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Prevalence of Antibodies to Simbu Serogroup Viruses in Cattle in Sudan. Vet Med Int 2020; 2020:8858742. [PMID: 33149881 PMCID: PMC7603633 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8858742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The Simbu serogroup is one of the serogroups that belong to the Orthobunyavirus genus of the family Peribunyaviridae. Simbu serogroup viruses are transmitted mainly by Culicoides biting midges. Meager information is available on Simbu serogroup virus infection in ruminants in Sudan. Therefore, in this study, serological surveillance of Simbu serogroup viruses in cattle in seven states in Sudan was conducted during the period from May, 2015, to March, 2016, to shed some light on the prevalence of this group of viruses in our country. Using a cross-sectional design, 184 cattle sera were collected and tested by a commercial SBV ELISA kit which enables the detection of antibodies against various Simbu serogroup viruses. The results showed an overall 86.4% prevalence of antibodies to Simbu serogroup viruses in cattle in Sudan. Univariate analysis showed a significant association (p=0.007) between ELISA seropositivity and states where samples were collected. This study suggests that Simbu serogroup virus infection is present in cattle in Sudan. Further epizootiological investigations on Simbu serogroup viruses infection and virus species involved are warranted.
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Akabane, Aino and Schmallenberg virus-where do we stand and what do we know about the role of domestic ruminant hosts and Culicoides vectors in virus transmission and overwintering? Curr Opin Virol 2017; 27:15-30. [PMID: 29096232 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Akabane, Aino and Schmallenberg virus belong to the Simbu serogroup of Orthobunyaviruses and depend on Culicoides vectors for their spread between ruminant hosts. Infections of adults are mostly asymptomatic or associated with only mild symptoms, while transplacental crossing of these viruses to the developing fetus can have important teratogenic effects. Research mainly focused on congenital malformations has established a correlation between the developmental stage at which a fetus is infected and the outcome of an Akabane virus infection. Available data suggest that a similar correlation also applies to Schmallenberg virus infections but is not yet entirely conclusive. Experimental and field data furthermore suggest that Akabane virus is more efficient in inducing congenital malformations than Aino and Schmallenberg virus, certainly in cattle. The mechanism by which these Simbu viruses cross-pass yearly periods of very low vector abundance in temperate climate zones remains undefined. Yearly wind-borne reintroductions of infected midges from tropical endemic regions with year-round vector activity have been proposed, just as overwintering in long-lived adult midges. Experimental and field data however indicate that a role of vertical virus transmission in the ruminant host currently cannot be excluded as an overwintering mechanism. More studies on Culicoides biology and specific groups of transplacentally infected newborn ruminants without gross malformations are needed to shed light on this matter.
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Purnomo Edi S, Ibrahim A, Sukoco R, Bunali L, Taguchi M, Kato T, Yanase T, Shirafuji H. Molecular characterization of an Akabane virus isolate from West Java, Indonesia. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:774-779. [PMID: 28302930 PMCID: PMC5402201 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We isolated an arbovirus from bovine blood in Indonesia. The arbovirus was obtained from the plasma of a cow showing no clinical symptoms in West Java in February 2014, and was identified as Akabane virus (AKAV) by AKAV-specific RT-PCR and subsequent sequence analysis. Phylogenetic analysis based on partial S segment indicated the AKAV isolate, WJ-1SA/P/2014, was most closely related with two isolates from Israel and Turkey reported in 2001 and 2015, respectively, and that WJ-1SA/P/2014 isolate belongs to AKAV genogroup Ib. This is the first isolation of AKAV from Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryo Purnomo Edi
- Disease Investigation Center Subang, Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health Services, Jl. Terusan Garuda Blok Werasari, RT.33/RW.11, Subang, West Java 41212, Indonesia
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Mathew C, Klevar S, Elbers ARW, van der Poel WHM, Kirkland PD, Godfroid J, Mdegela RH, Mwamengele G, Stokstad M. Detection of serum neutralizing antibodies to Simbu sero-group viruses in cattle in Tanzania. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:208. [PMID: 26276442 PMCID: PMC4536799 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0526-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Orthobunyaviruses belonging to the Simbu sero-group occur worldwide, including the newly recognized Schmallenberg virus (SBV) in Europe. These viruses cause congenital malformations and reproductive losses in ruminants. Information on the presence of these viruses in Africa is scarce and the origin of SBV is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of antibodies against SBV and closely related viruses in cattle in Tanzania, and their possible association with reproductive disorders. Results In a cross-sectional study, serum from 659 cattle from 202 herds collected in 2012/2013 were analyzed using a commercial kit for SBV ELISA, and 61 % were positive. Univariable logistic regression revealed significant association between ELISA seropositivity and reproductive disorders (OR = 1.9). Sera from the same area collected in 2008/2009, before the SBV epidemic in Europe, were also tested and 71 (54.6 %) of 130 were positive. To interpret the ELISA results, SBV virus neutralization test (VNT) was performed on 110 sera collected in 2012/2013, of which 51 % were positive. Of 71 sera from 2008/2009, 21 % were positive. To investigate potential cross reactivity with related viruses, 45 sera from 2012/2013 that were positive in SBV ELISA were analyzed in VNTs for Aino, Akabane, Douglas, Peaton, Sabo, SBV, Sathuperi, Shamonda, Simbu and Tinaroo viruses. All 45 sera were positive for one or more of these viruses. Twenty-nine sera (64.4 %) were positive for SBV, and one had the highest titer for this virus. Conclusions This is the first indication that Aino, Akabane, Douglas, Peaton, Sabo, SBV, Sathuperi, Shamonda and Tinaroo viruses circulate and cause negative effect on reproductive performance in cattle in Tanzania. SBV or a closely related virus was present before the European epidemic. However, potential cross reactivity complicates the interpretation of serological studies in areas where several related viruses may circulate. Virus isolation and molecular characterization in cattle and/or vectors is recommended to further identify the viruses circulating in this region. However, isolation in cattle is difficult due to short viremic period of 2 to 6 days, and isolation in vectors does not necessarily reflect the situation in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coletha Mathew
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Science, P.O. Box 8146, Dep 0033, Oslo, Norway. .,Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - S Klevar
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway.
| | - A R W Elbers
- Central Veterinary Institute, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
| | - W H M van der Poel
- Central Veterinary Institute, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
| | - P D Kirkland
- Elizabeth McArthur Virology Laboratory, Narellen, Australia.
| | | | - R H Mdegela
- Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - G Mwamengele
- Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - M Stokstad
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Science, P.O. Box 8146, Dep 0033, Oslo, Norway.
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Liao YK, Lu YS, Goto Y, Inaba Y. The isolation of Akabane virus (Iriki strain) from calves in Taiwan. J Basic Microbiol 1996; 36:33-9. [PMID: 8819843 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3620360108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Nonsuppurative encephalitis in calves aged 4-12 months, cow abortion and fetal deformities were endemic in dairy farms in Taiwan in recent years. A virological investigation emphasizing on Arthpodborn virus (Arbovirus) was conducted. Total of 11 strains of Akabane virus were isolated from endemic districts between June and July of 1992. Among them, seven viruses were isolated from blood samples of 15 calves showing nervous signs. Another 4 Akabane viruses were isolated from clinically healthy calves from three of six dairy farms investigated. All the six investigated farms had a recent history of abortion and fetal deformities. The isolates caused prominent cytopathic effects in HmLu-1 cells and could reach a high virus titers (5 x 10(6) TCID50/ml). As demonstrated by a cross neutralization test, the isolates had identical antigenicity to Iriki strain of Akabane virus, but were antigenically more distant to JaGar-39 and OBE-1 strain of Akabane virus. This is the first report on the isolation of Akabane virus in Taiwan, and also the second report on the isolation of Iriki virus in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Liao
- Taiwan Provincial Research Institute for Animal Health, Tansui
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Abstract
Akabane virus, an arthropod-borne Bunyavirus, is the major cause of epizootics of congenital malformations in ruminants in Australia, Japan, Korea, and Israel, and is suspected to be a cause of sporadic outbreaks elsewhere. Blood-sucking insects, such as biting midges, transmit the virus horizontally to vertebrates. Climatic factors influence the seasonal activity and geographic range of the vector population and, therefore, occurrence of related disease. Inoculated ruminants seroconvert rapidly after a short subclinical viremia. Infection is of consequence only if ruminants are pregnant and not protected by adequate specific neutralizing antibodies. In naive pregnant animals, virus may spread hematogenously to replicate and persist in trophoblastic cells of placental cotyledons and subsequently invade the fetus. A distinct tropism for immature rapidly dividing cells of the fetal central nervous system and skeletal muscle results in direct virus-induced necrotizing encephalomyelitis and polymyositis. If fetuses survive, such injury may manifest as arthrogryposis, hydranencephaly, porencephaly, microencephaly, hydrocephalus, or encephalomyelitis at term. The earlier in gestation that fetal infection occurs, the more severe the lesions, reflecting the large population of vulnerable cells and lack of fetal immunocompetency at earlier stages of pregnancy. Injury during the period of critical cell migration and differentiation in organogenesis may substantially disrupt structural development in target organs. Late gestational infections cause nonsuppurative inflammation in the brain and spinal cord, premature birth, or fetal death with stillbirth or abortion. Affected neonates are nonviable. Control is by vaccination but is not always justified economically. Akabane viral infections must be differentiated from infections with other teratogenic viruses (including related Bunyaviruses), inherited conditions, and maternal intoxications. Diagnosis is made by serology and viral isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Charles
- Veterinary Pathology Services Pty Ltd, Sydney, Australia
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Al-Busaidy SM, Barrett T. Comparative Studies on Genomes and Proteins of the Omani Akabane Virus Isolates with Prototype Reference Strains. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 1994. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.1994.9706011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- T D St George
- CSIRO, Division of Tropical Animal Production, Long Pocket Laboratories, Indooroopilly, Queensland
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Gard GP, Melville LF, Shorthose JE. Investigations of bluetongue and other arboviruses in the blood and semen of naturally infected bulls. Vet Microbiol 1989; 20:315-22. [PMID: 2552646 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(89)90056-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Small groups of bulls were exposed to natural infection with arboviruses. The bulls were bled and ejaculated regularly and the blood and semen were processed for virus isolation. Over a 5-year observation period, virus isolation and serology indicated that the 29 exposed bulls had experienced 79 viraemic episodes with the viruses of the bluetongue, epizootic haemorrhagic disease, Palyam and Simbu serogroups and an incompletely characterised rhabdovirus. In no instance was there unequivocal evidence of bluetongue virus contamination of semen, despite 18 infections in the study period.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Gard
- Division of Primary Production, Berrimah, N.T. Australia
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Crandell RA, Livingston CW, Shelton MJ. Laboratory investigation of a naturally occurring outbreak of arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly in Texas sheep. J Vet Diagn Invest 1989; 1:62-5. [PMID: 2488650 DOI: 10.1177/104063878900100117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An epizootic of abortions, weak lambs, stillbirths, and congenital arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly occurred in a sheep flock in West Texas. The outbreak began during the first week of January 1987 and continued through the third week of February 1987. Lambs born after February 1987 were not affected. A high incidence of antibodies to Cache Valley virus (Texas 7856 isolate) was demonstrated in the ewes' serum and in precolostral serum from affected lambs. No virus was isolated from tissues and body fluids of the affected lambs. The clinical, pathological, and immunological features of the epizootic were similar to those reported in Akabane virus infection in sheep. Although serological findings strongly suggest Cache Valley virus as the etiological agent of this outbreak, transmission studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Crandell
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station 77841
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Abstract
Perinatal lamb mortality, associated with malformations of the CNS due to Akabane viral infection, occurred in 4 of 9 flocks of ewes lambing on 3 farms between 26 May and 14 November, 1976. Cases were restricted to ewes conceiving prior to the second week of March and lambing between 26 May and 19 July. As judged by seroconversion in sentinel flocks on 2 of the farms, field infection with Akabane virus occurred mainly between mid-February and mid-April. Malformations of the CNS occurred in 42.5%, 51.2%, 100% and 31.0% of the dead lambs examined in the affected flocks respectively. Prevalence in the 4 affected flocks, expressed as the proportion of ewes lambing which delivered at least one malformed foetus, was 6.1%, 8.4%, 88.9% and 5.7% respectively. Lamb mortality due to malformations of the CNS was 7.1%, 5.5%, 92.3% and 5.7% of lambs born. Age-specific prevalence was calculated for 3 of the 4 flocks and 2-year-old ewes accounted for 71.4% and 76.9% of total cases respectively in 2 flocks, whereas in one flock malformations occurred at equivalent frequencies throughout several older age groups. Birthweights of affected lambs were usually significantly lighter than those of unaffected lambs of similar sex and birth-type, and their mean duration of gestation was slightly, and significantly, prolonged. Micrencephaly (88.1% of cases) and hydrocephalus (68.7% of cases) were the outstanding pathological features of the malformations with hydranencephaly, microgyria, porencephaly and attenuation of the spinal cord occurring at much lower frequencies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Haughey
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW
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Sato K, Tanaka Y, Tokuhisa S, Inaba Y, Fushiki T, Matumoto M. Appearance of slow-reacting and complement-requiring neutralizing antibody in cattle infected with Akabane virus. Vet Microbiol 1987; 14:183-9. [PMID: 3116752 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(87)90010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Slow-reacting complement-requiring neutralizing (NT) antibody was detected in sera from cattle 2 weeks after infection with Akabane virus. Bovine sera obtained 3 or 4 weeks after infection contained slow-reacting noncomplement-requiring NT antibody. The slow-reacting complement-requiring NT antibody was sensitive to 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME), whereas the slow-reacting noncomplement-requiring NT antibody was resistant to 2-ME. The initial phase may represent the IgM response and the later phase a change to IgG. A NT test was developed in which virus-serum mixtures were incubated at 4 degrees C for 48 h and then with complement at 37 degrees C for 60 min; this gave an improved sensitivity over the previous incubation at 37 degrees C for 60 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sato
- National Institute of Animal Health, Ibaraki, Japan
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Parsonson IM, Della-Porta AJ, Snowdon WA, O'Halloran ML. The consequences of infection of cattle with Akabane virus at the time of insemination. J Comp Pathol 1981; 91:611-9. [PMID: 6798085 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9975(81)90090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Parsonson I, Della-Porta A, Snowdon W. Akabane virus infection in the pregnant ewe. 2. Pathology of the foetus. Vet Microbiol 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(81)90014-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Parsonson I, Della-Porta A, O'Halloran M, Snowdon W, Fahey K, Standfast H. Akabane virus infection in the pregnant ewe. 1. Growth of virus in the foetus and the development of the foetal immune response. Vet Microbiol 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(81)90013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Parsonson I, Della-Porta A, Snowdon W, O’halloran M. Experimental infection of bulls with Akabane virus. Res Vet Sci 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(18)32486-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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George TDS. A sentinel herd system for the study of arbovirus infections in Australia and Papua-New Guinea. Vet Res Commun 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02278479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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