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Saito T, Hayashi N, Amma H, Onishi K, Muraki Y, Nozue M. Development of a new coordinate calibration phantom for a light-section-based optical surface monitoring system. Radiol Phys Technol 2023; 16:366-372. [PMID: 37248443 DOI: 10.1007/s12194-023-00726-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A calibration phantom made of Derlin requires manual translational and rotational adjustments when calibrating a light-section-based optical surface monitoring system (VOXELAN) with a phantom material that insufficiently reflects the red-slit laser of the system. This study aimed to develop a new calibration phantom using different materials and to propose a procedure that minimizes setup errors. The new phantom, primarily made of PET100, which exhibits good reflectivity without scattering or attenuating the red-slit laser at the phantom surface, was shaped in a manner similar to that of previous designs. The detection accuracy and stability were evaluated using six different regions of interest (ROIs) and compared with previous phantom designs. The coordinate coincidence between the machine and VOXELAN was compared for both phantom designs. The detection accuracy and stability of the new phantom in the reference ROI setting were found to be better than those of previous phantoms. In the lateral, longitudinal, and vertical directions, the coordinate coincidences in translational directions for the previous phantom were obtained at 1.07 ± 0.66, 1.46 ± 0.47, and 0.26 ± 0.83 mm, whereas those for the new phantom were obtained at 0.28 ± 0.21, 0.18 ± 0.30, and - 0.30 ± 0.29 mm, respectively. The rotational errors of the two phantoms were identical. The new phantom exhibited improved detection stability because of its good reflectivity. Additionally, the new placement procedure was linked to the six-degrees-of-freedom couch. A combination of the new phantom and its new placement procedure is suitable for coordinate calibration of VOXELAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsunori Saito
- Department of Radiology, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, 2-12-12, Sumiyoshi, Naka-Ward, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 430-8558, Japan
| | - Naoki Hayashi
- School of Medical Sciences, Fujita Health University, 1-98, Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-Cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Amma
- Department of Radiology, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, 2-12-12, Sumiyoshi, Naka-Ward, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 430-8558, Japan
| | - Kazuki Onishi
- Department of Radiology, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, 2-12-12, Sumiyoshi, Naka-Ward, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 430-8558, Japan
| | - Yuta Muraki
- Department of Radiology, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, 2-12-12, Sumiyoshi, Naka-Ward, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 430-8558, Japan
| | - Masashi Nozue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, 2-12-12, Sumiyoshi, Naka-Ward, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 430-8558, Japan
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Ozaki A, Kishi E, Ooshima T, Kakutani N, Abe Y, Mutsuga M, Yamaguchi Y, Yamano T. Determination of potential volatile compounds in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles and their short- and long-term migration into food simulants and soft drink. Food Chem 2022; 397:133758. [PMID: 35940101 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Head space (HS)-GC-MS was used to analyze possible migration of volatile compounds from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles for soft drinks, and a total of six compounds were identified. Next, a rapid, simple, and accurate simultaneous method was established using purge-and-trap (PT)-GC-MS, to quantify their amounts in the liquid contents after short- and long-term storage in PET bottles. Starting with brand-new PET bottles, the maximum migration of 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane into distilled water and 50 % aqueous ethanol after 2 years at 25 °C were 2.3 and 19 ng/mL, respectively. In commercially available bottled mineral water sold inside and outside Japan, we were able to detect 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane in the same way. While nonanal was also detected in some products, 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane was confirmed as the main volatile compound. Finally, the human exposure to 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane was estimated based on the per capita intake of soft drinks in Japan and the migration amount in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asako Ozaki
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, 8-34, Tojo-cho, Tennouji-ku, Osaka 543-0026, Japan.
| | - Eri Kishi
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, 8-34, Tojo-cho, Tennouji-ku, Osaka 543-0026, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ooshima
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, 8-34, Tojo-cho, Tennouji-ku, Osaka 543-0026, Japan
| | - Naoya Kakutani
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, 8-34, Tojo-cho, Tennouji-ku, Osaka 543-0026, Japan
| | - Yutaka Abe
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Motoh Mutsuga
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Yamaguchi
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, 8-34, Tojo-cho, Tennouji-ku, Osaka 543-0026, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Yamano
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, 8-34, Tojo-cho, Tennouji-ku, Osaka 543-0026, Japan
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Cheng PW, Chen CY, Ichibayashi T, Chang TFM, Sone M, Nishimura S. Supercritical carbon dioxide-assisted functionalization of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) toward flexible catalytic electrodes. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
The packaging of a beverage is an essential element for customer convenience and the preservation of beverage quality. On the other hand, chemical compounds present in the packaging materials, either intentionally added or non-intentionally, may be transferred to the food. With a huge variety of materials used in the production, beverage packaging requires safety assessments with respect to the migration of packaging compounds into the filled beverages. The present article deals with potential migrants from different materials for beverage packaging, including PET bottles, glass bottles, metal cans and cardboard multilayers. The list of migrants comprises monomers and additives, oligomers or degradation products. The article presents a review on scientific literature and summarizes European food regulatory requirements. The review shows no evidence of critical substances migrating from packaging into beverages. Testing the migration in real beverages during and at the end of the shelf life shows compliance with the specific migration limits. Accelerated testing using food simulants, however, shows higher migration in some cases, especially at high temperatures in ethanolic simulants. For some migrants, more realistic testing conditions should be applied in order to show compliance with their specific migration limits.
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Determining the migration of nadic acid, terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid and two oligomers from polyester food cans into food in the U.S. market. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hamidi S, Nemati M. Terephthalic acid determination in mineral water stored in PET bottles using a novel magnetic dispersive micro solid-phase extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-019-01214-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Huang C, Dang X, Bei R, Zhao Y, Li C, Chen Q, Wang S. Effect of SiOx layer on preventing the migration of plasticizer and antioxidant from polyethylene terephthalate films. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-019-00688-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Identification of unknown compounds from polyester cans coatings that may potentially migrate into food or food simulants. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1444:106-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Paseiro-Cerrato R, Noonan GO, Begley TH. Evaluation of Long-Term Migration Testing from Can Coatings into Food Simulants: Polyester Coatings. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:2377-2385. [PMID: 26917426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
FDA guidance for food contact substances recommends that for food packaging intended for use at sterilized, high temperature processed, or retorted conditions, a migration test with a retort step at 121 °C for 2 h followed by a 10 day migration test at 40 °C should be performed. These conditions are in intended to simulate processing and long-term storage. However, can coatings may be in contact with food for years, and there are very few data evaluating if this short-term testing accurately simulates migration over extended time periods. A long-term migration test at 40 °C with retorted and non-retorted polyester cans using several food simulants (water, 3% acetic acid, 10% ethanol, 50% ethanol, and isooctane) was conducted to verify whether traditional migration testing protocols accurately predict migration from food contact materials used for extended time periods. Time points were from 1 day to 515 days. HPLC-MS/MS was used to analyze polyester monomers, and oligomer migration was monitored using HPLC-DAD/CAD and HPLC-MS. Concentrations of monomers and oligomers increased during the migration experiments, especially in ethanol food simulants. The data suggest that current FDA migration protocols may need to be modified to address changes in migrants as a result of long-term storage conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Paseiro-Cerrato
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Gregory O Noonan
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Timothy H Begley
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
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Li B, Wang ZW, Lin QB, Hu CY. Study of the Migration of Stabilizer and Plasticizer from Polyethylene Terephthalate into Food Simulants. J Chromatogr Sci 2016; 54:939-51. [PMID: 26941413 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmw025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the determination and migration of stabilizers and plasticizers from polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Two methods [ultrasonic extraction with dichloromethane or methanol and total dissolution with phenol/tetrachloroethane (m:m/1:1)] for pre-concentration of additives in PET material were performed. The diffusion of these additives from PET was evaluated by immersing in deionized water, acetic acid 3% (w/v), ethanol 20% (v/v), ethanol 50% (v/v) and isooctane at 20, 40, 55 and 70°C, respectively. The amount of additives in PET and food simulants was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA). The optimized HPLC method showed high correlation coefficients (R ≥ 0.9993), good precision, accuracy and reproducibility. Experimental diffusion coefficients (DP) were calculated according to a mathematical model based on Fick's second law, and the DP values of considered compounds ranged from 9.8 × 10(-15) to 1.4 × 10(-8) cm(2) s(-1) The experimental DP values were also compared with that predicted by currently used diffusion models. In addition, the effect of temperature on the diffusion rate was assessed. The effect of temperature on the diffusion coefficients followed an Arrhenius-type model with active energies ranged from 40.4 to 113.8 kJ mol(-1) for the target compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Packaging Engineering Institute, Jinan University, Zhuhai 519070, China Key Laboratory of Product Packaging and Logistics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Zhuhai 519070, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Wang
- Packaging Engineering Institute, Jinan University, Zhuhai 519070, China Key Laboratory of Product Packaging and Logistics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Zhuhai 519070, China
| | - Qin-Bao Lin
- Packaging Engineering Institute, Jinan University, Zhuhai 519070, China Key Laboratory of Product Packaging and Logistics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Zhuhai 519070, China
| | - Chang-Ying Hu
- Key Laboratory of Product Packaging and Logistics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Zhuhai 519070, China Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Dardmeh N, Khosrowshahi A, Almasi H, Zandi M. Study on Effect of the Polyethylene Terephthalate/Nanoclay Nanocomposite Film on the Migration of Terephthalic Acid into the Yoghurt Drinks Simulant. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.12324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Dardmeh
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Urmia University; Urmia Iran
| | - A. Khosrowshahi
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Urmia University; Urmia Iran
| | - H. Almasi
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Urmia University; Urmia Iran
| | - M. Zandi
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Urmia University; Urmia Iran
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Farajzadeh MA, Afshar Mogaddam MR, Shahbaazi HR. Ion-Pair-Based Air-Assisted Liquid–Liquid Microextraction for the Extraction and Preconcentration of Phthalic Acids from Aqueous Samples. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-015-0279-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Khaneghah AM, Limbo S, Shoeibi S, Mazinani S. HPLC study of migration of terephthalic acid and isophthalic acid from PET bottles into edible oils. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:2205-2209. [PMID: 24343590 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) containers for food oil packaging were evaluated with a newly established determination method for terephthalic acid (TPA) and isophthalic acid (IPA). The analysis of monomers, TPA and IPA that migrate from PET bottles into oils was performed using high-pressure liquid chromatography with a diode array detector. Three types of commercial oils (sunflower oil, canola oil and blended oil which included sunflower oil, soy bean oil and cottonseed oil) were bottled in PET containers. These samples were incubated for 10 days at 49 °C as accelerated test condition. RESULTS The means of recovery for this method varied from 70% to 72% and from 101% to 111% for TPA and IPA, respectively. The results showed that the amounts of specific migration of TPA and IPA into the samples conform to European Union legislation that identifies specific migration limits. More important, the results highlighted a different behavior of migration as a function of the fatty acid profile. CONCLUSION Previous investigations have been performed with food simulants such as HB307 or 20% ethanol but our study used real food samples and determined trace amounts of the migrated compounds. Further investigation will be needed to better explain the influence of fatty acid conformation on migration of PET monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Welle F. Food Law Compliance of Poly(ethylene Terephthalate) (PET) Food Packaging Materials. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2014-1162.ch016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Welle
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging (IVV), Giggenhauser Straße 35, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Alin J, Hakkarainen M. Combined chromatographic and mass spectrometric toolbox for fingerprinting migration from PET tray during microwave heating. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:1405-15. [PMID: 23343184 DOI: 10.1021/jf3047847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A combined chromatographic and mass spectrometric toolbox was utilized to determine the interactions between poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) food packaging and different food simulants during microwave heating. Overall and specific migration was determined by combining weight loss measurements with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). This allowed mapping of low molecular weight migrants in the molecular range up to 2000 g/mol. Microwave heating caused significantly faster migration of cyclic oligomers into ethanol and isooctane as compared to migration during conventional heating at the same temperature. This effect was more significant at lower temperature at which diffusion rates are generally lower. It was also shown that transesterification took place between PET and ethanol during microwave heating, leading to formation of diethyl terephthalate. The detected migrants included cyclic oligomers from dimer to hexamer, in most cases containing extra ethylene glycol units, and oxidized Irgafos 168. ESI-MS combined with CID MS-MS was an excellent tool for structural interpretation of the nonvolatile compounds migrating to the food simulants. The overall migration was below the overall migration limit of 10 mg/dm(2) set by the European commission after 4 h of microwave heating at 100 °C in all studied food simulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Alin
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
Phthalates are a group of diesters of ortho-phthalic acid (dialkyl or alkyl aryl esters of 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid). Higher-molecular-weight phthalates, such as di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), are primarily used as plasticizers to soften polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products, while the lower-molecular-weight phthalates, such as diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), and butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP), are widely used as solvents to hold color and scent in various consumer and personal care products. Phthalates have become ubiquitous environmental contaminants due to volatilization and leaching from their widespread applications, and thus contamination of the environment has become another important source for phthalates in foods in addition to migration from packaging materials. Human exposure to phthalates has been an increased concern due to the findings from toxicology studies in animals. DEHP, one of the important and widely used phthalates, is a rodent liver carcinogen. DEHP, DBP, BBzP, and several phthalate metabolites, such as monobutyl phthalate, monobenzyl phthalate, and mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, are teratogenic in animals. Since foods are the major source of exposure to phthalates, information on levels of phthalates in foods is important for human exposure assessment. The objective of this review is to identify the knowledge gaps for future investigations by reviewing levels of a wide range of phthalates in a variety of foods, such as bottled water, soft drinks, infant formula, human milk, total diet foods, and others, migration of phthalates from various food-packaging materials, and traditional and new methodologies for the determination of phthalates in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Liang Cao
- Author Cao is with Food Research Div., Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Canada, 251 Frederick Banting Driveway, AL: 2203D, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9. Direct inquiries to author Cao (E-mail: )
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