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Recent Advances in Photodynamic Therapy against Fungal Keratitis. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122011. [PMID: 34959293 PMCID: PMC8709008 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal keratitis is a serious clinical infection on the cornea caused by fungi and is one of the leading causes of blindness in Asian countries. The treatment options are currently limited to a few antifungal agents. With the increasing incidence of drug-resistant infections, many patients fail to respond to antibiotics. Riboflavin-mediated corneal crosslinking (similar to photodynamic therapy (PDT)) for corneal ectasia was approved in the US in the early 2000s. Current evidence suggests that PDT could have the potential to inhibit fungal biofilm formation and overcome drug resistance by using riboflavin and rose bengal as photosensitizers. However, only a few clinical trials have been initiated in anti-fungal keratitis PDT treatment. Moreover, the removal of the corneal epithelium and repeated application of riboflavin and rose bengal are required to improve drug penetration before and during PDT. Thus, an improvement in trans-corneal drug delivery is mandatory for a successful and efficient treatment. In this article, we review the studies published to date using PDT against fungal keratitis and aim to enhance the understanding and awareness of this research area. The potential of modifying photosensitizers using nanotechnology to improve the efficacy of PDT on fungal keratitis is also briefly reviewed.
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Wang J, Stachon T, Eppig T, Langenbucher A, Seitz B, Szentmáry N. Impact of photodynamic inactivation (PDI) using the photosensitizer chlorin e6 on viability, apoptosis, and proliferation of human keratocytes in vitro. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2013; 251:2725-31. [PMID: 24085386 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-013-2470-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) may be a potential alternative in cases of therapy-resistant infectious keratitis. The purpose of our study was to determine the impact of PDI using the photosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6) on viability, apoptosis, and proliferation of human keratocytes, in vitro. METHODS Primary human keratocytes were isolated by digestion in collagenase (1 mg/ml) from human corneal buttons, and cultured in DMEM/Ham's F12 medium supplemented with 10 % FCS. Keratocyte cell cultures underwent illumination using red (670 nm) light for 13 min following exposure to 50 nM to 64 μM concentrations of Ce6 in the culture medium. Twenty-four hours after PDI, cell viability was evaluated by the Alamar blue assay, total DNA content of the cells and apoptosis using the APO-DIRECT Kit, and cell proliferation by the BrdU Cell Proliferation Assay Kit. RESULTS Using Ce6 or illumination only, we did not detect significant changes of cell viability, apoptosis, and proliferation. Using illumination, viability of keratocytes decreased significantly above 100 nM (P < 0.01), and proliferation at 250 nM Ce6 concentration (P = 0.01) and the percentage of apoptotic keratocytes increased significantly at 500 nM (P < 0.01) concentration. CONCLUSIONS In the short term, photodynamic inactivation using Ce6 decreases viability and proliferation, and also triggers apoptosis of human keratocytes, in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiong Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger Str 100, 66424, Homburg/Saar, Germany,
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Abstract
The growing resistance against antifungal drugs has renewed the search for alternative treatment modalities, and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT) seems to be a potential candidate. Preliminary findings have demonstrated that dermatophytes and yeasts can be effectively sensitized in vitro and in vivo by administering photosensitizers (PSs) belonging to four chemical groups: phenothiazine dyes, porphyrins and phthalocyanines, as well as aminolevulinic acid, which, while not a PS in itself, is effectively metabolized into protoporphyrin IX. Besides efficacy, PDT has shown other benefits. First, the sensitizers used are highly selective, i.e., fungi can be killed at combinations of drug and light doses much lower than that needed for a similar effect on keratinocytes. Second, all investigated PSs lack genotoxic and mutagenic activity. Finally, the hazard of selection of drug resistant fungal strains has been rarely reported. We review the studies published to date on antifungal applications of PDT, with special focus on yeast, and aim to raise awareness of this area of research, which has the potential to make a significant impact in future treatment of fungal infections.
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Oriel S, Nitzan Y. Mechanistic aspects of photoinactivation of Candida albicans by exogenous porphyrins. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 88:604-12. [PMID: 22220682 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01082.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of photoinactivation of Candida albicans by 3.5 μM uncharged, cationic or anionic porphyrins under blue light (407-420 nm) was found to be dependent on the uptake of porphyrins into yeast cells, and was also dependent on the presence or absence of proteins in the photosensitization medium. In a very protein-rich medium, a decrease in viability was observed only with the uncharged porphyrin. Photoinactivation by uncharged or cationic porphyrins in a protein-poorer medium resulted in total eradication, whereas no significant decrease was observed with the anionic porphyrin. Phototreatment in PBS resulted in eradication with all three porphyrins. X-ray microanalysis after phototreatment by the uncharged or cationic porphyrins in the protein-poor medium exhibited ion loss, indicating cell-membrane damage. Transmission electron microscopy indicated cellular and chromosomal damage. No ion loss or cell damage was observed in this medium with the anionic porphyrin. The efficiency of photoeradication of C. albicans is dependent on porphyrin uptake, which might lead (upon illumination) to processes that facilitate the formation of reactive oxygen species that damage the cells. Uptake of charged porphyrins is dependent on protein quantity and quality in the photosensitization microenvironment. This fact must be taken into account when using charged photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarit Oriel
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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Donnelly RF, McCarron PA, Tunney MM. Antifungal photodynamic therapy. Microbiol Res 2008; 163:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2007.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Revised: 08/02/2007] [Accepted: 08/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lambrechts SAG, Aalders MCG, Van Marle J. Mechanistic study of the photodynamic inactivation of Candida albicans by a cationic porphyrin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:2026-34. [PMID: 15855528 PMCID: PMC1087632 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.5.2026-2034.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing resistance against antifungal agents has renewed the search for alternative treatment modalities, and antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a potential candidate. The cationic porphyrin 5-phenyl-10,15,20-Tris(N-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin chloride (TriP[4]) is a photosensitizer that in combination with light can inactivate bacteria, fungi, and viruses. For future improvement of the efficacy of PDI of clinically relevant fungi such as Candida albicans, we sought to understand the working mechanism by following the response of C. albicans exposed to PDI using fluorescence confocal microscopy and freeze-fracture electron microscopy. The following events were observed under dark conditions: TriP[4] binds to the cell envelope of C. albicans, and none or very little TriP[4] enters the cell. Upon illumination the cell membrane is damaged and eventually becomes permeable for TriP[4]. After lethal membrane damage, a massive influx of TriP[4] into the cell occurs. Only the vacuole membrane is resistant to PDI-induced damage once TriP[4] passes the plasma membrane. Increasing the incubation time of C. albicans with TriP[4] prior to illumination did not increase the influx of TriP[4] into the cell or the efficacy of PDI. After the replacement of 100% phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) by 10% PBS as the medium, C. albicans became permeable for TriP[4] during dark incubation and the efficacy of PDI increased dramatically. In conclusion, C. albicans can be successfully inactivated by the cationic porphyrin TriP[4], and the cytoplasmic membrane is the target organelle. TriP[4] influx occurred only after cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A G Lambrechts
- Laser Center, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Calzavara-Pinton PG, Venturini M, Sala R. A comprehensive overview of photodynamic therapy in the treatment of superficial fungal infections of the skin. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2005; 78:1-6. [PMID: 15629243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2004.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2004] [Revised: 06/10/2004] [Accepted: 06/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a two-step procedure, involving the topical or systemic administration of a photosensitizer followed by selective illumination of the target lesion with visible light, which triggers the oxidative photodamage and subsequent cell death within the target area. In dermatology, PDT has proven to be a useful treatment for a variety of malignant tumors and selected inflammatory diseases. In addition, PDT of several infective viral or bacterial skin diseases has been investigated. These investigations grew out of the positive findings of studies of another important use of PDT: that of disinfection of blood products. Up to now, little has been published concerning the application of PDT to fungi, probably due to the fact that research funding has been mainly directed towards blood disinfection, and these pathogens show a low risk of transfusion transmission. However, preliminary findings have demonstrated that dermatophytes and yeasts can be effectively sensitized in vitro by administering photosensitizers belonging to four chemical groups: phenothiazine dyes, porphyrins and phthalocyanines, as well as aminolevulinic acid, which, while not a photosensitizer in itself, is effectively metabolized into protoporphyrin IX. Besides efficacy, PDT has shown other benefits. First, the sensitizers used are highly selective, i.e., fungi were killed at combinations of drug and light doses much lower than that needed for a similar effect on keratinocytes. Second, all investigated photosensitizers lack genotoxic and mutagenic activity. Finally, the hazard of selection of drug resistant fungal strains was never reported. This paper intends to provide a comprehensive overview of investigative studies about the effects of PDT on yeasts and dermatophytes, and bring attention to this application of PDT which we believe very important in that skin mycosis is so common and PDT is not only cost-effective, but also has the advantages of being highly selective and avoiding the occurrence of drug resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Calzavara-Pinton
- Department of Dermatology, Azienda Spedali Civili, P.le Spedali Civili 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
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Li HR, Wu LZ, Tung CH. Reactions of Singlet Oxygen with Olefins and Sterically Hindered Amine in Mixed Surfactant Vesicles. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9917161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ru Li
- Contribution from the Institute of Photographic Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China, and Center for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, P. R. China
| | - Li-Zhu Wu
- Contribution from the Institute of Photographic Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China, and Center for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, P. R. China
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- Contribution from the Institute of Photographic Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China, and Center for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, P. R. China
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Carré V, Gaud O, Sylvain I, Bourdon O, Spiro M, Blais J, Granet R, Krausz P, Guilloton M. Fungicidal properties of meso-arylglycosylporphyrins: influence of sugar substituents on photoinduced damage in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1999; 48:57-62. [PMID: 10205879 DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(99)00009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of neutral meso-arylglycosylporphyrins has been tested in order to evaluate their potency as antifungal agents against the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Photodynamic activity of these molecules results in intracellular damage as evidenced by the loss of clonogenicity and DNA fragmentation. The ability of these photosensitizers to permeate yeast cells is determined by microspectrofluorimetry and is correlated with their antifungal potency. Amphiphilic porphyrin derivatives are shown to exhibit the more pronounced photoactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Carré
- Institut de Biotechnologie, Université de Limoges, Faculté des Sciences, France
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Carré V, Guilloton M. DNA fragmentation attested by TUNEL in Saccharomyces cerevisiae subjected to photodynamic treatment. J Microbiol Methods 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7012(97)00035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Paardekooper M, Van Gompel AE, Van Steveninck J, Van den Broek PJ. The effect of photodynamic treatment of yeast with the sensitizer chloroaluminum phthalocyanine on various cellular parameters. Photochem Photobiol 1995; 62:561-7. [PMID: 8570713 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1995.tb02385.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic treatment of Kluyveromyces marxianus with chloroaluminum-phthalocyanine resulted in loss of clonogenicity. Several parameters were studied to identify targets that could be related to loss of colony-forming capacity. Inhibition of various plasma membrane-bound processes was observed, such as substrate transport and plasma membrane ATPase activity. Moreover, K+ loss from the cells was observed. Photodynamic treatment also reduced the activity of various enzymes involved in energy metabolism, thereby decreasing the cellular ATP level. It will be discussed however that none of these processes is likely to be related directly to loss of clonogenicity. Treatment with phthalocyanine and light resulted in a strong inhibition of the incorporation of 14C-phenylalanine in trichloracetic acid-precipitable material. The induction of the beta-galactoside utilization system was also strongly inhibited. The latter two processes did not recover during incubation, subsequent to photodynamic treatment. It is concluded that photodynamically induced inhibition of protein synthesis is a critical factor contributing to the loss of clonogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Paardekooper
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Sylvius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Paardekooper M, Gompel AEV, Bont HJGMD, Nagelkerke JF, Steveninck JV, Broek PJAVD. PHOTODYNAMIC TREATMENT OF YEAST WITH CHLOROALUMINUM-PHTHALOCYANINE: ROLE OF THE MONOMERIC FORM OF THE DYE. Photochem Photobiol 1994. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1994.tb05016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether Candida albicans, and other Candida spp. responsible for HIV-associated candidosis, could be sensitised to killing by low-power laser light. Suspensions of C. albicans were treated with a number of potential photosensitisers, exposed to laser light from a Helium/Neon (HeNe) or Gallium aluminium arsenide (GaAs) laser for 120 s and survivors enumerated. Toluidine blue O (TBO), thionin and crystal violet were able to sensitise the yeast to killing by light from the HeNe laser (energy dose = 876 mJ at a density of 66.36 J/cm2), the kills achieved being 6.8 x 10(6) cfu/ml, 3.1 x 10(6) cfu/ml and 1.3 x 10(6) cfu/ml respectively. TBO was also able to sensitise several other Candida spp. to killing by HeNe laser light. Dihaematoporphyrin ester was not an effective photosensitiser under the conditions employed. Methylene blue, but not aluminium disulphonated phthalocyanine, was able to sensitise C. albicans to killing by light from the GaAs laser (energy dose 1.32 J at a density of 2.04 J/cm2). The viability of the yeast was not affected by exposure to laser light in the absence of the photosensitisers. As killing of dye-sensitised C. albicans, and other Candida spp., could be achieved by exposure to low-power laser light for short periods of time, this approach merits further investigation as a potential therapeutic modality for HIV-associated candidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Dental Surgery, London, England
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Chazen MD, Baggs RB, Gibson SL, Albert MS, Hilf R. Gross and microscopic changes in the viscera induced by photodynamic therapy applied to the lower abdomen of intact rats. Lasers Surg Med 1991; 11:43-50. [PMID: 1825510 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.1900110110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising approach to the treatment of cancer. Preferential retention of the photosensitizer by malignant tissue has been considered a hallmark of this treatment modality. However, photosensitivity can be observed in normal, non-neoplastic tissues, and the present study investigated the effects of PDT treatment on the abdomen of intact rats. A circular region (1 cm diameter) on the shaved abdomen of Fischer rats, pretreated 24 h prior with Photofrin II, was irradiated for 30 min at 632 nm. Control animals received either photoradiation or Photofrin II administration. Subsequent lesions were observed in the irradiated skin, its associated abdominal wall, and the underlying gut in rats receiving Photofrin II and laser irradiation. All tissues were not equally sensitive to PDT treatment. Gut lesions were consistently more severe than were skin and abdominal wall injuries. By 24 hr after treatment, the gut manifested a transmural hemorrhagic necrosis, while the irradiated skin and abdominal wall were edematous, with an inflammatory infiltrate in the dermis and around occasional swollen myocytes. These results indicate that superficial lesions induced by PDT may not be reliable indicators of the extent of deeper PDT tissue damage. Further, it may be possible to take advantage of this discrepancy in tissue sensitivity and treat deep tissues through less sensitive superficial tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Chazen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, New York 14642
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Malik Z, Hanania J, Nitzan Y. Bactericidal effects of photoactivated porphyrins--an alternative approach to antimicrobial drugs. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1990; 5:281-93. [PMID: 2115912 DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(90)85044-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Photoactivated porphyrins display a potent cytotoxic activity towards a variety of Gram positive bacteria, mycoplasma and yeasts, but not Gram negative cells. The prerequisite for photosensitization of a microbial cell is the binding of porphyrin to the cytoplasmic membrane in a pH-dependent manner. On illumination, the membrane bound, and possibly, cytoplasmic porphyrin molecules generate singlet oxygen and radicals which sensitize biomolecules and lead to cell death. The immediate inhibition of cell growth on photodynamic treatment is accompanied by alterations in cell wall and membrane synthesis, leading to the formation of large mesosomes adjacent to the unaccomplished septa. Hemin bound to microbial cells exerts cytotoxic activity by peroxidative and oxidative reactions independent of light. Future research in the field may enhance the possibility of using porphyrin photosensitization for treatment of microbial infections. Such clinical use will be unrelated to the antibiotic resistance of the pathogen. Resistance of Gram negative bacteria to porphyrin photosensitization is the main impediment to its use as a broad spectrum antibacterial method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Malik
- Life Science Department, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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Dahl TA, Valdes-Aguilera O, Midden WR, Neckers DC. Partition of rose bengal anion from aqueous medium into a lipophilic environment in the cell envelope of Salmonella typhimurium: implications for cell-type targeting in photodynamic therapy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1989; 4:171-84. [PMID: 2512380 DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(89)80003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy employs photosensitizers for the selective destruction of tumor tissue while sparing the surrounding healthy tissue. Photosensitization may also be applied to the selective eradication of microorganisms. Photosensitized inactivation requires that the sensitizer bind to the target and therefore the factors that determine photosensitizer binding are critical to photosensitization selectivity. This paper reports the determination of some features of the binding site of the potent photosensitizer, Rose Bengal, in Salmonella bacteria and describes some of the factors that affect this binding. The shift in the wavelength of maximum fluorescence and experiments with the fluorescence quencher TNBS indicate that Rose Bengal is located in a non-aqueous compartment such as the outer membrane. The dye does not seem to significantly accumulate inside the cell, but rather to accumulate in the outer membrane. Time-dependent changes in sensitizer localization in two strains of Salmonella typhimurium that differ in cell wall formation, LT-2 and TA1975, correspond to their differences in susceptibility to photosensitized killing. Therefore these results provide clues to the factors that determine photosensitization selectivity. Understanding this phenomenon is essential for the efficient design of selective photosensitizers and for optimizing antitumor and antiviral photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Dahl
- Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, OH 43403
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Abstract
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used as a model system to determine the role of sterols in the porphyrin mediated photosensitization of yeast. A sterol auxotroph, RD5-R, was grown on sterols with different levels of unsaturation and assayed for photosensitivity in the presence of either protoporphyrin IX or hematoporphyrin (both at 100 micrograms/ml). Cells grown on the completely saturated sterol (stanol), cholestanol, were substantially more resistant to the photosensizing effects of the porphyrin. We hypothesize that this resistance arises from the inability of the porphyrin to mediate the oxidation of the membrane sterol. Our results indicate that photodegradation of the native yeast sterol, ergosterol, can account for substantial losses of cell viability.
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Reactivity of singlet oxygen generated by the photosensitization of tetraphenylporphyrin in liposomes. Colloid Polym Sci 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01410285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bertoloni G, Zambotto F, Conventi L, Reddi E, Jori G. Role of specific cellular targets in the hematoporphyrin-sensitized photoinactivation of microbial cells. Photochem Photobiol 1987; 46:695-8. [PMID: 3327061 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1987.tb04834.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Kjeldstad B. Different photoinactivation mechanisms in Propionibacterium acnes for near-ultraviolet and visible light. Photochem Photobiol 1987; 46:363-6. [PMID: 3671513 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1987.tb04782.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Abstract
This review discusses photomodification of biological membranes and model membrane systems. Current concepts of membrane structure are first reviewed briefly. The role of preillumination association of sensitizer with membranes as it relates to photomodification rate is discussed, as well as the role of singlet oxygen in membrane photomodification. Finally the characteristics of singlet oxygen generation in membranes are considered. The evidence clearly indicates that membrane photomodification cannot be understood based only on the properties of sensitizers and singlet oxygen in aqueous solution. Rather the properties of sensitizers in association with membranes are the determinants of membrane photomodifcation. These properties differ significantly in aqueous solution and in membranes.
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Gibson SL, Murant RS, Hilf R. Photosensitizing effects of hematoporphyrin derivative immobilized on sepharose. Photochem Photobiol 1987; 45:93-104. [PMID: 2951754 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1987.tb08409.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Gibson SL, Hilf R. Interdependence of fluence, drug dose and oxygen on hematoporphyrin derivative induced photosensitization of tumor mitochondria. Photochem Photobiol 1985; 42:367-73. [PMID: 3003767 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1985.tb01583.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Gibson SL, Cohen HJ, Hilf R. Evidence against the production of superoxide by photoirradiation of hematoporphyrin derivative. Photochem Photobiol 1984; 40:441-8. [PMID: 6095337 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1984.tb04615.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Hilf R, Warne NW, Smail DB, Gibson SL. Photodynamic inactivation of selected intracellular enzymes by hematoporphyrin derivative and their relationship to tumor cell viability in vitro. Cancer Lett 1984; 24:165-72. [PMID: 6236875 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(84)90132-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The photosensitivity of freshly dissociated R3230AC mammary adenocarcinoma cells was examined by measurement of the activities of selected intracellular enzymes after treatment with hematoporphyrin derivative (Hpd) and exposure to light in vitro. Enzymes selected as representative of the cytosolic cell compartment showed no loss in activity, whereas malate dehydrogenase, located in the mitochondrial matrix, displayed a modest decrease (approximately 15%) in activity. In contrast, cytochrome c oxidase and succinate dehydrogenase, enzymes associated with the mitochondrial membrane, demonstrated a very rapid and more marked inhibition of activities, approximately 45% and 25%, respectively. The time-course of inhibition of these mitochondrial membrane enzymes preceded the loss of cell viability, which displayed slower kinetics as seen by a more gradual and progressive pattern of loss in viability. These data suggest that the mitochondria are an early-affected and important intracellular site for Hpd photosensitization.
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Sorata Y, Takahama U, Kimura M. Protective effect of quercetin and rutin on photosensitized lysis of human erythrocytes in the presence of hematoporphyrin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1984; 799:313-7. [PMID: 6733152 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(84)90276-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Photosensitized hemolysis of human erythrocytes by hematoporphyrin was suppressed by flavonols such as quercetin and rutin at submillimolar concentrations. The suppression of photohemolysis was accompanied by inhibition of lipid peroxidation by the reagents. Quercetin and rutin were photooxidized in the presence of hematoporphyrin and the photooxidation was partially suppressed by 1 mM NaN3, a quencher of singlet molecular oxygen. Flavonols were also oxidized by radicals formed during degradation of lauroyl peroxide. These results indicate that flavonols can function as antioxidants in biological systems by terminating radical chain reactions and removing singlet molecular oxygen. A pharmacological function of flavonols, decrease of the increased permeability and fragility of capillary, was discussed in relation to their antioxidative functions.
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Bertoloni G, Salvato B, Dall'Acqua M, Vazzoler M, Jori G. Hematoporphyrin-sensitized photoinactivation of Streptococcus faecalis. Photochem Photobiol 1984; 39:811-6. [PMID: 6431458 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1984.tb08864.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Vever-Bizet C, Delgado O, Brault D. The purification of haematoporphyrin IX and its acetylated derivatives. J Chromatogr A 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)96250-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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