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Zanuzzi C, Scrochi M, Fuentealba N, Nishida F, Portiansky E, Muglia C, Gimeno E, Barbeito C, Galosi C. Effects of equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) AR8 and HH1 strains on BALB-c mice. Arch Virol 2013; 159:141-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1782-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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2
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Weerasinghe CU, Learmonth GS, Gilkerson JR, Foote CE, Wellington JE, Whalley JM. Equine herpesvirus 1 glycoprotein D expressed in E. coli provides partial protection against equine herpesvirus infection in mice and elicits virus-neutralizing antibodies in the horse. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 111:59-66. [PMID: 16473414 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The envelope glycoprotein D of EHV-1 (EHV-1 gD) is essential for virus infectivity and entry of virus into cells and is a potent inducer of virus-neutralizing antibody. In this study, truncated EHV-1 gD (gDt) was expressed with a C-terminal hexahistidine tag in E. coli using a pET vector. Western blot analysis using an anti-gD monoclonal antibody demonstrated the presence of gDt bands at 37.5, 36, 29.5 and 28 kDa. The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of partially purified gDt was compared with gD expressed in insect cells by a recombinant baculovirus (Bac gD) using a BALB/c mouse model of EHV-1 respiratory infection. The proteins were also compared in a prime-boost protocol following an initial inoculation with gD DNA. gDt elicited similar levels of gD-specific antibody and neutralizing antibody compared with Bac gD and also provided a similar level of protection against EHV-1 challenge in mice. Inoculation of horses with gDt elicited EHV-1 gD-specific antibodies including virus-neutralizing antibody, suggesting that despite the lack of glycosylation, E. coli may be a useful vehicle for large scale production of EHV-1 gD for vaccine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C U Weerasinghe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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3
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Galosi CM, Barbeito CG, Vila Roza MV, Cid de la Paz V, Ayala MA, Corva SG, Etcheverrigaray ME, Gimeno EJ. Argentine strain of equine herpesvirus 1 isolated from an aborted foetus shows low virulence in mouse respiratory and abortion models. Vet Microbiol 2004; 103:1-12. [PMID: 15381260 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2003] [Revised: 06/24/2004] [Accepted: 07/18/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) was isolated in Argentina from an aborted equine foetus in 1979. This virus (SPv) has special restriction patterns (RP) in comparison with other Argentine isolates. In addition, SPv could be distinguished on the basis of its pathogenicity in baby mice inoculated intracerebrally. We studied the growth properties of the SPv in cell culture and its effects in a mouse respiratory and abortion model. We observed that SPv did not modify its capacity to grow in cell culture with respect to reference HH1 strain. Nevertheless, we found significant differences between the titres of the two strains at 8-14 h post-infection (PI). In this work we demonstrated that SPv showed low virulence in female at different stages of gestation, consistently, with results found in the mouse respiratory model. We considered that this low virulence of SPv could be related to its RP because the RP of HH1 strain are similar to those of the HVS25A strain and both showed effect on pregnant mice. More specific studies about genomic alterations to the SPv are necessary for identifying, more clearly, if the intra-strain variations have relation with the low virulence in the mouse respiratory and abortion model.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Galosi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60 and 118, P.O. Box 296, 1900 La Plata, Bs. As., Argentina.
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4
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Ruitenberg KM, Gilkerson JR, Wellington JE, Love DN, Whalley JM. Equine herpesvirus 1 glycoprotein D expressed in Pichia pastoris is hyperglycosylated and elicits a protective immune response in the mouse model of EHV-1 disease. Virus Res 2001; 79:125-35. [PMID: 11551653 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(01)00337-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus 1 glycoprotein D (EHV-1 gD) has been shown in mouse models and in the natural host to have potential as a subunit vaccine, using various expression systems that included Escherichia coli, baculovirus and plasmid DNA. With the aim of producing secreted recombinant protein, we have cloned and expressed EHV-1 gD, lacking its native signal sequence and C-terminal transmembrane region, into the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. The truncated glycoprotein D (gD) gene was placed under the control of the methanol inducible alcohol oxidase 1 promoter and directed for secretion with the Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-factor prepro secretion signal. SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis of culture supernatant fluid 24 h after induction revealed gD-specific protein products between 40 and 200 kDa. After treatment with PNGase F and Endo H, three predominant bands of 34, 45 and 48 kDa were detected, confirming high mannose N-linked glycosylation of Pichia-expressed gD (Pic-gD). N-terminal sequence analysis of PNGase F-treated affinity-purified protein showed that the native signal cleavage site of gD was being recognised by P. pastoris and the 34 kDa band could be explained by internal proteolytic cleavage effected by a putative Kex2-like protease. Pic-gD, when used in a DNA prime/protein boost inoculation schedule, induced high EHV-1 ELISA and virus neutralizing antibodies and provided protection from challenge infection in BALB/c mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/isolation & purification
- Antigens, Viral/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Glycosylation
- Herpesviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Herpesvirus 1, Equid/genetics
- Herpesvirus 1, Equid/immunology
- Horses/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Pichia/metabolism
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/isolation & purification
- Vaccines, Synthetic/metabolism
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/isolation & purification
- Viral Envelope Proteins/metabolism
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/isolation & purification
- Viral Vaccines/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Ruitenberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Environmental and Life Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Sydney, Australia
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Walker C, Love DN, Whalley JM. Comparison of the pathogenesis of acute equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) infection in the horse and the mouse model: a review. Vet Microbiol 1999; 68:3-13. [PMID: 10501157 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(99)00056-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The mouse models of the respiratory and abortion forms of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) infection have been used to investigate the vaccine potential of various EHV-1 immunogens, the effect of antiviral agents on EHV-1 infection and the pathogenicity of EHV-1 strain variants and deletion or insertional mutants. This review examines the similarities and differences in the pathogenesis of primary EHV-1 infection in the natural host, the horse, and in the mouse by comparing tissue tropism, clinical signs of infection, the effects of EHV-1 on pregnancy, haematological changes following infection, viral clearance, histopathology and latency. The evidence suggests that the mouse model provides a valid method for investigation of virological and histopathological aspects of EHV-1-induced disease in the horse. However, the extent to which useful and valid comparisons and extrapolations can be made of immunological parameters from mouse to horse is yet to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Walker
- School of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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6
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Ruitenberg KM, Walker C, Wellington JE, Love DN, Whalley JM. Potential of DNA-mediated vaccination for equine herpesvirus 1. Vet Microbiol 1999; 68:35-48. [PMID: 10501160 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(99)00059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The potential of DNA-mediated immunisation to protect against equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) disease was assessed in a murine model of EHV-1 respiratory infection. Intramuscular injection with DNA encoding the EHV-1 envelope glycoprotein D (gD) in a mammalian expression vector induced a specific antibody response detectable by two weeks and maintained through 23 weeks post injection. Immune responses were proportional to the dose of DNA and a second injection markedly enhanced the antibody response. EHV-1 gD DNA-injected mice developed neutralising antibodies, and a predominance of IgG2a antibodies after the DNA injection was consistent with the generation of a type 1 helper T-cell (Th1) response. Following intranasal challenge with EHV-1, mice immunised with 50 microg of EHV-1 gD DNA were able to clear virus more rapidly from lung tissue and showed reduced lung pathology in comparison with control mice. The data indicate that DNA-mediated immunisation may be a useful strategy for vaccination against EHV-1.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Blotting, Western/veterinary
- DNA, Viral/administration & dosage
- Disease Models, Animal
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel/veterinary
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary
- Female
- Herpesviridae Infections/immunology
- Herpesviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Herpesviridae Infections/veterinary
- Herpesvirus 1, Equid/immunology
- Histocytochemistry
- Horse Diseases/immunology
- Horse Diseases/prevention & control
- Horses
- Injections, Intramuscular/veterinary
- Lung/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Plasmids
- Respiratory Tract Infections/immunology
- Respiratory Tract Infections/prevention & control
- Respiratory Tract Infections/veterinary
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Vaccination/veterinary
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/standards
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/standards
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Ruitenberg
- School of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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7
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Ruitenberg KM, Walker C, Wellington JE, Love DN, Whalley JM. DNA-mediated immunization with glycoprotein D of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) in a murine model of EHV-1 respiratory infection. Vaccine 1999; 17:237-44. [PMID: 9987159 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(98)00192-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
DNA-mediated immunization was assessed in a murine model of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) respiratory infection. A single intramuscular injection with plasmid DNA encoding EHV-1 glycoprotein D (EHV-1 gD), including its predicted C-terminal membrane anchor sequence, induced a specific antibody response detectable by 2 weeks and maintained through 23 weeks post injection. A second injection at 4 weeks markedly enhanced the antibody response and all EHV-1 gD-injected mice developed neutralizing antibodies. A lymphocyte proliferative response to whole EHV-1 was observed and a predominance of IgG2a antibodies after DNA injection was consistent with the generation of a type 1 helper T-cell (Th1) response. Following intranasal challenge with EHV-1, mice immunized with EHV-1 gD DNA were able to clear virus significantly more rapidly from lung tissue and showed reduced lung pathology, in comparison to control mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Ruitenberg
- School of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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8
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Walker C, Packiarajah P, Gilkerson JR, Love DN, Whalley JM. Primary and challenge infection of mice with equine herpesvirus 1, strain HSV25A. Virus Res 1998; 57:151-62. [PMID: 9870583 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(98)00092-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Clinical signs, haematology, lymphocyte subset analysis, viral clearance, lung histopathology and humoral and cell-mediated (CMI) immune responses were monitored throughout the acute and convalescent phases of infection in groups of BALB/c mice infected intranasally with equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1), strain HSV25A. Primary infection caused a leucocytosis due to a neutrophilia during days 1 and 2 post-infection (pi) and a B lymphocytosis at day 1 pi. Serum ELISA antibodies were detected by 7 days pi and neutralising antibodies by 2 weeks pi. Mice infected with EHV-1 were not protected against disease when challenged with EHV-1 12 weeks later. However, viral clearance from lungs was significantly faster and the antibody response was markedly enhanced within the first few days of challenge infection. A CMI response was detected by 5 days after primary infection, but the level of responsiveness was not increased by challenge infection, although the lungs of challenged mice had markedly increased numbers of mononuclear cells around blood vessels and bronchioles. Specific antibodies to glycoprotein (g) B were detected by 2 weeks pi, 4 weeks earlier than the detection of antibodies to gC and 10 weeks before those to gD. The primary response was relatively short-lived with neither ELISA antibody nor lymphocyte proliferation was evident by 6 months pi.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Walker
- School of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Packiarajah P, Walker C, Gilkerson J, Whalley JM, Love DN. Immune responses and protective efficacy of recombinant baculovirus-expressed glycoproteins of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) gB, gC and gD alone or in combinations in BALB/c mice. Vet Microbiol 1998; 61:261-78. [PMID: 9646476 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(98)00189-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Baculovirus-expressed glycoproteins of EHV-1 gB, gC and gD alone or in combination evoked antibody responses and protected vaccinated mice against a challenge with EHV-1. gB, gD, gB + gC, gB + gD and gC + gD elicited very high levels of ELISA antibodies while gC and gC + gD elicited high levels of virus neutralising antibodies. Western blotting demonstrated that the antibodies produced were not only specific for the baculovirus-expressed glycoproteins gB, gC and gD, but also highly specific for each EHV-1 glycoprotein. Vaccination of mice with gB or gD prevented clinical signs of infection in mice challenged with EHV-1 and all vaccinated groups of mice except controls showed a rapid clearance of virus from the lungs and a reduction in lesions characteristic of herpesviruses in the lungs post-challenge. Notably, the lungs of mice vaccinated with gB, gD or gB + gD and challenged with EHV-1 showed prominent peribronchiolar and perivascular aggregations of mononuclear cells, predominantly lymphocytes. Immunocytochemical staining of these sections showed large numbers of T cells, suggesting an active role for these cells at the site of virus replication post-challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Packiarajah
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Pathology, University of Sydney, Australia
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Baxi MK, Borchers K, Bartels T, Schellenbach A, Baxi S, Field HJ. Molecular studies of the acute infection, latency and reactivation of equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) in the mouse model. Virus Res 1996; 40:33-45. [PMID: 8725119 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1702(95)01255-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The murine intranasal (i.n.) infection model was used to study the molecular distribution of equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) during acute infection, latency and following a reactivation stimulus. After inoculation, infectious virus was detected in lungs, nasal turbinates, brains and olfactory bulbs during the acute phase. A nested PCR (nPCR) readily detected virus in these tissues and, in addition, virus was detected in spleens and (in the second round of nPCR) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). A digoxigenin-labelled in situ hybridization probe detected EHV-1 DNA in bronchiolar and vascular endothelium in the lungs and in and around germinal centres in the spleens. One month later, although infectious virus was absent from all tissues, the trigeminal ganglia, olfactory bulb and PBMC remained positive for virus DNA although this was detected only on the second round of nPCR. Furthermore, in situ hybridization, using either DNA or RNA probes, suggested that little or no transcription of virus occurred in neural tissues during the 'latent phase'. Following a reactivation stimulus, infectious virus was not isolated from any tissues, however, EHV-1 DNA was detected on the first round of nPCR in olfactory bulb, trigeminal ganglia and PBMC. This suggested a quantitative increase in EHV-1 DNA occurred following reactivation stimulus. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to the molecular state of EHV-1 in different tissues at various stages of infection and the validity of the murine model for studying latency and reactivation of EHV-1 in the horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Baxi
- Centre for Veterinary Science, Cambridge University Veterinary School, UK
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