1
|
Gerber PF, Spatz S, Gray P, Alfirevich S, Walkden-Brown SW. Circulation and Molecular Characterization of Hemorrhagic Enteritis Virus in Commercial Turkey and Meat Chicken Flocks in Australia. Avian Dis 2022; 66:53-59. [DOI: 10.1637/21-00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla F. Gerber
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
| | - Stephen Spatz
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605
| | - Peter Gray
- Inghams Enterprises P/L, Morisset, New South Wales 2264, Australia
| | | | - Stephen W. Walkden-Brown
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hoang P, Gerber PF, Reynolds P, McMillan M, Gray P, Walkden-Brown SW. Preliminary testing in turkeys of the safety and efficacy of a putative haemorrhagic enteritis virus vaccine. Aust Vet J 2019; 97:323-332. [PMID: 31328258 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Haemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV) causes clinical haemorrhagic enteritis in young poults and/or subclinical immunosuppression which is often associated with colibacillosis. This disease is controlled with live vaccines worldwide, however, importation of HEV vaccines or cells that support HEV propagation are not permitted in Australia. A major experiment in isolators was conducted to test the safety and efficacy of a putative HEV vaccine. The study had a factorial design with four factors namely vaccination age (28 and 42 days of age), vaccine dose (0, 105 , 106 , 107 genomic copies of HEV vaccine), challenge with HEV (yes, no) and vaccination-challenge interval (7, 21 or 42 days). A total of 315 poults were used providing 6-8 birds per treatment combination. Turkey growth rate, mortality, pathological findings, anti-HEV antibodies and viral load were examined. Vaccination lead to significant increases in anti HEV antibody over the following 2-4 weeks. Overall, vaccination with 106 and 107 was protective against increase in relative splenic weight and splenic viral load in challenged birds. Clinical haemorrhagic enteritis was not induced by any treatment but there was an increased incidence of airsacculitis in groups receiving either HEV vaccine or challenge virus compared to the negative control birds (25.8-29.3% vs. 9.4%, P < 0.05). Growth rate, mortality and relative bursal weight were unaffected by vaccination. This laboratory level study indicates that the putative vaccine is safe and likely to be efficacious, but may cause elevated levels of airsacculitis. These findings require confirmation in larger scale field trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Hoang
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia.,Faculty of 'Chan Nuoi Thu Y', Tay Nguyen University, 567 Le Duan Street, Buon Ma Thuot City, DakLak Province, Vietnam
| | - Priscilla F Gerber
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Paul Reynolds
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Mary McMillan
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Peter Gray
- Inghams Enterprises P/L, Morrisset, NSW, 2264
| | - Stephen W Walkden-Brown
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gerber PF, Hossain MF, Reynolds P, Hoang P, Burgess SK, Renz K, McMillan M, Katz ME, Walkden-Brown SW. Propagation of an Avirulent Turkey Hemorrhagic Enteritis Virus Isolate in Chickens. Avian Dis 2018; 62:6-13. [PMID: 29620462 DOI: 10.1637/11762-102317-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A series of studies were undertaken to optimize the propagation of hemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV) in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. A total of 562 SPF chickens were orally inoculated with an Australian avirulent HEV isolate of turkey origin at 9, 14, 21, or 28 days of age with 5, 6, 7, or 8 log 10 genomic copies (GC), while 102 chickens served as uninfected controls. No clinical signs were observed in infected chickens. There was an inoculum-dose-dependent increase in the relative spleen and liver weight ( P < 0.01). Relative spleen weight 7 days post-HEV inoculation was up to 85% higher in chickens that were inoculated with 6 to 7 GC compared with controls, with no further increase at higher doses. Relative liver weight increased up to 14% in chickens inoculated with 6 GC, with no further increase. Birds inoculated with a 7 GC dose had a higher frequency of HEV DNA-positive birds (77% to 86%) than birds inoculated with lower doses (33% to 59%; P < 0.01). The most efficient dose for live passage propagation was 7 GC inoculated in 9-to-14-day-old birds, yielding an infection rate of 81%. Livers and spleens from infected birds at all doses were processed to produce a putative vaccine with a final GC recovery in the vaccine material of 8.6 GC/bird. In summary, HEV of turkey origin can be readily propagated in SPF chickens, and conditions to maximize viral retrieval were established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla F Gerber
- A Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
| | - Mohammad F Hossain
- A Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
| | - Paul Reynolds
- A Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
| | - Phuong Hoang
- A Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
| | - Susan K Burgess
- A Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
| | - Katrin Renz
- A Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
| | - Mary McMillan
- B Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
| | - Margaret E Katz
- B Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
| | - Stephen W Walkden-Brown
- A Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dhama K, Gowthaman V, Karthik K, Tiwari R, Sachan S, Kumar MA, Palanivelu M, Malik YS, Singh RK, Munir M. Haemorrhagic enteritis of turkeys - current knowledge. Vet Q 2017; 37:31-42. [PMID: 28024457 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2016.1277281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV), an adenovirus associated with acute haemorrhagic gastro-intestinal disease of 6-11-week old turkeys predominantly hampers both humoral and cellular immunity. Affected birds are more prone to secondary complications (e.g. colibacillosis and clostridiosis) and failure to mount an effective vaccine-induced immune response. HEV belongs to the new genus Siadenovirus. Feco-oral transmission is the main route of entry of the virus and it mainly colonizes bursa, intestine and spleen. Both naturally occurring virulent and avirulent strains of HEVs are serologically indistinguishable. Recent findings revealed that ORF1, E3 and fib genes are the key factors affecting virulence. The adoption of suitable diagnostic tools, proper vaccination and biosecurity measures have restrained the occurrence of disease epidemics. For diagnostic purposes, the best source of HEV is either intestinal contents or samples from spleen. For rapid detection highly sensitive and specific tests such as quantitative real-time PCR based on Taq man probe has been designed. Avirulent strains of HEV or MSDV can be effectively used as live vaccines. Novel vaccines include recombinant hexon protein-based subunit vaccines or recombinant virus-vectored vaccines using fowl poxvirus (FPV) expressing the native hexon of HEV. Notably, subunit vaccines and recombinant virus vectored vaccines altogether offer high protection against challenge or field viruses. Herein, we converse a comprehensive analysis of the HEV genetics, disease pathobiology, advancements in diagnosis and vaccination along with appropriate prevention and control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Dhama
- a Avian Diseases Section, Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar , India
| | - Vasudevan Gowthaman
- b Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance Laboratory , Veterinary College and Research Institute , Namakkal , Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- c Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University , Chennai , India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- d Department of Microbiology , DUVASU , Mathura , India
| | - Swati Sachan
- a Avian Diseases Section, Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar , India
| | - M Asok Kumar
- a Avian Diseases Section, Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar , India
| | - M Palanivelu
- a Avian Diseases Section, Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar , India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- e Division of Biological Standardization , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar , India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- f Director, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar , India
| | - Muhammad Munir
- g Avian Viral Diseases Programme Compton Laboratory , Berkshire , UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chandra R, Kumar A. Haemorrhagic enteritis of turkeys and related infections of pheasants and domestic fowl: a review. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 1998. [DOI: 10.1079/wps19980017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Chandra
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and College of Veterinary Sciences, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263145, U.S. Nagar, U.P., India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Sciences, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263145, U.S. Nagar, U.P., India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hussain I, Nagaraja KV. A monoclonal antibody-based immunoperoxidase method for rapid detection of haemorrhagic enteritis virus of turkeys. Res Vet Sci 1993; 55:98-103. [PMID: 8397435 DOI: 10.1016/0034-5288(93)90041-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
An indirect immunoperoxidase (IP) technique involving avidin-biotin peroxidase complex, using a monoclonal antibody was developed for the detection of haemorrhagic enteritis (HE) virus antigen in frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections. This IP procedure was compared with an indirect immunofluorescence antibody technique (IFAT) and an agar gel precipitation test (AGPT). Spleens from turkeys experimentally infected with HE virus were collected and examined for the presence of viral antigen. The IP staining procedure detected HE viral antigen as early as 48 hours after infection and continued to demonstrate the presence of viral antigen for up to 11 days after infection at which time the experiment was terminated. The antigen was detected from three to seven days and from two to nine days after infection by the AGPT and IFAT, respectively. The IFAT and AGPT had sensitivities of 74.19 and 48 per cent, respectively, compared with IP. Because of its high sensitivity and specificity, the IP technique could be useful for studying the pathogenesis and rapid laboratory detection of HE virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Hussain
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul 55108
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Affiliation(s)
- V L Tham
- Central Veterinary laboratories, Department of Agriculture, Adelaide, South Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|