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de Grip WJ, Ganapathy S. Rhodopsins: An Excitingly Versatile Protein Species for Research, Development and Creative Engineering. Front Chem 2022; 10:879609. [PMID: 35815212 PMCID: PMC9257189 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.879609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The first member and eponym of the rhodopsin family was identified in the 1930s as the visual pigment of the rod photoreceptor cell in the animal retina. It was found to be a membrane protein, owing its photosensitivity to the presence of a covalently bound chromophoric group. This group, derived from vitamin A, was appropriately dubbed retinal. In the 1970s a microbial counterpart of this species was discovered in an archaeon, being a membrane protein also harbouring retinal as a chromophore, and named bacteriorhodopsin. Since their discovery a photogenic panorama unfolded, where up to date new members and subspecies with a variety of light-driven functionality have been added to this family. The animal branch, meanwhile categorized as type-2 rhodopsins, turned out to form a large subclass in the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors and are essential to multiple elements of light-dependent animal sensory physiology. The microbial branch, the type-1 rhodopsins, largely function as light-driven ion pumps or channels, but also contain sensory-active and enzyme-sustaining subspecies. In this review we will follow the development of this exciting membrane protein panorama in a representative number of highlights and will present a prospect of their extraordinary future potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem J. de Grip
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biophysical Organic Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Srividya Ganapathy
- Department of Imaging Physics, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands
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El-Tahawy MMT, Nenov A, Weingart O, Olivucci M, Garavelli M. Relationship between Excited State Lifetime and Isomerization Quantum Yield in Animal Rhodopsins: Beyond the One-Dimensional Landau-Zener Model. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:3315-3322. [PMID: 29791163 PMCID: PMC6650607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We show that the speed of the chromophore photoisomerization of animal rhodopsins is not a relevant control knob for their light sensitivity. This result is at odds with the momentum-driven tunnelling rationale (i.e., assuming a one-dimensional Landau-Zener model for the decay: Zener, C. Non-Adiabatic Crossing of Energy Levels. Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 1932, 137 (833), 696-702) holding that a faster nuclear motion through the conical intersection translates into a higher quantum yield and, thus, light sensitivity. Instead, a model based on the phase-matching of specific excited state vibrational modes should be considered. Using extensive semiclassical hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics trajectory computations to simulate the photoisomerization of three animal rhodopsin models (visual rhodopsin, squid rhodopsin and human melanopsin), we also demonstrate that phase-matching between three different modes (the reactive carbon and hydrogen twisting coordinates and the bond length alternation mode) is required to achieve high quantum yields. In fact, such "phase-matching" mechanism explains the computational results and provides a tool for the prediction of the photoisomerization outcome in retinal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen M. T. El-Tahawy
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari″, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento, 4I -40136 Bologna, Italy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Artur Nenov
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari″, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento, 4I -40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Oliver Weingart
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie und Computerchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Massimo Olivucci
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy
- Chemistry Department, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403
- Corresponding Author; (M.O.): ; Phone: +39 051 20 9 9476. Fax: +39 051 20 9 9456 (M.G.)
| | - Marco Garavelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari″, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento, 4I -40136 Bologna, Italy
- Corresponding Author; (M.O.): ; Phone: +39 051 20 9 9476. Fax: +39 051 20 9 9456 (M.G.)
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Kobayashi T. Development of Ultrafast Spectroscopy and Reaction Mechanisms Studied by the Observation of Ultrashort-Life Species and Transition States. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2013. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20120250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Kobayashi
- Advanced Ultrafast Laser Research Center, The University of Electro-Communications
- JST, CREST
- Department of Electrophysics, National Chiao Tung University
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University
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Send R, Sundholm D, Johansson MP, Pawłowski F. Excited State Potential Energy Surfaces of Polyenes and Protonated Schiff Bases. J Chem Theory Comput 2009; 5:2401-14. [DOI: 10.1021/ct900240s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Send
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Karlsruhe, Kaiserstrasse 12, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtanens plats 1), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikael P. Johansson
- Lundbeck Foundation Centre for Theoretical Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Århus C, Denmark
| | - Filip Pawłowski
- Physics Institute, Kazimierz Wielki University, Plac Weyssenhoffa 11, PL-85-072 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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The molecular structure of a curl-shaped retinal isomer. J Mol Model 2008; 14:717-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-008-0284-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Suzuki K, Kobayashi T, Ohtani H, Yesaka H, Nagakura S, Shichida Y, Yoshizawa T. OBSERVATION OF THE PICOSECOND TIME-RESOLVED SPECTRUM OF SQUID BATHORHODOPSIN AT ROOM TEMPERATURE. Photochem Photobiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1980.tb04060.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chapter 10 Modeling primary visual processes in insect photoreceptors. HANDBOOK OF BIOLOGICAL PHYSICS 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1383-8121(00)80013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Kobayashi T, Kim M, Taiji M, Iwasa T, Nakagawa M, Tsuda M. Femtosecond Spectroscopy of Halorhodopsin and Rhodopsin in a Broad Spectral Range of 400−1000 nm. J Phys Chem B 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp970705w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Taiji M, Bryl K, Nakagawa M, Tsuda M, Kobayashi T. FEMTOSECOND STUDIES OF PRIMARY PHOTOPROCESSES IN OCTOPUS RHODOPSIN. Photochem Photobiol 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1992.tb09723.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Yoshizawa T, Kandori H. Chapter 2 Primary photochemical events in the rhodopsin molecule. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0278-4327(91)90023-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Holzwarth AR. Applications of ultrafast laser spectroscopy for the study of biological systems. Q Rev Biophys 1989; 22:239-326. [PMID: 2695961 DOI: 10.1017/s0033583500002985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of mode-locked laser operation now nearly two decades ago has started a development which enables researchers to probe the dynamics of ultrafast physical and chemical processes at the molecular level on shorter and shorter time scales. Naturally the first applications were in the fields of photophysics and photochemistry where it was then possible for the first time to probe electronic and vibrational relaxation processes on a sub-nanosecond timescale. The development went from lasers producing pulses of many picoseconds to the shortest pulses which are at present just a few femtoseconds long. Soon after their discovery ultrashort pulses were applied also to biological systems which has revealed a wealth of information contributing to our understanding of a broadrange of biological processes on the molecular level.It is the aim of this review to discuss the recent advances and point out some future trends in the study of ultrafast processes in biological systems using laser techniques. The emphasis will be mainly on new results obtained during the last 5 or 6 years. The term ultrafast means that I shall restrict myself to sub-nanosecond processes with a few exceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Holzwarth
- Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, Mülheim/Ruhr, FRG
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Matuoka S, Shichida Y, Yoshizawa T. Formation of hypsorhodopsin at room temperature by picosecond green pulse. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1984; 765:38-42. [PMID: 6712947 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(84)90154-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Excitation of squid rhodopsin with a single laser pulse (532 nm, 25 ps) at 18 degrees C yielded photorhodopsin, a precursor of bathorhodopsin. In the linear region, no relation between amount of photorhodopsin and excitation-energy hypsorhodopsin was detected, while in a photon saturation region this was observed. The time constant of hypsorhodopsin to bathorhodopsin decay was about 125 ps. Dependencies of formation of photorhodopsin and hypsorhodopsin on the excitation energy suggest that hypsorhodopsins of squid and octopus are formed by a two-photon reaction. No cattle hypsorhodopsin was detected in our experimental conditions.
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Purification of squid rhodopsin and reassembly into lipid bilayers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(84)90112-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Yoshizawa T, Shichida Y, Matuoka S. Primary intermediates of rhodopsin studied by low temperature spectrophotometry and laser photolysis. Bathorhodopsin, hypsorhodopsin and photorhodopsin. Vision Res 1984; 24:1455-63. [PMID: 6398559 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(84)90306-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The primary photochemical processes of rhodopsin studied by low temperature spectrophotometry and picosecond laser spectroscopy in our group was summarized. Low temperature spectroscopic experiments demonstrated that the retinylidene chromophores of hypso- and bathorhodopsins are in a twisted all-trans forms. Excitation of rhodopsin with 532 nm laser pulse (width: 25 psec) yielded a new bathochromic photoproduct "photorhodopsin"; its spectrum was located at longer wavelengths than that of bathorhodopsin. Photorhodopsin decays to bathorhodopsin with time constants of about 200 psec in squid and 40 psec in cattle. Squid and octopus hypsorhodopsins were produced within 25 psec by high energy pulse, but not by low energy pulse. Thus hypsorhodopsin is produced by two photon reactions (sequential two photochemical reactions) and decayed to bathorhodopsin with time constant of 125 psec.
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Cooper A. Photoselection of conformational substates and the hyposochromic photoproduct of rhodopsin. Chem Phys Lett 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(83)87546-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Shichida Y, Matuoka S, Hidaka Y, Yoshizawa T. Absorption spectra of intermediates of bacteriorhodopsin measured by laser photolysis at room temperatures. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(83)90123-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Gillbro T, Sundström V. PICOSECOND KINETICS and A MODEL FOR THE PRIMARY EVENTS OF BACTERIORHODOPSIN. Photochem Photobiol 1983. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1983.tb04498.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Laser induced visual pigment conversions in fly photoreceptors measured in vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00535665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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[62] Molecular aspects of the photocycles of rhodopsin and bacteriorhodopsin: A comparative overview. Methods Enzymol 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(82)88065-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Kobayashi T, Nagakura S. Bleaching intermediate kinetics of rhodopsin: picosecond kinetics for squid rhodopsin. Methods Enzymol 1982; 81:368-73. [PMID: 7098881 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(82)81053-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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4. Picosecond Laser Spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-695x(08)60153-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Tsuda M, Tokunaga F, Ebrey TG, Yue KT, Marque J, Eisenstein L. Behaviour of octopus rhodopsin and its photoproducts at very low temperatures. Nature 1980; 287:461-2. [PMID: 7432472 DOI: 10.1038/287461a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Tokunaga F, Sasaki N, Yoshizawa T. Orientation of retinylidene chromophore of hypsorhodopsin in frog retina. Photochem Photobiol 1980; 32:447-53. [PMID: 6969892 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1980.tb03787.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Kobayashi T. Existence of hypsorhodopsin as the first intermediate in the primary photochemical process of cattle rhodopsin. Photochem Photobiol 1980; 32:207-15. [PMID: 7433531 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1980.tb04011.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Sarai A, Kakitani T, Shichida Y, Tokunaga F, Yoshizawa T. SIMULATION ANALYSIS OF THE PHOTOCONVERSION PROCESS OF SQUID RHODOPSIN AT LIQUID HELIUM TEMPERATURE. Photochem Photobiol 1980. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1980.tb04010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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