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Kopper JJ, Iennarella-Servantez C, Jergens AE, Sahoo DK, Guillot E, Bourgois-Mochel A, Martinez MN, Allenspach K, Mochel JP. Harnessing the Biology of Canine Intestinal Organoids to Heighten Understanding of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Pathogenesis and Accelerate Drug Discovery: A One Health Approach. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 3:773953. [PMID: 35295115 PMCID: PMC8915821 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2021.773953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In a recent issue of the Lancet, the prevalence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) was estimated at 7 million worldwide. Overall, the burden of IBD is rising globally, with direct and indirect healthcare costs ranging between $14.6 and $31.6 billion in the U.S. alone in 2014. There is currently no cure for IBD, and up to 40% of patients do not respond to medical therapy. Although the exact determinants of the disease pathophysiology remain unknown, the prevailing hypothesis involves complex interplay among host genetics, the intestinal microenvironment (primarily bacteria and dietary constituents), and the mucosal immune system. Importantly, multiple chronic diseases leading to high morbidity and mortality in modern western societies, including type II diabetes, IBD and colorectal cancer, have epidemiologically been linked to the consumption of high-calorie, low-fiber, high monosaccharide, and high-fat diets (HFD). More specifically, data from our laboratory and others have shown that repeated consumption of HFD triggers dysbiotic changes of the gut microbiome concomitant with a state of chronic intestinal inflammation and increased intestinal permeability. However, progress in our understanding of the effect of dietary interventions on IBD pathogenesis has been hampered by a lack of relevant animal models. Additionally, current in vitro cell culture systems are unable to emulate the in vivo interplay between the gut microbiome and the intestinal epithelium in a realistic and translatable way. There remains, therefore, a critical need to develop translatable in vitro and in vivo models that faithfully recapitulate human gut-specific physiological functions to facilitate detailed mechanistic studies on the impact of dietary interventions on gut homeostasis. While the study of murine models has been pivotal in advancing genetic and cellular discoveries, these animal systems often lack key clinical signs and temporal pathological changes representative of IBD. Specifically, some limitations of the mouse model are associated with the use of genetic knockouts to induce immune deficiency and disease. This is vastly different from the natural course of IBD developing in immunologically competent hosts, as is the case in humans and dogs. Noteworthily, abundant literature suggests that canine and human IBD share common clinical and molecular features, such that preclinical studies in dogs with naturally occurring IBD present an opportunity to further our understanding on disease pathogenesis and streamline the development of new therapeutic strategies. Using a stepwise approach, in vitro mechanistic studies investigating the contribution of dietary interventions to chronic intestinal inflammation and "gut leakiness" could be performed in intestinal organoids and organoid derived monolayers. The biologic potential of organoids stems from the method's ability to harness hard-wired cellular programming such that the complexity of the disease background can be reflected more accurately. Likewise, the effect of therapeutic drug candidates could be evaluated in organoids prior to longitudinal studies in dog and human patients with IBD. In this review, we will discuss the value (and limitations) of intestinal organoids derived from a spontaneous animal disease model of IBD (i.e., the dog), and how it can heighten understanding of the interplay between dietary interventions, the gut microbiota and intestinal inflammation. We will also review how intestinal organoids could be used to streamline the preclinical development of therapeutic drug candidates for IBD patients and their best four-legged friends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie J Kopper
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States.,SMART Translational Medicine, Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Chelsea Iennarella-Servantez
- SMART Pharmacology, Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States.,SMART Translational Medicine, Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Albert E Jergens
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Dipak K Sahoo
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States.,SMART Translational Medicine, Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Emilie Guillot
- 3D Health Solutions, Inc., ISU Research Park, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Agnes Bourgois-Mochel
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Marilyn N Martinez
- Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Karin Allenspach
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States.,SMART Translational Medicine, Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States.,3D Health Solutions, Inc., ISU Research Park, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jonathan P Mochel
- SMART Pharmacology, Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States.,SMART Translational Medicine, Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States.,3D Health Solutions, Inc., ISU Research Park, Ames, IA, United States
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Use of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography and Shear-Wave Elastography in the Diagnosis of Granulomatous Colitis in a French Bulldog. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8070133. [PMID: 34357925 PMCID: PMC8310294 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8070133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
An 11-month-old male intact French Bulldog was referred for chronic intermittent diarrhea lasting three months. Ultrasonographic (US) examination revealed severe thickening of the wall of the colon and caecum; contrast-enhanced US (CEUS) and elastography showed increased, heterogeneous vascularization and non-uniform stiffness of the colonic wall. The mucosa was thickened, fragile, and ulcerated as revealed by endoscopy, and histological examination confirmed the suspicion of granulomatous colitis.
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Keiner M, Balzhäuser L, Güssow A, Moritz A. [Granulomatous colitis in a French Bulldog puppy]. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2021; 49:212-218. [PMID: 34157763 DOI: 10.1055/a-1396-3101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A 6-month-old French bulldog was presented due to chronic large intestinal diarrhea of 4 months duration. The diagnostic procedures initiated by the referring veterinarian had resulted in a tentative diagnosis of chronic enteropathy, however treatment consisting of elimination diet as well as antibiotic, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive medication had been unsuccessful. By means of endoscopy and histological examination, pronounced erosions and ulcerations of the colonic mucosa were detected. Fluorescence in situ hybridization enabled the identification of invasive Escherichia coli within the colonic mucosa and colonic macrophages, allowing for the diagnosis of granulomatous colitis. The dog showed complete remission of clinical signs following 8 weeks of treatment with enrofloxacin. This case report describes the first successful treatment of granulomatous colitis with enrofloxacin in a French bulldog puppy in Germany and is intended to sensitize the reader to this disease in (young) dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Keiner
- Klinikum Veterinärmedizin, Klinik für Kleintiere, Innere Medizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen
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Cochran L, Hill S, Lotti U, Allenspach K, Palma D, Forman M, Gary AT, Dogan B, McDonough SP, Simpson KW. Clinical characteristics and long-term outcome of E. coli-associated granulomatous ileocolitis in dogs: five cases (2010-2014). J Small Anim Pract 2021; 62:588-598. [PMID: 33660270 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the clinical characteristics and long-term outcome of Escherichia coli-associated granulomatous ileocolitis in dogs. METHODS Retrospective review of medical records from dogs with periodic acid-Schiff positive (PAS+) granulomatous ileocolitis and mucosally invasive E. coli in the ileum and colon. Initial bacterial colonisation was evaluated using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in all dogs and corroborated with colonic and/or ileal culture, when performed. RESULTS Four boxer dogs and 1 French Bulldog with PAS+ granulomatous ileocolitis (GIC) were evaluated. All dogs had chronic diarrhoea refractory to empirical therapy. Ileocolonoscopy revealed mucosal haemorrhage and ulceration in the ileum (3/4) and colon (5/5). E. coli were visualised as clusters within the ileal and colonic mucosa. Complete (CR, 4/5) or partial (PR, 1/5) clinical response to fluoroquinolones was noted in all dogs within 30 days. CR was sustained in three of four dogs (median disease-free interval 40 months, range 16 to 60). Two dogs relapsed while receiving fluoroquinolones. Repeat biopsy isolated multidrug-resistant, mucosally invasive E. coli in the ileum (1/2) and colon (2/2). Targeted antimicrobial therapy was associated with long-term PR (78 months) in both dogs. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Concurrent E. coli-associated granulomatous inflammation in the ileum and colon did not impart a poor clinical outcome or lack of response to the conventional standard of care for granulomatous colitis in dogs that were aggressively diagnosed and treated. Clinical outcome was influenced by antimicrobial resistance, with response dependent upon antimicrobial therapy informed by susceptibility testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cochran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Veterinary Specialty Hospital of San Diego by Ethos, San Diego, California, 92121, USA
| | - S Hill
- Department of Internal Medicine, Veterinary Specialty Hospital of San Diego, San Diego, California, 92121, USA
| | - U Lotti
- Clinica Veterinaria Valdinievole Srl, Via Costantino Nigra, Monsummano Terme (PT), Italy
| | - K Allenspach
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa, 50011-1134, USA.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - D Palma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Animal Medical Center, New York, New York, 10065, USA
| | - M Forman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cornell University Veterinary Specialists, Stamford, Connecticut, 06902, USA
| | - A T Gary
- Arkansas Veterinary Internal Medicine, 2150 Bypass Road, Heber Springs, Arkansas, 72543, USA
| | - B Dogan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, 930 Campus Road, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - S P McDonough
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, T8 008A Veterinary Research Tower, Box 17 Ithaca, New York, 14853-6401, USA
| | - K W Simpson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, 930 Campus Road, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
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Manchester AC, Dogan B, Guo Y, Simpson KW. Escherichia coli-associated granulomatous colitis in dogs treated according to antimicrobial susceptibility profiling. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 35:150-161. [PMID: 33321554 PMCID: PMC7848323 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eradication of intramucosal Escherichia coli correlates with remission of periodic acid‐Schiff‐positive E coli‐associated granulomatous colitis (GC). Treatment failures attributed to multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria necessitate alternative approaches. Hypothesis/objectives Determine clinical outcome of E coli‐associated GC in dogs treated based on antimicrobial susceptibility profiling and characterize E coli phylogeny and resistance mechanisms. Animals Twenty Boxers and 4 French Bulldogs with E coli‐associated GC. Methods Culture, antimicrobial susceptibility profiling, and molecular characterization of E coli were performed and response to treatment was evaluated. Results Initial biopsy sample culture yielded fluoroquinolone‐sensitive (FQ‐S) E coli from 9/24 dogs and fluoroquinolone‐resistant (FQ‐R) E coli from 15/24. All but 1 FQ‐R E coli were MDR with susceptibility to macrophage‐penetrating antimicrobials restricted to carbapenems in 13/15 dogs. Of 22/24 treated based on susceptibility profiling, 8/9 FQ‐S dogs had complete initial clinical response (CR) during fluoroquinolone (FQ) treatment, whereas 9/13 FQ‐R dogs had complete or partial response (PR) during meropenem or doxycycline treatment. In 5/9 FQ‐S and 12/13 FQ‐R dogs with follow‐up ≥3 months, CR was sustained in 5/5 FQ‐S (median, 25 months; range, 4‐46) whereas 6/12 FQ‐R had long‐term CR (median, 59 months; range 15‐102), 4/12 PR (median, 19 months; range, 5‐65), and 2/12 had no response (NR). Four dogs with long‐term follow‐up died within 4 years of diagnosis, including 2 euthanized for refractory colitis. Escherichia coli were genetically diverse. Fluoroquinolone resistance was associated with mutations in gyrA and parC, with plasmid‐mediated resistance less common. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Antimicrobial treatment guided by susceptibility profiling was associated with positive long‐term outcomes in >80% of cases. Fluoroquinolone‐resistance was widespread and not clonal. Further study is required to optimize treatment for dogs with MDR E coli‐associated GC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Belgin Dogan
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Yongli Guo
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Kenneth W Simpson
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Leal RO, Simpson K, Fine M, Husson JC, Hernandez J. Granulomatous colitis: more than a canine disease? A case of Escherichia coli-associated granulomatous colitis in an adult cat. JFMS Open Rep 2017; 3:2055116917731168. [PMID: 28955479 PMCID: PMC5607922 DOI: 10.1177/2055116917731168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary This report describes a 4-year-old cat with chronic intermittent haematochezia and faecal incontinence of 7 months’ duration. Investigation revealed severe colonic multifocal mucosal ulcerations and infiltration of the mucosal lamina propria by large numbers of periodic acid–Schiff-positive macrophages. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation analysis of colonic biopsies revealed multifocal clusters of intracellular Escherichia coli. Treatment with fluoroquinolones for 6 weeks led to a complete resolution of clinical signs. Relevance and novel information The findings reveal that mucosally invasive E coli can also be associated with granulomatous colitis in cats and indicate the need for diagnostic testing of mucosal samples for E coli and other infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenny Simpson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Nolte A, Junginger J, Baum B, Hewicker-Trautwein M. Heterogeneity of macrophages in canine histiocytic ulcerative colitis. Innate Immun 2017; 23:228-239. [DOI: 10.1177/1753425916686170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Histiocytic ulcerative colitis (HUC) is a chronic enteropathy which most notably occurs in Boxer dogs and French bulldogs. The inflamed mucosa is hallmarked by large, foamy, periodic acid–Schiff (PAS)-positive macrophages infiltrating the colonic mucosa. As little is known about their origin and phenotype, an immunohistochemical study was performed using different macrophage markers. Generally, canine colonic macrophages showed high expression of ionised calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 and MHC class II. In canine HUC, macrophages revealed up-regulation of lysozyme and L1 Ag but decreased CD163 expression compared with controls, suggesting them to be pro-inflammatory cells, whereas the healthy colonic mucosa was characterised by an anti-inflammatory macrophage phenotype. In addition, PAS reaction was used to discriminate macrophage subpopulations. PAS– macrophages displayed higher expression of L1 Ag and CD64, whereas PAS+ cells, which were only present in HUC patients, were characterised by increased expression of lysozyme, inducible nitric oxide synthase and CD204. This indicates PAS+ cells to be mature macrophages contributing to the inflammatory process, which are most likely maintained by differentiation of immature PAS– macrophages continuously recruited from blood monocytes. In summary, macrophage heterogeneity in canine HUC probably illustrates their different maturation states and functions compared with the healthy animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nolte
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Johannes Junginger
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Berit Baum
- Vet Med Labor GmbH, Division of IDEXX Laboratories, Ludwigsburg, Germany
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Mueller M, Dahlem DP, Henrich M, Neiger R, Schmitz S. Favourable long‐term outcome of granulomatous colitis involving two
Escherichia coli
strains with multiple antimicrobial resistances in a French bulldog in Germany. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2016-000296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Manfred Henrich
- Institute for Veterinary PathologyJustus‐Liebig‐Universitat Giessen Fachbereich VeterinarmedizinGiessenHessenGermany
| | - Reto Neiger
- Small Animal ClinicJustus‐Liebig UniversityGiessenHessenGermany
| | - Silke Schmitz
- Small Animal ClinicJustus‐Liebig UniversityGiessenHessenGermany
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Histiocytic typhlocolitis in two colony Beagle dogs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 67:219-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Manchester AC, Hill S, Sabatino B, Armentano R, Carroll M, Kessler B, Miller M, Dogan B, McDonough SP, Simpson KW. Association between granulomatous colitis in French Bulldogs and invasive Escherichia coli and response to fluoroquinolone antimicrobials. J Vet Intern Med 2012. [PMID: 23206120 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND French Bulldogs develop a form of granulomatous colitis (GC) with histopathological resemblance to GC of Boxer dogs (GCB). GCB is associated with mucosally invasive Escherichia coli whose eradication correlates with clinical remission. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To characterize the clinical and histopathological features, presence or absence of invasive colonic bacteria, and response to fluoroquinolones in French Bulldogs with GC. ANIMALS A total of 6 French Bulldogs with a histological diagnosis of GC. METHODS Retrospective study of medical records. Bacterial colonization was evaluated using 16S rRNA probes for eubacteria and E. coli. Biopsy specimens from 3 dogs were cultured for bacteria. Clinical response to fluoroquinolone antimicrobials was determined. RESULTS All dogs were ≤1 year of age with hematochezia that was refractory to empirical therapy. Clinicopathologic and fecal analysis did not reveal abnormalities. Abdominal ultrasound revealed patchy thickening of the colon in 4/5 dogs and regional lymphadenopathy in 5/5. Colonoscopic abnormalities included irregularly thickened and ulcerated mucosa, hyperemia, and overt bleeding in 4/6 cases. Multifocal accumulations of PAS-positive macrophages and intramucosal E. coli were present in colonic biopsies of all 6 dogs. Administration of enrofloxacin (5/6) or marbofloxacin (1/6) at 4.4-10 mg/kg (median 10 mg/kg) PO q24h for 6-10 weeks was associated with clinical improvement within 5-14 days. All dogs remained in remission over a 3-30 month follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS Granulomatous colitis in young French Bulldogs is associated with the presence of invasive E. coli and closely parallels GCB. Treatment with fluoroquinolone antimicrobials can induce lasting clinical remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Manchester
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Abstract
Granulomatous colitis (GC) is a rare, breed-specific inflammatory bowel disease of young Boxer dogs. GC has been refractory to treatment and associated with high mortality rates, but culture-independent molecular analysis has transformed therapy and prognosis by uncovering a correlation between GC and Escherichia coli invasion within colonic mucosal macrophages. GC-associated invasive E coli are similar to a newly identified E coli pathotype, "adherent and invasive E coli," that are increasingly associated with Crohn's disease in humans. Successful treatment of GC requires antimicrobials that are effective against E coli and penetrate intracellularly. Enrofloxacin is widely regarded as the antibiotic of choice.
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Mansfield CS, James FE, Craven M, Davies DR, O'Hara AJ, Nicholls PK, Dogan B, MacDonough SP, Simpson KW. Remission of histiocytic ulcerative colitis in Boxer dogs correlates with eradication of invasive intramucosal Escherichia coli. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23:964-9. [PMID: 19678891 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0363.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Historically, histiocytic ulcerative (HUC) (or granulomatous) colitis of Boxer dogs was considered an idiopathic immune-mediated disease with a poor prognosis. Recent reports of dramatic responses to enrofloxacin and the discovery of invasive Escherichia coli within the colonic mucosa of affected Boxer dogs support an infectious etiology. HYPOTHESIS Invasive E. coli is associated with colonic inflammation in Boxer dogs with HUC, and eradication of intramucosal E. coli correlates with clinical and histologic remission. ANIMALS Seven Boxer dogs with HUC. METHODS Prospective case series. Colonic biopsies were obtained at initial evaluation in 7 dogs, and in 5 dogs after treatment with enrofloxacin. Biopsies were evaluated by standardized histopathology, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with probes to eubacteria and E. coli. RESULTS Intramucosal E. coli was present in colonic biopsies of 7/7 Boxers with HUC. Clinical response was noted in all dogs within 2 weeks of enrofloxacin (7 + or - 3.06 mg/kg q24 h, for 9.5 + or - 3.98 weeks) and was sustained in 6 dogs (median disease-free interval to date of 47 months, range 17-62). FISH was negative for E. coli in 4/5 dogs after enrofloxacin. E. coli resistant to enrofloxacin were present in the FISH-positive dog that relapsed. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The correlation between clinical remission and the eradication of mucosally invasive E. coli during treatment with enrofloxacin supports the causal involvement of E. coli in the development of HUC in susceptible Boxer dogs. A poor response to enrofloxacin treatment might be due to colonization with enrofloxacin-resistant E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Mansfield
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
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Craven M, Simpson JW, Ridyard AE, Chandler ML. Canine inflammatory bowel disease: retrospective analysis of diagnosis and outcome in 80 cases (1995-2002). J Small Anim Pract 2004; 45:336-42. [PMID: 15266855 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2004.tb00245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The case records of 80 dogs in which idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) had been diagnosed were reviewed, and owners were contacted for follow-up information using a telephone questionnaire. The types of IBD encountered were lymphocytic (n=6), lymphocytic-plasmacytic (n=38), eosinophilic (n=6) and mixed inflammation (n=30). Prednisolone, sulphasalazine, metronidazole and tylosin were the most frequently prescribed medications. At follow-up, 21 dogs (26 per cent) were classified as being in remission (for a median of 14 months), 40 dogs (50 per cent) had intermittent clinical signs (for a median of 17 months) and three dogs (4 per cent) had uncontrolled disease (for a median of 19 months). Ten dogs (13 per cent) had been euthanased due to refractory IBD and four of these had entered remission for a median of 21 months prior to developing severe relapse and refractoriness to further treatment. Six dogs (8 per cent) had been euthanased or had died for reasons unrelated to IBD. Hypoalbuminaemia at the time of diagnosis was significantly associated with a negative outcome (P=0.0007). No association was found between the site (P=0.75), type (P=0.44) and severity (P=0.75) of disease. Dietary change to single protein and carbohydrate commercial diets had no association with outcome (P=0.12). Owner assessment of quality of life at follow-up was significantly associated with outcome (P=0.006).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Craven
- University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG
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15
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Hostutler RA, Luria BJ, Johnson SE, Weisbrode SE, Sherding RG, Jaeger JQ, Guilford WG. Antibiotic-Responsive Histiocytic Ulcerative Colitis in 9 Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2004.tb02574.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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16
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Davies DR, O'Hara AJ, Irwin PJ, Guilford WG. Successful management of histiocytic ulcerative colitis with enrofloxacin in two Boxer dogs. Aust Vet J 2004; 82:58-61. [PMID: 15088960 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2004.tb14643.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Two Boxer dogs with histologically confirmed histiocytic ulcerative colitis were treated with enrofloxacin, one as sole therapy and one in conjunction with prednisolone, after failure of standard therapy. Clinical remission occurred rapidly in both dogs after commencement of enrofloxacin and in one case where repeat colonoscopy was performed the endoscopic appearance of the mucosa was normal within 2 weeks. Histological examination of the colonic mucosa in this dog after 7 months showed resolution of the cellular infiltration characteristic of histiocytic ulcerative colitis. Histological improvement following therapy in Boxer dogs with histiocytic ulcerative colitis has not been reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Davies
- Division of Health Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150
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Abstract
A 9-month-old French bulldog was referred for signs of chronic large bowel diarrhea. The dog had an increased frequency of defecation, tenesmus and hematochezia. Flexible colonoscopy showed hyperemia, irregularities and ulcerations with multifocal hemorrhages in the mucosa from the descending colon to the proximal rectum. Multiple colonic biopsies were characterized by infiltrations of PAS positive histiocytes in the lamina propria. A diagnosis of histiocytic ulcerative colitis (HUC) was made, and the animal showed only minimal improvement, although it was treated with nutritional and medical therapies. This is the second case of HUC in French bulldog, a breed which has ancestral relations to Boxer dogs.
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German AJ, Hall EJ, Kelly DF, Watson AD, Day MJ. An immunohistochemical study of histiocytic ulcerative colitis in boxer dogs. J Comp Pathol 2000; 122:163-75. [PMID: 10684685 DOI: 10.1053/jcpa.1999.0353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Histiocytic ulcerative colitis (HUC) is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that occurs predominantly in dogs of the boxer breed. The lesions are characterized by mucosal ulceration and mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate that includes the presence of periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive macrophages. However, the phenotype of the inflammatory cells has not been characterized further. In the present study, immunohistochemistry and computer-aided morphometric analysis were used to define populations of leucocyte subsets in the colon of 14 boxer dogs with HUC. Biopsies from six of these dogs included both lesional and non-lesional regions. Colonic tissue from 11 dogs of various breeds without evidence of gastrointestinal disease served as controls. In HUC lesions there were significantly more IgG(+), IgG3(+), IgG4(+)plasma cells, CD3(+)T cells, MHC class II(+)cells, L1(+)cells and PAS(+)cells in the lamina propria than in both control colon and non-lesional colonic regions of affected dogs. In the epithelial compartment, goblet cells were significantly decreased in HUC lesions compared to both control and non-lesional HUC colon, and intensity of enterocyte MHC class II expression was significantly increased. These observations are similar to those documented in human IBD, especially ulcerative colitis, and suggest an important role for the mucosal immune system in the pathogenesis of canine HUC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J German
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK
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