypically diverse neurological disorders. To understand how altered mTOR signalling leads to such divergent phenotypes, we need insight into the differential effects of enhanced or diminished mTOR activation, the developmental context of these changes, and the cell type affected by altered signalling. A particularly exciting feature of the tale of mTOR discovery is that pharmacological mTOR inhibitors have shown clinical benefits in some neurological disorders, such as tuberous sclerosis complex, and are being considered for clinical trials in epilepsy, autism, dementia, traumatic brain injury, and stroke.
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23
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Prabowo AS, van Thuijl HF, Scheinin I, Sie D, van Essen HF, Iyer AM, Spliet WGM, Ferrier CH, van Rijen PC, Veersema TJ, Thom M, Schouten-van Meeteren AYN, Reijneveld JC, Ylstra B, Wesseling P, Aronica E. Landscape of chromosomal copy number aberrations in gangliogliomas and dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumours. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 41:743-55. [PMID: 25764012 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM Gangliogliomas (GGs) and dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumours (DNTs) represent the most common histological entities within the spectrum of glioneuronal tumours (GNTs). The wide variability of morphological features complicates histological classification, including discrimination from prognostically distinct diffuse low-grade astrocytomas (AIIs). This study was performed to increase our understanding of these tumours. METHODS We studied chromosomal copy number aberrations (CNAs) by genome-wide sequencing in a large cohort of GNTs and linked these to comprehensive histological analysis and clinical characteristics. One hundred fourteen GNTs were studied: 50 GGs and 64 DNTs. Also, a data set of CNAs from 38 diffuse AIIs was included. RESULTS The most frequent CNAs in both GGs and DNTs were gains at chromosomes 5 and 7, often concurrent, and gain at chromosome 6. None of the CNAs was linked to histological subtype, immunohistochemical features or to clinical characteristics. Comparison of AIIs and diffuse GNTs revealed that gain at whole chromosome 5 is only observed in GNTs. CNA patterns indicative of chromothripsis were detected in three GNTs. CONCLUSION We conclude that GNTs with diverse morphologies share molecular features, and our findings support the need to improve classification and differential diagnosis of tumour entities within the spectrum of GNTs, as well as their distinction from other gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avanita S Prabowo
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hinke Foka van Thuijl
- Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ilari Scheinin
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute and HUSLAB, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Daoud Sie
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik F van Essen
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anand M Iyer
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim G M Spliet
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cyrille H Ferrier
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Clinical Neurophysiology/Rudolf Magnus Institute for Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter C van Rijen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim J Veersema
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Thom
- Neuropathology Department, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | | | - Jaap C Reijneveld
- Department of Neurology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bauke Ylstra
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Wesseling
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,SEIN - Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede, The Netherlands
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Barkovich AJ, Dobyns WB, Guerrini R. Malformations of cortical development and epilepsy. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2015; 5:a022392. [PMID: 25934463 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Malformations of cortical development (MCDs) are an important cause of epilepsy and an extremely interesting group of disorders from the perspective of brain development and its perturbations. Many new MCDs have been described in recent years as a result of improvements in imaging, genetic testing, and understanding of the effects of mutations on the ability of their protein products to correctly function within the molecular pathways by which the brain functions. In this review, most of the major MCDs are reviewed from a clinical, embryological, and genetic perspective. The most recent literature regarding clinical diagnosis, mechanisms of development, and future paths of research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A James Barkovich
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Neurology, Pediatrics, and Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0628
| | - William B Dobyns
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer, University of Florence, Florence 50139, Italy
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Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Seizures represent a common symptom in low- and high-grade gliomas. Tumor location and histology influence the risk for epilepsy. Some molecular factors (BRAF V 600E mutations in glioneuronal tumors and IDH1/2 mutations in diffuse grade II and III gliomas) are molecular factors that are relevant for diagnosis and prognosis and have been associated with the risk of epilepsy as well. Glutamate plays a central role in epileptogenicity and growth of glial and glioneuronal tumors, based on the release of glutamate from tumor cells that enhances excitotoxicity, and a downregulation of the inhibitory GABAergic pathways. Several potential targets for therapy have been identified, and m-TOR inhibitors have already shown activity. Gross total resection is the strongest predictor of seizure freedom in addition to clinical factors, such as preoperative seizure duration, type, and control with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Radiotherapy and chemotherapy with alkylating agents (procarbazine, CCNU, vincristine, temozolomide) are effective in reducing the frequency of seizures in patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Newer AEDs (in particular levetiracetam and lacosamide) seem to be better tolerated than the old AEDs (phenobarbital, phenytoin, carbamazepine), but randomized clinical trials are needed to prove their superiority in terms of efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Rudà
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, University and City of Health and Science Hospital, Via Cherasco 15, 10126, Torino, Italy,
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Crino PB. mTOR signaling in epilepsy: insights from malformations of cortical development. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2015; 5:5/4/a022442. [PMID: 25833943 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade enhanced activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-signaling cascade has been identified in focal malformations of cortical development (MCD) subtypes, which have been collectively referred to as "mTORopathies." Mutations in mTOR regulatory genes (e.g., TSC1, TSC2, AKT3, DEPDC5) have been associated with several focal MCD highly associated with epilepsy such as tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), hemimegalencephaly (HME; brain malformation associated with dramatic enlargement of one brain hemisphere), and cortical dysplasia. mTOR plays important roles in the regulation of cell division, growth, and survival, and, thus, aberrant activation of the cascade during cortical development can cause dramatic alterations in cell size, cortical lamination, and axon and dendrite outgrowth often observed in focal MCD. Although it is widely believed that structural alterations induced by hyperactivated mTOR signaling are critical for epileptogenesis, newer evidence suggests that mTOR activation on its own may enhance neuronal excitability. Clinical trials with mTOR inhibitors have shown efficacy in the treatment of seizures associated with focal MCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Crino
- Shriners Hospital Pediatric Research Center and Department of Neurology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140
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Abstract
Despite a large number of available medical options, many individuals with epilepsy are refractory to existing therapies that mainly target neurotransmitter or ion channel activity. A growing body of preclinical data has uncovered a molecular pathway that appears crucial in many genetic and acquired epilepsy syndromes. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway regulates a number of cellular processes required in the growth, metabolism, structure, and cell-cell interactions of neurons and glia. Rapamycin and similar compounds inhibit mTOR complex 1 and decrease seizures, delay seizure development, or prevent epileptogenesis in many animal models of mTOR hyperactivation. However, the exact mechanisms by which mTOR inhibition drives decreased seizure activity have not been completely determined. Nonetheless, these preclinical data have led to limited use in humans with epilepsy due to tuberous sclerosis complex and polyhydramnios, megalencephaly, and symptomatic epilepsy with promising results. Currently, larger controlled studies are underway using mTOR inhibitors in individuals with tuberous sclerosis complex and intractable epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P. Ostendorf
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8111, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael Wong
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8111, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8111, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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28
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Prabowo AS, Iyer AM, Veersema TJ, Anink JJ, Schouten-van Meeteren AYN, Spliet WGM, van Rijen PC, Ferrier CH, Thom M, Aronica E. Expression of neurodegenerative disease-related proteins and caspase-3 in glioneuronal tumours. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 41:e1-e15. [DOI: 10.1111/nan.12143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. S. Prabowo
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - A. M. Iyer
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - T. J. Veersema
- Department of Neurosurgery; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - J. J. Anink
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - A. Y. N. Schouten-van Meeteren
- Department of Pediatric Oncology; Emma Children's Hospital; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - W. G. M. Spliet
- Rudolf Magnus Institute for Neuroscience and Pathology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - P. C. van Rijen
- Department of Neurosurgery; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - C. H. Ferrier
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - M. Thom
- Neuropathology Department; University College London Institute of Neurology; London UK
| | - E. Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences; Center for Neuroscience; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- SEIN - Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland; Heemstede The Netherlands
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29
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Evidence for mTOR pathway activation in a spectrum of epilepsy-associated pathologies. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:71. [PMID: 25005575 PMCID: PMC4230418 DOI: 10.1186/2051-5960-2-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Activation of the mTOR pathway has been linked to the cytopathology and epileptogenicity of malformations, specifically Focal Cortical Dysplasia (FCD) and Tuberous Sclerosis (TSC). Experimental and clinical trials have shown than mTOR inhibitors have anti-epileptogenic effects in TS. Dysmorphic neurones and balloon cells are hallmarks of FCDIIb and TSC, but similar cells are also occasionally observed in other acquired epileptogenic pathologies, including hippocampal sclerosis (HS) and Rasmussen's encephalitis (RE). Our aim was to explore mTOR pathway activation in a range of epilepsy-associated pathologies and in lesion-negative cases. RESULTS 50 epilepsy surgical pathologies were selected including HS ILAE type 1 with (5) and without dysmorphic neurones (4), FCDIIa (1), FCDIIb (5), FCDIIIa (5), FCDIIIb (3), FCDIIId (3), RE (5) and cortex adjacent to cavernoma (1). We also included pathology-negative epilepsy cases; temporal cortex (7), frontal cortex (2), paired frontal cortical samples with different ictal activity according to intracranial EEG recordings (4), cortex with acute injuries from electrode tracks (5) and additionally non-epilepsy surgical controls (3). Immunohistochemistry for phospho-S6 (pS6) ser240/244 and ser235/236 and double-labelling for Iba1, neurofilament, GFAP, GFAPdelta, doublecortin, and nestin were performed. Predominant neuronal labelling was observed with pS6 ser240/244 and glial labelling with pS6 ser235/236 in all pathology types but with evidence for co-expression in a proportion of cells in all pathologies. Intense labelling of dysmorphic neurones and balloon cells was observed in FCDIIb, but dysmorphic neurones were also labelled in RE and HS. There was no difference in pS6 labelling in paired samples according to ictal activity. Double-labelling immunofluorescent studies further demonstrated the co-localisation of pS6 with nestin, doublecortin, GFAPdelta in populations of small, immature neuroglial cells in a range of epilepsy pathologies. CONCLUSIONS Although mTOR activation has been more studied in the FCDIIb and TSC, our observations suggest this pathway is activated in a variety of epilepsy-associated pathologies, and in varied cell types including dysmorphic neurones, microglia and immature cell types. There was no definite evidence from our studies to suggest that pS6 expression is directly related to disease activity.
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30
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Marin-Valencia I, Guerrini R, Gleeson JG. Pathogenetic mechanisms of focal cortical dysplasia. Epilepsia 2014; 55:970-8. [PMID: 24861491 PMCID: PMC4107035 DOI: 10.1111/epi.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Focal cortical dysplasias (FCDs) constitute a prevalent cause of intractable epilepsy in children, and is one of the leading conditions requiring epilepsy surgery. Despite recent advances in the cellular and molecular biology of these conditions, the pathogenetic mechanisms of FCDs remain largely unknown. The purpose if this work is to review the molecular underpinnings of FCDs and to highlight potential therapeutic targets. A systematic review of the literature regarding the histologic, molecular, and electrophysiologic aspects of FCDs was conducted. Disruption of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling comprises a common pathway underlying the structural and electrical disturbances of some FCDs. Other mechanisms such as viral infections, prematurity, head trauma, and brain tumors are also posited. mTOR inhibitors (i.e., rapamycin) have shown positive results on seizure management in animal models and in a small cohort of patients with FCD. Encouraging progress has been achieved on the molecular and electrophysiologic basis of constitutive cells in the dysplastic tissue. Despite the promising results of mTOR inhibitors, large-scale randomized trials are in need to evaluate their efficacy and side effects, along with additional mechanistic studies for the development of novel, molecular-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Marin-Valencia
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, and Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, U.S.A
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31
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Blumcke I, Aronica E, Urbach H, Alexopoulos A, Gonzalez-Martinez JA. A neuropathology-based approach to epilepsy surgery in brain tumors and proposal for a new terminology use for long-term epilepsy-associated brain tumors. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 128:39-54. [PMID: 24858213 PMCID: PMC4059966 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-014-1288-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Every fourth patient submitted to epilepsy surgery suffers from a brain tumor. Microscopically, these neoplasms present with a wide-ranging spectrum of glial or glio-neuronal tumor subtypes. Gangliogliomas (GG) and dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors (DNTs) are the most frequently recognized entities accounting for 65 % of 1,551 tumors collected at the European Epilepsy Brain Bank (n = 5,842 epilepsy surgery samples). These tumors often present with early seizure onset at a mean age of 16.5 years, with 77 % of neoplasms affecting the temporal lobe. Relapse and malignant progression are rare events in this particular group of brain tumors. Surgical resection should be regarded, therefore, also as important treatment strategy to prevent epilepsy progression as well as seizure- and medication-related comorbidities. The characteristic clinical presentation and broad histopathological spectrum of these highly epileptogenic brain tumors will herein be classified as “long-term epilepsy associated tumors—LEATs”. LEATs differ from most other brain tumors by early onset of spontaneous seizures, and conceptually are regarded as developmental tumors to explain their pleomorphic microscopic appearance and frequent association with Focal Cortical Dysplasia Type IIIb. However, the broad neuropathologic spectrum and lack of reliable histopathological signatures make these tumors difficult to classify using the WHO system of brain tumors. As another consequence from poor agreement in published LEAT series, molecular diagnostic data remain ambiguous. Availability of surgical tissue specimens from patients which have been well characterized during their presurgical evaluation should open the possibility to systematically address the origin and epileptogenicity of LEATs, and will be further discussed herein. As a conclusion, the authors propose a novel A–B–C terminology of epileptogenic brain tumors (“epileptomas”) which hopefully promote the discussion between neuropathologists, neurooncologists and epileptologists. It must be our future mission to achieve international consensus for the clinico-pathological classification of LEATs that would also involve World Health Organization (WHO) and the International League against Epilepsy (ILAE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingmar Blumcke
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany,
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32
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Aronica E, Crino PB. Epilepsy related to developmental tumors and malformations of cortical development. Neurotherapeutics 2014; 11:251-68. [PMID: 24481729 PMCID: PMC3996119 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-013-0251-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural abnormalities of the brain are increasingly recognized in patients with neurodevelopmental delay and intractable focal epilepsies. The access to clinically well-characterized neurosurgical material has provided a unique opportunity to better define the neuropathological, neurochemical, and molecular features of epilepsy-associated focal developmental lesions. These studies help to further understand the epileptogenic mechanisms of these lesions. Neuropathological evaluation of surgical specimens from patients with epilepsy-associated developmental lesions reveals two major pathologies: focal cortical dysplasia and low-grade developmental tumors (glioneuronal tumors). In the last few years there have been major advances in the recognition of a wide spectrum of developmental lesions associated with a intractable epilepsy, including cortical tubers in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex and hemimegalencephaly. As an increasing number of entities are identified, the development of a unified and comprehensive classification represents a great challenge and requires continuous updates. The present article reviews current knowledge of molecular pathogenesis and the pathophysiological mechanisms of epileptogenesis in this group of developmental disorders. Both emerging neuropathological and basic science evidence will be analyzed, highlighting the involvement of different, but often converging, pathogenetic and epileptogenic mechanisms, which may create the basis for new therapeutic strategies in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
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33
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Expression and Cellular Distribution of the Interleukin 2 Signaling System in Cortical Lesions From Patients With Focal Cortical Dysplasia. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2014; 73:206-22. [DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Wong M. A critical review of mTOR inhibitors and epilepsy: from basic science to clinical trials. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 13:657-69. [PMID: 23739003 DOI: 10.1586/ern.13.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Present medications for epilepsy have substantial limitations, such as medical intractability in many patients and lack of antiepileptogenic properties to prevent epilepsy. Drugs with novel mechanisms of action are needed to overcome these limitations. The mTOR signaling pathway has emerged as a possible therapeutic target for epilepsy. Preliminary clinical trials suggest that mTOR inhibitors reduce seizures in tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) patients with intractable epilepsy. Furthermore, mTOR inhibitors have antiepileptogenic properties in preventing epilepsy in animal models of TSC. Besides TSC, accumulating preclinical data suggest that mTOR inhibitors may have antiseizure or antiepileptogenic actions in other types of epilepsy, including infantile spasms, neonatal hypoxic seizures, absence epilepsy and acquired temporal lobe epilepsy following brain injury, but these effects depend on a number of conditions. Future clinical and basic research is needed to establish whether mTOR inhibitors are an effective treatment for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wong
- Department of Neurology and the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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35
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Prabowo AS, Iyer AM, Veersema TJ, Anink JJ, Schouten-van Meeteren AYN, Spliet WGM, van Rijen PC, Ferrier CH, Capper D, Thom M, Aronica E. BRAF V600E mutation is associated with mTOR signaling activation in glioneuronal tumors. Brain Pathol 2013; 24:52-66. [PMID: 23941441 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BRAF V600E mutations have been recently reported in glioneuronal tumors (GNTs). To evaluate the expression of the BRAF V600E mutated protein and its association with activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, immunophenotype and clinical characteristics in GNTs, we investigated a cohort of 174 GNTs. The presence of BRAF V600E mutations was detected by direct DNA sequencing and BRAF V600E immunohistochemical detection. Expression of BRAF-mutated protein was detected in 38/93 (40.8%) gangliogliomas (GGs), 2/4 (50%) desmoplastic infantile gangliogliomas (DIGs) and 23/77 (29.8%) dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors (DNTs) by immunohistochemistry. In both GGs and DNTs, the presence of BRAF V600E mutation was significantly associated with the expression of CD34, phosphorylated ribosomal S6 protein (pS6; marker of mTOR pathway activation) in dysplastic neurons and synaptophysin (P < 0.05). In GGs, the presence of lymphocytic cuffs was more frequent in BRAF-mutated cases (31 vs. 15.8%; P=0.001). The expression of both BRAF V600E and pS6 was associated with a worse postoperative seizure outcome in GNT (P < 0.001). Immunohistochemical detection of BRAF V600E-mutated protein may be valuable in the diagnostic evaluation of these glioneuronal lesions and the observed association with mTOR activation may aid in the development of targeted treatment involving specific pathogenic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avanita S Prabowo
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Lim KC, Crino PB. Focal malformations of cortical development: new vistas for molecular pathogenesis. Neuroscience 2013; 252:262-76. [PMID: 23892008 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Focal malformations of cortical development (FMCD) are highly associated with several neurological disorders including intractable epilepsy and neurocognitive disabilities. Over the past decade, several FMCD subtypes have been linked to hyperactivation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling cascade. In view of the roles that mTOR plays in cell proliferation, size, motility, and stem cell phenotype, many of the features of FMCD such as cytomegaly, disorganized lamination, and expression of stem cell markers can be explained by enhanced mTOR signaling. FMCD result from several distinct and fascinating molecular mechanisms including biallelic gene inactivation, somatic mutation, and potentially, viral infection. These mechanisms have been directly linked to mTOR activation. Perhaps most compelling, pharmacological inhibition of mTOR has been implemented successfully in clinical trials for select FMCD and provides a new vista for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-C Lim
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Iyer A, Prabowo A, Anink J, Spliet WGM, van Rijen PC, Aronica E. Cell injury and premature neurodegeneration in focal malformations of cortical development. Brain Pathol 2013; 24:1-17. [PMID: 23586324 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence suggest that cell injury may occur in malformations of cortical development associated with epilepsy. Moreover, recent studies support the link between neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative mechanisms. We evaluated a series of focal cortical dysplasia (FCD, n=26; type I and II) and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC, n=6) cases. Sections were processed for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated 2'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL) labeling and immunohistochemistry using markers for the evaluation of apoptosis signaling pathways and neurodegeneration-related proteins/pathways. In both FCD II and TSC specimens, we observed significant increases in both TUNEL-positive and caspase-3-positive cells compared with controls and FCD I. Expression of β-amyloid precursor protein was observed in neuronal soma and processes in FCD II and TSC. In these specimens, we also observed an abnormal expression of death receptor-6. Immunoreactivity for phosphorylated tau was only found in older patients with FCD II and TSC. In these cases, prominent nuclear/cytoplasmic p62 immunoreactivity was detected in both dysmorphic neurons and balloon/giant cells. Our data provide evidence of complex, but similar, mechanisms of cell injury in focal malformations of cortical development associated with mammalian target of rapamycin pathway hyperactivation, with prominent induction of apoptosis-signaling pathways and premature activation of mechanisms of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Iyer
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Grzmil M, Hemmings BA. Overcoming resistance to rapalogs in gliomas by combinatory therapies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:1371-80. [PMID: 23395884 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and aggressive brain tumor type, with a mean patient survival of approximately 1year. Many previous analyses of the glioma kinome have identified key deregulated pathways that converge and activate mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Following the identification and characterization of mTOR-promoting activity in gliomagenesis, data from preclinical studies suggested the targeting of mTOR by rapamycin or its analogs (rapalogs) as a promising therapeutic approach. However, clinical trials with rapalogs have shown very limited efficacy on glioma due to the development of resistance mechanisms. Analysis of rapalog-insensitive glioma cells has revealed increased activity of growth and survival pathways compensating for mTOR inhibition by rapalogs that are suitable for therapeutic intervention. In addition, recently developed mTOR inhibitors show high anti-glioma activity. In this review, we recapitulate the regulation of mTOR signaling and its involvement in gliomagenesis, discuss mechanisms resulting in resistance to rapalogs, and speculate on strategies to overcome resistance. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Inhibitors of Protein Kinases (2012).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Grzmil
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
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Prabowo AS, Iyer AM, Anink JJ, Spliet WGM, van Rijen PC, Aronica E. Differential expression of major histocompatibility complex class I in developmental glioneuronal lesions. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:12. [PMID: 23347564 PMCID: PMC3565983 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The expression of the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) in the brain has received considerable interest not only because of its fundamental role in the immune system, but also for its non-immune functions in the context of activity-dependent brain development and plasticity. Methods In the present study we evaluated the expression and cellular pattern of MHC-I in focal glioneuronal lesions associated with intractable epilepsy. MHC-I expression was studied in epilepsy surgery cases with focal cortical dysplasia (FCD I, n = 6; FCD IIa, n = 6 and FCD IIb, n = 15), tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC, cortical tubers; n = 6) or ganglioglioma (GG; n = 15) using immunocytochemistry. Evaluation of T lymphocytes with granzyme-B+ granules and albumin immunoreactivity was also performed. Results All lesions were characterized by MHC-I expression in blood vessels. Expression in both endothelial and microglial cells as well as in neurons (dysmorphic/dysplastic neurons) was observed in FCD II, TSC and GG cases. We observed perivascular and parenchymal T lymphocytes (CD8+, T-cytotoxic) with granzyme-B+ granules in FCD IIb and TSC specimens. Albumin extravasation, with uptake in astrocytes, was observed in FCD IIb and GG cases. Conclusions Our findings indicate a prominent upregulation of MHC-I as part of the immune response occurring in epileptogenic glioneuronal lesions. In particular, the induction of MHC-I in neuronal cells appears to be a feature of type II FCD, TSC and GG and may represent an important accompanying event of the immune response, associated with blood–brain barrier dysfunction, in these developmental lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avanita S Prabowo
- Department of Neuro Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
The term long-term epilepsy associated tumor (LEAT) encompasses lesions identified in patients investigated for long histories (often 2 years or more) of drug-resistant epilepsy. They are generally slowly growing, low grade, cortically based tumors, more often arising in younger age groups and in many cases exhibit neuronal in addition to glial differentiation. Gangliogliomas and dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors predominate in this group. LEATs are further united by cyto-architectural changes that may be present in the adjacent cortex which have some similarities to developmental focal cortical dysplasias (FCD); these are now grouped as FCD type IIIb in the updated International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classification. In the majority of cases, surgical treatments are beneficial from both perspectives of managing the seizures and the tumor. However, in a minority, seizures may recur, tumors may show regrowth or recurrence, and rarely undergo anaplastic progression. Predicting and identifying tumors likely to behave less favorably are key objectives of the neuropathologist. With immunohistochemistry and modern molecular pathology, it is becoming increasingly possible to refine diagnostic groups. Despite this, some LEATs remain difficult to classify, particularly tumors with "non-specific" or diffuse growth patterns. Modification of LEAT classification is inevitable with the goal of unifying terminological criteria applied between centers for accurate clinico-pathological-molecular correlative data to emerge. Finally, establishing the epileptogenic components of LEAT, either within the lesion or perilesional cortex, will elucidate the cellular mechanisms of epileptogenesis, which in turn will guide optimal surgical management of these lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Thom
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.
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Russo E, Citraro R, Constanti A, De Sarro G. The mTOR Signaling Pathway in the Brain: Focus on Epilepsy and Epileptogenesis. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 46:662-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8314-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Marucci G, Martinoni M, Giulioni M. Relationship between focal cortical dysplasia and epilepsy-associated low-grade tumors: an immunohistochemical study. APMIS 2012; 121:22-9. [PMID: 23030838 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2012.02938.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We retrospectively analyzed 29 seizure-associated temporal lobe low-grade tumors to evaluate the utility of CD34 and bcl-2 expression in clarifying the relationship of these tumors with different classes of focal cortical dysplasia (FCD). CD34 immunostained 75% of gangliogliomas (GG) and 60% of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas. FCD type IIIb [i.e. abnormal cortical layering associated with a glioneuronal tumor, according to the new International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classification] presented CD34-immunopositive cells in 2/9 (22.2%) cases, whereas FCD type II in 6/7 (85.7%) cases, a difference statistically significant (p = 0.0117). Bcl-2 immunostained 9/12 (75%) gangliogliomas and 2/3 (66.6%) gangliocytomas. The cases of FCD type IIIb resulted negative for Bcl-2, whereas 4/7 cases (57.1%) of FCD type II showed immunopositive cells. These differences in Bcl-2 expression between FCD type IIIb and FCD type II resulted statistically significant (p = 0.0088). Abnormal cortical layering, overall, represents the kind of FCD more commonly associated with seizure-related low-grade tumors, whereas FCD type II is more frequently associated with GG. The profile of CD34 and Bcl-2 expression exhibited by GG is more similar to that observed in FCD type II. Such immunoprofile suggests the existence of a common pathogenesis linking glioneuronal tumors and FCD type II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Marucci
- Section of Pathology "M. Malpighi", Bellaria Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy.
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Aronica E, Sisodiya SM, Gorter JA. Cerebral expression of drug transporters in epilepsy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:919-29. [PMID: 22138133 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Over-expression of drug efflux transporters at the level of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has been proposed as a mechanism responsible for multidrug resistance. Drug transporters in epileptogenic tissue are not only expressed in endothelial cells at the BBB, but also in other brain parenchymal cells, such as astrocytes, microglia and neurons, suggesting a complex cell type-specific regulation under pathological conditions associated with epilepsy. This review focuses on the cerebral expression patterns of several classes of well-known membrane drug transporters such as P-glycoprotein (Pgp), and multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs) in the epileptogenic brain. Both experimental and clinical evidence of epilepsy-associated cerebral drug transporter regulation and the possible mechanisms underlying drug transporter regulation are discussed. Knowledge of the cerebral expression patterns of drug transporters in normal and epileptogenic brain will provide relevant information to guide strategies attempting to overcome drug resistance by targeting specific transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro) Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Tokhtaeva E, Clifford RJ, Kaplan JH, Sachs G, Vagin O. Subunit isoform selectivity in assembly of Na,K-ATPase α-β heterodimers. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:26115-25. [PMID: 22696220 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.370734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To catalyze ion transport, the Na,K-ATPase must contain one α and one β subunit. When expressed by transfection in various expression systems, each of the four α subunit isoforms can assemble with each of the three β subunit isoforms and form an active enzyme, suggesting the absence of selective α-β isoform assembly. However, it is unknown whether in vivo conditions the α-β assembly is random or isoform-specific. The α(2)-β(2) complex was selectively immunoprecipitated by both anti-α(2) and anti-β(2) antibodies from extracts of mouse brain, which contains cells co-expressing multiple Na,K-ATPase isoforms. Neither α(1)-β(2) nor α(2)-β(1) complexes were detected in the immunoprecipitates. Furthermore, in MDCK cells co-expressing α(1), β(1), and β(2) isoforms, a greater fraction of the β(2) subunits was unassembled with α(1) as compared with that of the β(1) subunits, indicating preferential association of the α(1) isoform with the β(1) isoform. In addition, the α(1)-β(2) complex was less resistant to various detergents than the α(1)-β(1) complex isolated from MDCK cells or the α(2)-β(2) complex isolated from mouse brain. Therefore, the diversity of the α-β Na,K-ATPase heterodimers in vivo is determined not only by cell-specific co-expression of particular isoforms, but also by selective association of the α and β subunit isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmira Tokhtaeva
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, UCLA and Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California 90073, USA
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de Groot M, Reijneveld JC, Aronica E, Heimans JJ. Epilepsy in patients with a brain tumour: focal epilepsy requires focused treatment. Brain 2011; 135:1002-16. [PMID: 22171351 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awr310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain tumours frequently cause epileptic seizures. Medical antiepileptic treatment is often met with limited success. Pharmacoresistance, drug interactions and adverse events are common problems during treatment with antiepileptic drugs. The unpredictability of epileptic seizures and the treatment-related problems deeply affect the quality of life of patients with a brain tumour. In this review, we focus on both clinical and basic aspects of possible mechanisms in epileptogenesis in patients with a brain tumour. We provide an overview of the factors that are involved in epileptogenesis, starting focally at the tumour and the peritumoral tissue and eventually extending to alterations in functional connectivity throughout the brain. We correlate this knowledge to the known mechanisms of antiepileptic drugs. We conclude that the underlying mechanisms of epileptogenesis in patients with a brain tumour are poorly understood. The currently available antiepileptic drugs have little to no influence on the known epileptogenic mechanisms that could contribute to the poor efficacy. Better understanding of focal changes that are involved in epileptogenesis may provide new tools for optimal treatment of both the seizures and the underlying tumour. In our opinion, therapy for every patient with a brain tumour suffering from epilepsy should first and foremost aim at eliminating the tumour as well as the epileptic focus through resection combined with postoperative treatment, and only if this strategy does not result in adequate seizure control should medical antiepileptic treatment be intensified. If this strategy, however, results in sustained seizure freedom, tapering of antiepileptic drugs should be considered in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein de Groot
- Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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46
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Abstract
Studies of epilepsy have mainly focused on the membrane proteins that control neuronal excitability. Recently, attention has been shifting to intracellular proteins and their interactions, signaling cascades and feedback regulation as they relate to epilepsy. The mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signal transduction pathway, especially, has been suggested to play an important role in this regard. These pathways are involved in major physiological processes as well as in numerous pathological conditions. Here, involvement of the mTOR pathway in epilepsy will be reviewed by presenting; an overview of the pathway, a brief description of key signaling molecules, a summary of independent reports and possible implications of abnormalities of those molecules in epilepsy, a discussion of the lack of experimental data, and questions raised for the understanding its epileptogenic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hoon Cho
- Epilepsy Research Laboratory Department of Pediatrics Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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Abstract
Over the past decade, an increasing number of observations indicate that activation of inflammatory processes occurs in variety of focal epilepsies. Understanding the feature and consequences of neuroinflammation, including the contribution to development and perpetuation of seizures, as well as to mood or cognitive dysfunction, is a major requisite for delineating its role in epilepsy. The present article discusses the most recent observations supporting the involvement of the inflammatory response in human focal epilepsy. It also evaluates emerging evidence concerning the possibility to identify epilepsy-associated inflammatory biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid and serum, as well as the potential application of neuroimaging approaches to study the inflammatory reactions in chronic epilepsy patients in vivo, aiming to improve the recognition of appropriate patient populations who might benefit from antiinflammatory or immunomodulatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Aronica
- Department of Neuro Pathology, University of Amsterdam and Epilepsy Institute, the Netherlands.
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48
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TSC1/TSC2 signaling in the CNS. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:973-80. [PMID: 21329690 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the past several years, the study of a hereditary tumor syndrome, tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), has shed light on the regulation of cellular proliferation and growth. TSC is an autosomal dominant disorder that is due to inactivating mutations in TSC1 or TSC2 and characterized by benign tumors (hamartomas) involving multiple organ systems. The TSC1/2 complex has been found to play a crucial role in an evolutionarily-conserved signaling pathway that regulates cell growth: the mTORC1 pathway. This pathway promotes anabolic processes and inhibits catabolic processes in response to extracellular and intracellular factors. Findings in cancer biology have reinforced the critical role for TSC1/2 in cell growth and proliferation. In contrast to cancer cells, in the CNS, the TSC1/2 complex not only regulates cell growth/proliferation, but also orchestrates an intricate and finely tuned system that has distinctive roles under different conditions, depending on cell type, stage of development, and subcellular localization. Overall, TSC1/2 signaling in the CNS, via its multi-faceted roles, contributes to proper neural connectivity. Here, we will review the TSC signaling in the CNS.
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Jentoft M, Giannini C, Cen L, Scheithauer BW, Hoesley B, Sarkaria JN, Abell-Aleff PC, Rodriguez EF, Li Y, Rodriguez FJ. Phenotypic variations in NF1-associated low grade astrocytomas: possible role for increased mTOR activation in a subset. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2010; 4:43-57. [PMID: 21228927 PMCID: PMC3016103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Low grade astrocytomas are the most common CNS tumors in neurofibromatosis type 1(NF1) patients. While most are classic pilocytic astrocytomas (PA), some are difficult to classify, and have been termed "low grade astrocytoma subtype indeterminate" (LGSI). Some of these tumors exhibit peculiar morphologies, including plump cytoplasmic processes and macronucleoli. In the current study we performed electron microscopy, followed by gene expression, immunohistochemicai and western blot analyses in an effort to identify biological differences underlying phenotypic variation in NF1-associated low grade astrocytoma. Electron microscopy demonstrated intermediate filaments and frequent Rosenthal fiber material in both PA and LGSI. Dense core granules and/or aligned microtubules were present in the LGSI group (2 of 3 cases) and in the PA group (1 of 10 cases). Analysis of global gene expression data obtained using Affymetrix HG-U133 Plus2.0 chips (5 PA, 1 LGSI), and western blot analysis for phospho-S6 (1 LGSI, 2 PA) demonstrated a gene expression profile reflecting "neuronal differentiation" and increased phospho-S6 immunoreactivity consistent with mTOR activation in the LGSI compared with PA. These findings were confirmed by immunohistochemistry for neuronal markers, as well as combined phospho-S6/ phospho-p70S6K immunoreactivity in 4 (of 4) LGSI vs. 5 (of 13) NF1-associated PA (p=0.02), and 13 (of 39) sporadic PA. Phospho-ERK immunoreactivity was uniformly present in PA and LGSI groups, while BRAF duplication was absent by FISH in 8 NF1-associated low grade astrocytomas. In summary, differential expression of neuronal-related genes and increased mTOR activation may underlie phenotypic variations in NF1-associated low grade astrocytomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Jentoft
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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50
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Boer K, Spliet W, van Rijen P, Jansen F, Aronica E. Expression patterns of AMOG in developing human cortex and malformations of cortical development. Epilepsy Res 2010; 91:84-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2010.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 06/13/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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