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Noreen A, Anwar Z, Ahsan Ejaz M, Usmani M, Khan T, Ali Sheraz M, Ahmed S, Mirza T, Khurshid A, Ahmad I. Riboflavin (vitamin B 2) sensitized photooxidation of ascorbic acid (vitamin C): A kinetic study. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 309:123813. [PMID: 38198998 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AH2) photoxidation sensitized by riboflavin (RF) has been studied between pH 2.0 and 12.0 in ambient air and anaerobic environment using UV and visible irradiation sources. The kinetics of AH2 degradation in aqueous medium along with RF is found to be first-order for its photodegradation. AH2 photolysis rate constants in aerobic and anaerobic conditions with RF (1.0-5.0 × 10-5 M) are 0.14-3.89 × 10-2 and 0.026-0.740 × 10-2 min-1, respectively. The rate constants (k2) of second-order kinetics for AH2 and RF photochemical interaction in aerobic and anaerobic conditions are in the range of 0.24-3.70 to 0.05-0.70 × 10-3 M-1 min-1, respectively, which manifests that increasing the RF concentration also increases the rate of photodegradation (photooxidation) of AH2. The k2 versus pH graph is bell-shaped which indicates that increasing the pH increases photolytic degradation rate of AH2 with RF. Increasing the pH results in the increased ionization of AH2 (ascorbyl anion, AH-) and redox potential which leads to the higher rates of photodegradation of AH2. Two-component spectrophotometric (243 and 266 nm, AH2 and RF, respectively) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods have been used to determine the concentration of AH2 and RF in pure and degraded solutions. The results obtained from these two methods are compared using a student t-test which showed no noteworthy difference between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Noreen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Gadap Road, Super Highway, Karachi 75340, Pakistan
| | - Zubair Anwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Gadap Road, Super Highway, Karachi 75340, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Ahsan Ejaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Gadap Road, Super Highway, Karachi 75340, Pakistan
| | - Muneeba Usmani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Gadap Road, Super Highway, Karachi 75340, Pakistan
| | - Tooba Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Gadap Road, Super Highway, Karachi 75340, Pakistan; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sindh, Allama I.I., Kazi Campus, Jamshoro 76080, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali Sheraz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Gadap Road, Super Highway, Karachi 75340, Pakistan
| | - Sofia Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Gadap Road, Super Highway, Karachi 75340, Pakistan
| | - Tania Mirza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Gadap Road, Super Highway, Karachi 75340, Pakistan
| | - Adeela Khurshid
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Gadap Road, Super Highway, Karachi 75340, Pakistan
| | - Iqbal Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Gadap Road, Super Highway, Karachi 75340, Pakistan
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Ahmad I, Mobeen MF, Sheraz MA, Ahmed S, Anwar Z, Shaikh RS, Hussain I, Ali SM. Photochemical interaction of ascorbic acid and nicotinamide in aqueous solution: A kinetic study. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2018; 182:115-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Sheraz MA, Khan MF, Ahmed S, Kazi SH, Khattak SR, Ahmad I. Factors affecting formulation characteristics and stability of ascorbic acid in water-in-oil creams. Int J Cosmet Sci 2014; 36:494-504. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Sheraz
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Baqai Medical University; 51, Deh Tor, Toll Plaza, Super Highway, Gadap Road Karachi 74600 Pakistan
| | - M. F. Khan
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Baqai Medical University; 51, Deh Tor, Toll Plaza, Super Highway, Gadap Road Karachi 74600 Pakistan
| | - S. Ahmed
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Baqai Medical University; 51, Deh Tor, Toll Plaza, Super Highway, Gadap Road Karachi 74600 Pakistan
| | - S. H. Kazi
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Baqai Medical University; 51, Deh Tor, Toll Plaza, Super Highway, Gadap Road Karachi 74600 Pakistan
| | - S. Rehman Khattak
- Central Drug Laboratories; Ministry of Health; Karachi 74400 Pakistan
| | - I. Ahmad
- Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Baqai Medical University; 51, Deh Tor, Toll Plaza, Super Highway, Gadap Road Karachi 74600 Pakistan
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Ahmad I, Ali Sheraz M, Ahmed S, Shad Z, Vaid FHM. Photostabilization of ascorbic acid with citric acid, tartaric acid and boric acid in cream formulations. Int J Cosmet Sci 2012; 34:240-5. [PMID: 22296174 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2012.00708.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study involves the evaluation of the effect of certain stabilizers, that is, citric acid (CT), tartaric acid (TA) and boric acid (BA) on the degradation of ascorbic acid (AH(2) ) in oil-in-water cream formulations exposed to the UV light and stored in the dark. The apparent first-order rate constants (0.34-0.95 × 10(-3) min(-1) in light, 0.38-1.24 × 10(-2) day(-1) in dark) for the degradation reactions in the presence of the stabilizers have been determined. These rate constants have been used to derive the second-order rate constants (0.26-1.45 × 10(-2) M(-1) min(-1) in light, 3.75-8.50 × 10(-3) M(-1) day(-1) in dark) for the interaction of AH(2) and the individual stabilizers. These stabilizers are effective in causing the inhibition of the rate of degradation of AH(2) both in the light and in the dark. The inhibitory effect of the stabilizers is in the order of CT > TA > BA. The rate of degradation of AH(2) in the presence of these stabilizers in the light is about 120 times higher than that in the dark. This could be explained on the basis of the deactivation of AH(2) -excited triplet state by CT and TA and by the inhibition of AH(2) degradation through complex formation with BA. AH(2) leads to the formation of dehydroascorbic acid (A) by chemical and photooxidation in cream formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ahmad
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Toll Plaza, Super Highway, Gadap Road, Karachi-74600, Pakistan
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Ahmad I, Sheraz MA, Ahmed S, Bano R, Vaid FHM. Photochemical interaction of ascorbic acid with riboflavin, nicotinamide and alpha-tocopherol in cream formulations. Int J Cosmet Sci 2011; 34:123-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2011.00690.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ahmad I, Sheraz MA, Ahmed S, Shaikh RH, Vaid FHM, ur Rehman Khattak S, Ansari SA. Photostability and interaction of ascorbic acid in cream formulations. AAPS PharmSciTech 2011; 12:917-23. [PMID: 21735345 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-011-9659-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetics of photolysis of ascorbic acid in cream formulations on UV irradiation has been studied using a specific spectrophotometric method with a reproducibility of ± 5%. The apparent first-order rate constants (k(obs)) for the photolysis of ascorbic acid in creams have been determined. The photoproducts formed in the cream formulations include dehydroascorbic acid and 2,3-diketogulonic acid. The photolysis of ascorbic acid appears to be affected by the concentration of active ingredient, pH, and viscosity of the medium and formulation characteristics. The study indicates that the ionized state and redox potentials of ascorbic acid are important factors in the photostability of the vitamin in cream formulations. The viscosity of the humectant present in the creams appears to influence the photostability of ascorbic acid. The results show that the physical stability of the creams is an important factor in the stabilization of the vitamin. In the cream formulations stored in the dark, ascorbic acid undergoes aerobic oxidation and the degradation is affected by similar factors as indicated in the photolysis reactions. The rate of oxidative degradation in the dark is about seventy times slower than that observed in the presence of light.
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Ortwerth BJ, Coots A, James HL, Linetsky M. UVA irradiation of human lens proteins produces residual oxidation of ascorbic acid even in the presence of high levels of glutathione. Arch Biochem Biophys 1998; 351:189-96. [PMID: 9515056 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1997.0549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation products of ascorbic acid (AscH-) can rapidly glycate and crosslink lens proteins in vitro, producing fluorophores and browning products similar to those present in cataractous lenses. The accumulation of AscH- oxidation products, however, would largely be prevented by the millimolar levels of glutathione (GSH) present in human lens. Here we investigate whether protein aggregation could allow the oxidation of AscH- by UVA-induced reactive oxygen species in the presence of physiological levels of GSH. The metal-catalyzed oxidation of 1.0 mM AscH- by 50 microM Cu(II) was almost complete after 1 h, but no oxidation was seen in the presence of GSH concentrations as low as 0.5 mM. UVA irradiation of protein aggregates from human lens, which accumulated more than 2.0 mM singlet oxygen after 1 h, caused a 50-60% oxidation of 1.0 mM AscH-. The addition of 204 mM GSH, however, decreased AscH- oxidation by less than half, and 30% of the AscH- was oxidized even in the presence of 15 mM GSH. This diminished protection may be due, in part, to the ability of AscH-, but not GSH, to penetrate to the sites of singlet oxygen generation located within the protein. Consistent with this hypothesis, greater GSH protection was seen when a proteolytic digest of the human proteins was subjected to the same irradiation or when singlet oxygen was chemically generated from 3-(4-methyl-1-naphthyl)propionic acid endoperoxide (MNPAE) at 37 degrees C in the medium. The addition of 50 microM Cu(II) had no effect on the rate of degradation of dehydroascorbic acid (DHA). Singlet oxygen, either UVA- or MNPAE-generated, increased the rate of DHA loss. This secondary oxidation of DHA by singlet oxygen would allow the accumulation of AscH- oxidation products was not reducible by GSH. Therefore, the data presented here argue that the protein aggregation seen in older human lenses may permit oxidized AscH--induced crosslinking to occur even at physiological GSH levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Ortwerth
- Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212, USA
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Kim H, Kirschenbaum LJ, Rosenthal I, Riesz P. Photosensitized formation of ascorbate radicals by riboflavin: an ESR study. Photochem Photobiol 1993; 57:777-84. [PMID: 8393195 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1993.tb09210.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The riboflavin-sensitized photooxidation of ascorbate ion (HA-) to ascorbate radical (A.-) was followed by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy in conjunction with oxygen depletion measurements. In air-saturated aqueous media, steady-state amounts of A.- are rapidly established upon irradiation. The ESR signal disappears within a few seconds after the light is extinguished--more slowly under constant irradiation as oxygen is depleted. No photooxidation was observed in deaerated media. Similar results were obtained with other flavins and when ascorbyl palmitate was substituted for HA-. The effect of added superoxide dismutase, catalase, desferrioxamine, and singlet oxygen scavengers (NaN3 and tryptophan) was studied, as was replacement of water by D2O and saturation with O2. The results are indicative of ascorbate free radical production via direct reaction between ascorbate ion and triplet riboflavin in the presence of O2. While the presence of superoxide ion tends to reduce the steady-state concentration of A.-, competition from the reaction of HA- with singlet oxygen is less apparent in this system (at HA- > or = 1 mM) than in the previously studied aluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate-photosensitized reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kim
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Buettner GR, Doherty TP, Bannister TD. Hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical formation by methylene blue in the presence of ascorbic acid. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 1984; 23:235-243. [PMID: 6093184 DOI: 10.1007/bf01407595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Using ESR we have demonstrated the formation of the ascorbate free radical from sodium ascorbate, methylene blue and light. In oxygen uptake experiments we have observed the production of hydrogen peroxide while spin trapping experiments have revealed the iron catalyzed production of the hydroxyl free radical in this system. The presence of this highly reactive radical suggests that it could be the radical that initiates free radical damage in this photodynamic system.
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Heelis PF, Parsons BJ, Phillips GO, McKellar JF. THE FLAVIN SENSITISED PHOTOOXIDATION OF ASCORBIC ACID: A CONTINUOUS AND FLASH PHOTOLYSIS STUDY. Photochem Photobiol 1981. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1981.tb04289.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Vila R, Llobell A, Bárcena JA, Paneque A. Nitrate reductase from Azotobacter chroococcum. Inactivation by oxidizing agents and reactivation with dithioerythritol. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1978; 84:943-9. [PMID: 728161 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(78)91674-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Singh H, Vadasz JA. Singlet oxygen quenchers and the photodynamic inactivation of E. coli ribosomes by methylene blue. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1976; 76:391-7. [PMID: 800340 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(77)90737-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- G A. Codd
- Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung (Erwin-Baur-Institut), Abteilung Menke, 5, Köln, Germany
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SPIKES JOHND, LIVINGSTON ROBERT. The Molecular Biology of Photodynamic Action: Sensitized Photoautoxidations in Biological Systems ,. ADVANCES IN RADIATION BIOLOGY 1969. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4832-3122-8.50008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Habermann HM, Handel MA, McKellar P. Kinetics of chloroplast-mediated photoxidation of diketogluonate. Photochem Photobiol 1968; 7:211-24. [PMID: 5644609 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1968.tb08007.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Kasche V. Radical intermediates in the fluorescein- and eosin-photosensitized autoxidation of L-tyrosine. Photochem Photobiol 1967; 6:643-50. [PMID: 6048067 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1967.tb08769.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Kinetics and Intermediates of the Oxygen Evolution Step in Photosynthesis1 1This investigation was supported in part by the Aerospace Medical Division (AF 41(609)–2369), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASw–747), and the National Institutes of Health (PH 43–63–36). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1966. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4831-9969-6.50007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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Habermann HM, Hayward PC. PHOTOXIDATION OF ASCORBATE TO OXALATE AND THREONATE MEDIATED BY CHLOROPLASTS IN FAR RED LIGHT. Photochem Photobiol 1966. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1966.tb05765.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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