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Son GI, Hong EJ, Shin HJ. Case Report: A Case of Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis in Dairy Goat Farms in South Korea. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:773039. [PMID: 34950725 PMCID: PMC8688911 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.773039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One Saanen dairy goat (Capra aegagrus hircus) farm in Korea reported that some goats showed clinical signs such as arthritis, paralysis, carpal joint swelling, and even death. We monitored clinical signs and pathological lesions. In the laboratory, we confirmed caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) infection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We examined all the dairy goats on the farm and found that many of them were positive. In conclusion, CAEV infection was detected in the majority of the goats in this farm, and it induced severe clinical signs impacting productivity and causing important economic shortfalls. We need to regularly investigate all dairy goat farms, and, more importantly, inspection of the quarantine stage should be required before importation. Interestingly, we found all negative results in Korean native black goats (Capra hircus linnaeus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga-In Son
- College of Veterinary Medicine at Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eui-Ju Hong
- College of Veterinary Medicine at Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea.,Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine at Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine at Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea.,Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine at Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
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Tavella A, Bettini A, Ceol M, Zambotto P, Stifter E, Kusstatscher N, Lombardi R, Nardeli S, Beato MS, Capello K, Bertoni G. Achievements of an eradication programme against caprine arthritis encephalitis virus in South Tyrol, Italy. Vet Rec 2017; 182:51. [PMID: 29109181 PMCID: PMC5806589 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Small ruminant lentivirus infections in goats affect both production and animal welfare. This represents a threat to the qualitative and quantitative growth of goat farming, recently observed in mountainous regions such as the Autonomous Province of Bolzano – South Tyrol (Italy). To monitor and eradicate the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus in this goat population, a compulsory eradication campaign was launched, based on a strict census of small ruminants and yearly serological testing of all animals, followed by the consequent culling of seropositive individuals. The campaign succeeded in completely eliminating cases of clinical disease in goats, while drastically reducing the seroprevalence at the herd as well as individual animal level. The serological outcome of the introduced control measures was determined using commercially available ELISA kits, demonstrating their suitability for use in this type of campaign, aimed at reducing seroprevalence as well as clinical manifestations of these infections. However, this clear success is diminished by the failure to achieve a complete eradication of these viruses. The reasons leading to the observed tailing phenomenon and the occurrence of new infections in already sanitised flocks are discussed and implementation of further measures are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Tavella
- Laboratory for Serology and Technical Assistance, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Astrid Bettini
- Laboratory for Serology and Technical Assistance, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Marco Ceol
- Laboratory for Serology and Technical Assistance, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Paolo Zambotto
- Veterinary Service, Servizio Veterinario Provinciale, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Ernst Stifter
- Veterinary Service, Servizio Veterinario Provinciale, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Natashia Kusstatscher
- Laboratory for Serology and Technical Assistance, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Rosalba Lombardi
- Veterinary Service, Servizio Veterinario Provinciale, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Stefano Nardeli
- Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Maria Serena Beato
- Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Katia Capello
- Direzione Sanitaria, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bertoni
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Grossi P, Giudice C, Bertoletti I, Cioccarelli G, Brocchi E, Cammarata G, Gelmetti D. Immunohistochemical detection of the p27 capsid protein of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) in bone-marrow cells of seropositive goats. J Comp Pathol 2005; 133:197-200. [PMID: 15899495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2005.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2004] [Accepted: 01/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bone-marrow samples were collected from 48 CAEV-seropositive, symptomless goats (30 kids, 18 adults). The samples were formalin-fixed and processed for histological examination. In addition, all samples were examined immunohistochemically with a monoclonal antibody (1A7) against the p27 capsid protein of maedi-visna virus, an antibody which cross-reacts with the Ca-p27 of CAEV. Samples from 16 goats (10/30 kids, 6/18 adults) showed positive immunolabelling of bone-marrow stromal cells (fibrocytes, endothelial cells and adipocytes) and of scattered macrophages, whereas haematopoietic cells were negative. The detection of viral Ca-p27 protein in bone-marrow fibrocytes was consistent with previous in-vitro studies which indicated that such cells are semi-permissive for CAEV infection. It is speculated that bone-marrow stromal cells represent a viral reservoir in symptomless animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Grossi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lombardia-Emilia Romagna, Via Celoria 12, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Morin T, Guiguen F, Bouzar BA, Villet S, Greenland T, Grezel D, Gounel F, Gallay K, Garnier C, Durand J, Alogninouwa T, Mselli-Lakhal L, Mornex JF, Chebloune Y. Clearance of a productive lentivirus infection in calves experimentally inoculated with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. J Virol 2003; 77:6430-7. [PMID: 12743300 PMCID: PMC154997 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.11.6430-6437.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentiviruses have long been considered host-specific pathogens, but several recent observations demonstrated their capacity to conquer new hosts from different species, genera, and families. From these cross-species infections emerged new animal and human infectious diseases. The successful colonization and adaptation of a lentivirus to a nonnatural host depends on unspecific and specific host barriers. Some of those barriers exert a relative control of viral replication (i.e., cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response, viral inhibitory factors), but none of them was found able to totally clear the infection once the retrovirus is fully adapted in its host. In this study we examined the evolution of the host-lentivirus interactions occurring in an experimental animal model of cross-species infection in order to analyze the efficiency of those barriers in preventing the establishment of a persistent infection. Five newborn calves were inoculated with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV), and the evolution of infection was studied for more than 12 months. All the animals seroconverted in the first 0.75 to 1 month following the inoculation and remained seropositive for the remaining time of the experiment. Viral infection was productive during 4 months with isolation of replication competent virus from the blood cells and organs of the early euthanized animals. After 4 months of infection, neither replication-competent virus nor virus genome could be detected in blood cells or in the classical target organs, even after an experimental immunosuppression. No evidence of in vitro restriction of CAEV replication was observed in cells from tissues explanted from organs of these calves. These data provide the demonstration of a natural clearance of lentivirus infection following experimental inoculation of a nonnatural host, enabling perspectives of development of new potential vaccine strategies to fight against lentivirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Morin
- UMR 754 INRA/ENVL/UCBL Rétrovirus et Pathologie Comparée, Equipe Virologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire & Maladies Emergentes, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, France
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5
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Nord K, Rimstad E, K. Storset A, Løken T. Prevalence of antibodies against caprine arthritis–encephalitis virus in goat herds in Norway. Small Rumin Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0921-4488(97)00080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Greenwood PL, North RN, Kirkland PD. Prevalence, spread and control of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus in dairy goat herds in New South Wales. Aust Vet J 1995; 72:341-5. [PMID: 8585848 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1995.tb07538.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A study of the prevalence, spread and control of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) in dairy goat herds in New South Wales (NSW) during 1986-1988 found that 56.8% of 1484 goats in 14 dairy herds were infected with CAEV. The prevalence of CAEV infection within most herds not implementing control measures increased during the study. At the end of the study, 59.7% of 1322 goats were infected. The prevalence of CAEV increased with age. Differences between breeds were less apparent. Within seven herds with a high standard of identification of goats, 149 of 812 goats seroconverted in an ELISA. Of these newly infected goats, 142 (95.3%) were > 1 yr of age and 96 (64.4%) were > 2 yr suggesting lateral spread of the virus. Most of the goats > 2 yr of age had been in the milking herd for a minimum of 3 to 6 months. The high seroconversion rate within the milking herd suggested that factors other than the ingestion of infected colostrum and milk before weaning were important for the spread of CAEV. Observations indicated that behaviour of goats, particularly reproductive behaviour among lactating does, and milking herd management practices are important in the spread of CAEV. A high density of livestock, poor livestock control and contamination of feed, water, equipment and personnel were implicated in transmission. Poorly functioning milking machines may also be involved. CAEV was eradicated from 3 herds by the implementation of strict control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Greenwood
- NSW Agriculture, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Camden
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7
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Failure of horizontal transmission of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus to non-dairy breeds of goats. Small Rumin Res 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0921-4488(95)00662-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Ryan DP, Greenwood PL, Nicholls PJ. Effect of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection on milk cell count and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase activity in dairy goats. J DAIRY RES 1993; 60:299-306. [PMID: 8397230 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029900027643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriology, somatic cell counts (SCC) and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (NAGase) activity determinations were conducted on milk samples collected from does in three dairy herds with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) infection. In two herds, CAEV-infected does were more likely to have a subclinical bacterial infection of the udder than CAEV-free does (P < 0.05). Does with CAEV but no bacterial udder infection had significantly greater mean SCC and NAGase activity than CAEV-free does without udder infection (P < 0.01). In two herds, changes in milk SCC and NAGase associated with CAEV infection were similar to those produced by coagulase-negative staphylococcal infections. The findings confirm that indirect indicators of bacterial mastitis infection may have reduced specificity in dairy goat herds with CAEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Ryan
- New South Wales Agriculture, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Camden, Australia
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Bulgin MS. Ovine progressive pneumonia, caprine arthritis-encephalitis, and related lentiviral diseases of sheep and goats. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1990; 6:691-704. [PMID: 2173967 DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30841-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
History and syndromes of pneumonia, encephalitis, arthritis, and mastitis are reviewed. Occurrence, etiology, pathogenesis, transmission, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of these diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Bulgin
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Idaho College of Agriculture, Caldwell
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McGuire TC, O'Rourke KI, Knowles DP, Cheevers WP. Caprine arthritis encephalitis lentivirus transmission and disease. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1990; 160:61-75. [PMID: 2162288 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-75267-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T C McGuire
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman 99164
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